scholarly journals "They attacked and fired from guns and bows": Cocial movement in Vjatka-region in the first half 18th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
Arkadij I. Komissarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
And Function

In article features of cocial movements and protest in peasants and differential. Reveal of factors in the amongst of peasants Vjatka region and function of province office and Russian Senat in the 20–40 years XVIII century.

"Itzt kommen die Soldaten"

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilman Venzl
Keyword(s):  
Literary History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Military History ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Military ◽  
First Time

In the 18th century, as many as 300 German-language plays were produced with the military and its contact and friction with civil society serving as focus of the dramatic events. The immense public interest these plays attracted feeds not least on the fundamental social structural change that was brought about by the establishment of standing armies. In his historico-cultural literary study, Tilman Venzl shows how these military dramas literarily depict complex social processes and discuss the new problems in an affirmative or critical manner. For the first time, the findings of the New Military History are comprehensively included in the literary history of the 18th century. Thus, the example of selected military dramas – including Lessing's Minna von Barnhelm and Lenz's Die Soldaten – reveals the entire range of variety characterizing the history of both form and function of the subject.

Classical Criticism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Ford
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Literary Culture ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Dialectical Tensions ◽  
Verbal Art ◽  
European Education ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
And Function

Classical criticism refers to a conception of the nature and function of poetry and of verbal art generally whose principles were first theorized by the sophists in 5th-century bce Greece. In contrast to traditional views, they held that eloquence was no less a product of conscious design than a house or a sculpture, and that skillful speech was an art (τέχνη) that could be learned. The expertise they claimed centered on style rather than content, and the qualities they valued tended to be formal ones: clarity, orderliness, and balance, with a sense of decorum governing all elements. Their project was repudiated by Plato in a series of searching critiques, but after being refined by Isocrates and systematized by Aristotle, the study of rhetoric—which encompassed the study of poetry in an ancillary role—constituted the backbone of higher education in the liberal arts. Classical principles determined which works would be “canonized” in the Hellenistic libraries, where literary scholars began to call themselves “critics” or judges; after Greek literary culture was imported into Rome, the exemplary authors came to be called “classic” or “of the first rank.” Classical criticism retained a central place in European education and culture that would not be undermined until the 18th century. Although Romanticism rejected 18th-century classicism as excessively rationalistic and narrowly formal, its basic concepts and terms continue to be useful because of deep dialectical tensions built into them at the time of their formation.

scholarly journals Dụ̈ysenȧlị Ȧbdịlȧšịm. Eskị Ḳazaḳ ǰazba tịlị [The Old Kazakh written language]

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
Uldanay Jumabay ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Linguistic Description ◽  
Historical Archives ◽  
Word Classes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Nominal Morphology

The paper presents a review of Düysen ̣ ȧlị Ȧbdịlȧšịm’s monograph “The Old Kazakh Written Language” (“Eskị Ḳazaḳ J̌ azba Tịlị”), which is written in Kazakh and published in Beijing in 2014. The monograph is a linguistic description of the documents of the Kazakh Khanates written in the period from the first half of the 18th century until the early 19th century. The Old Kazakh documents were mostly written by Kazakh Khans and Sultans and sent to Chinese emperors of the Qing dynasty and to officials in charge of the border. Currently all the documents are preserved in the First Historical Archives of China in Beijing. The monograph is designed as a manual for university students studying Kazakh philology. The significance of the book lies in its being the first and only book providing a comprehensive linguistic description of the Old Kazakh historical documents. The monograph is divided into three chapters. The phonetics and writing system of the Old Kazakh documents are studied in the first chapter. Chapter 2 investigates the nominal morphology, in which five word classes: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, and function words have been discussed. The last chapter presents lexical terms for temporal units. The review provides a short description of all chapters and points out that the usage of the term “Turki” is more appropriate for defining the language of the presented documents than the term “Old Kazakh Written Language”, since it manifests prevalence of non-Kazakh features.

BORDERS AND STATUS OF OSSETIA IN THE NOTES OF JACKOB REINEGGS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Б.Б. Бицоти
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The Status ◽  
Detailed Picture

В статье анализируются сведения об Осетии, ее границах и статусе, сообщаемые известным немецким путешественником, врачом и дипломатом XVIII в. Якобом Рейнеггсом. Описания Осетии содержат два основных труда Рейнеггса о Кавказе, более ранний из которых – заметка о Картли-Кахетинском царстве, опу- бликованная в научном сборнике академика Петра Симона Палласа, – представля- ет особый интерес. Данный источник выпал из поля зрения историков, писавших о периоде XVIII в., прежде всего ввиду отсутствия перевода на русский язык. Имен- но в этой заметке Рейнеггс обозначает границы Картли-Кахетинского царства с осетинами. Свидетельство Рейнеггса, помимо прочего, позволяет также получить более подробное представление о статусе Осетии в данный период. The article analyzes information about Ossetia, its borders and status reported by the famous German traveler, doctor and diplomat of the 18th century Jacob Reineggs. Descriptions of Ossetia contain two main works of Reineggs on the Caucasus, the earlier of which is a note about the Kartli-Kakhetian kingdom, published in the scientifi c collection of academician Peter Simon Pallas, is of particular interest. This source fell out of sight of historians who wrote about the period of the XVIII century, primarily due to the lack of translation into Russian. It is exactly in this note that Reineggs marks the borders of the Kartli-Kakhetian kingdom with the Ossetians. Reineggs’ testimony also allows you to get a more detailed picture of the status of Ossetia in this period.

scholarly journals THE CAUCASUS IN THE WORKS OF EUROPEAN AUTHORS OF THE XVIII CENTURY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.В. ДЕГОЕВ
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Western Historiography ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Автор ставил перед собой троякую задачу. Во-первых, определить реальный информационный потенциал европейских сочинений XVIII века как источника исторических знаний о Кавказе. Во-вторых, привлечь внимание исследователей к изучению соотношения между источниковедческой и историографической ценностью этой литературы в контексте процесса зарождения научного кавказоведения. В-третьих, выявить роль приходящих политико-идеологических факторов, обусловленных геополитическими интересами западных государств и их специфическим (так сказать, ориенталистским) восприятием Востока вообще и Кавказа в частности. Авторские выводы требуют дальнейшей проверки с целью подтверждения одних идей, корректировки других и критического переосмысления третьих. The threefold task the author had in mind implies the following. First, to assess informative value of the 18th century European sketches on the Caucasus as a source of the appropriate knowledge. Second, to redirect scholarly attention towards searching for distinct lines between murky facts and their interpretation, oftentimes arbitrary, uncritical, and even openly biased. It would help to reveal what might be called a scientific trend in Western «historiography» on the region`s past. Third, to expose the role of the incoming political and ideological factors determined by geostrategic interests of the concerned States on the one hand and by its largely prejudiced, as it were, orientalistic perception of the East on the other. While the author found his general approach promising he hesitates to claim that all of his conclusions are flawless. Some of them need further arguments either pro or contra to deservedly place the subject in question in a wider context of history.

scholarly journals TARSKY DISTRICT AND HIS EMPLOYEES IN THE FIRST THIRD OF THE XVIII CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 72-81
Author(s):  
V. D. Puzanov
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Social Group ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social World ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Privileged Position ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Town

The article examines the situation of Tara uyezd and service people who lived in the town of Tara in the first third of the 18th century. The research relies on such archival materials as responses of officials of Tara uyezd who completed to Prof. G.F. Miller’s questionnaire, books and tables of Siberian prikaz on the servitors in Siberia, and materials from the Senate fund. The article provides data on the town of Tara and Tara uyezd in the 1730s. Tara had a near-border position. A large Oirat state -Dzungar Khanate - was located to the south of Tara, and noble Oirat nomads collected tribute from the Turkic population of the uyezd. The reforms of Peter I made profound changes in the social world of Siberia. In the first third of the 18th century, the composition of the uyezd’s population was significantly altered. A new social group raznochintsy was formed of the relatives of servitors and clergy, and a large part of Tara’s service people were transferred to the garrison regiments of Siberia and the Orenburg governorate. The conflict between Tara’s horse Cossacks and captain Yakov Cheredov is indicative and important for understanding the service in favor of the state at that time. The Cheredovs were a deep-rooted clan of Russian service people who had lived in Tara since its founding. The Cheredovs held a number of important offices in Tara, and many of them became Boyar scions and nobles. After the 1722 Tara Rebellion, in which the Cheredovs played a significant role, they lost their privileged position and became raznochintsy . The ‘old’ service people who were nobles, Boyar scions and Cossacks remained the main military force in Siberian uyezds after the reforms. However, their dependence on the state increased. New garrison regiments in the region were formed in the 1730s, mostly of ‘old’ service people.

The Public Sphere and Journalism

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthea Garman
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Position Statement ◽  
Social Imaginary ◽  
The Public ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
The People ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
And Function

The public sphere is a social entity with an important function and powerful effects in modern, democratic societies. The idea of the public sphere rests on the conviction that people living in a society, regardless of their age, gender, religion, economic or social status, professional position, sexual orientation, ethnicity, race, or nationality, should be able to publicly express their thoughts, ideas, and opinions about issues that matter to them and impact their lives. This expression should be as free as possible in form and function and should operate through means and methods that people themselves deem suitable, so not via channels that are official or state-sanctioned. The classic Habermasian idea of the public sphere is that it is used by private individuals (not officials or politicians) who should be able to converse with each other in a public-spirited way to develop opinions that impact state or public-body decisions and policies. Also contained within this classic idea is the conviction that public sphere conversations should be rational (i.e., logical, evidence-based, and properly motivated and argued using an acceptable set of rhetorical devices) in order to convince others of the usefulness of a position, statement, or opinion. In commonsensical, political, and journalistic understandings, the public sphere is a critical component of a democracy that enables ordinary citizens to act as interlocutors to those who hold power and thereby hold them to account. As such it is one of the elements whereby democracy as a system is able to claim legitimacy as the “rule of the people.” Journalism’s imbrication in the social imaginary of the public sphere dates back to 17th- and 18th-century Europe when venues like coffee houses, clubs, and private homes, and media like newspapers and newsletters were being used by a mixture of gentry, nobility, and an emerging middle class of traders and merchants and other educated thinkers to disseminate information and express ideas. The conviction that journalism was the key vehicle for the conveyance of information and ideas of public import was then imbedded in the foundations of the practice of modern journalism and in the form exported from Western Europe to the rest of the world. Journalism’s role as a key institution within and vehicle of the public sphere was thus born. Allied to this was the conviction that journalism, via this public sphere role and working on behalf of the public interest (roughly understood as the consensus of opinions formed in the public sphere), should hold political, social, and economic powers to account. Journalists are therefore understood to be crucial proxies for the millions of people in a democracy who cannot easily wield on their own the collective voices that journalism with its institutional bases can produce.

ANTHROPONYMS IN THE SPACE OF RUSSIAN PANEGYRIC POETRY OF THE XVIII CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 193-200
Author(s):  
S.S. Volkov ◽  
N.V. Kareva ◽  
E.M. Matveev ◽  
A.S. Smirnova ◽  
M.G. Sharikhina
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
Russian Poetry

The report discusses the problems of formation of the collection of Russian anthroponyms, mythonyms, and theonyms in Russian panegyric poetry of the 18th century. Such a collection may serve as the basis for the compiling of a new dictionary of proper names in 18th-century Russian poetry, the main task of which will be the reflection of the transformation and development of the semantics of the “literary” anthroponym, the process of mythological anthroponyms and the onyms adaptation in the Russian culture.

Police functions of magistrates in the legislation of the Russian Empire of the 18th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (02) ◽  
pp. 244-251
Author(s):  
Andrey Klimov ◽  
Yuliya Saleeva
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Xviii Century ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Police Functions

Based on the analysis of normative legal acts regulating the activities of magistrates in the cities of the Russian Empire, the article identifies, summarizes and describes the police functions of magistrates performed by them along with administrative, judicial, fiscal and other functions, and also shows the role of city self-government bodies in the formation and development of police in the cities of the Russian Empire of the XVIII century.

The evolution of the goals and conditions of the execution of the penalty of deprivation of liberty from the Middle Ages to the present day

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72
Author(s):  
Justyna Bieda ◽  
Katarzyny Rydz-Sybilak
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Forced Labor ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Moral Improvement ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Republic ◽  
And Function ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
The Middle Ages

The functions of prisons in old Poland, their role and organization changed along with the evolution of views on the objectives of the institution of punishment in the system of criminal law. The picture will be completely different if the punishment is to have a main rehabilitation effect, and another when the basic premise of the penal policy is the principle of deterrence, not the moral improvement of the offender (it was in Poland until the 18th century). The penalty of deprivation of liberty could be carried out in five different ways. The choice of prison was primarily determined by the type of crime committed, but also the state of the convict was very important. The first, as early as the 12th-13th centuries are prisons, in which the population of lower states, ie townsmen, and peasants, were imprisoned. Initially, they play only a preventive role. In the Middle Ages, an upper tower was also developed, mainly applied to the nobility, it was an institution in which convicted in decent, even home conditions performed his penance. In the modern era, ie in the first half of the 16th century, a lower tower is being established, often not so much a place of imprisonment, but a place of slow death. Significant changes in the character and function of penitentiary institutions were brought by the 18th century, which was connected with the enlightenment flowing into the Republic of Poland, under which the punishment was also to be a means of improvement and rehabilitation, and not only revenge. The practice of imprisoning people in the tower, which was only a place of penance, deprived of any rehabilitation factors, slowly disappears, while prison comes to the fore. Here, the marshal prison should be pointed out, constituting a symbol of changes taking place, a modern facility in which the convict punished in humane conditions for those times, but above all, he was cared for his moral improvement, so that in the future he would not return to crime. The houses of improvement and forced labor houses started to play an extremely important role, the goal of which was to improve the prisoners through work and prayer.

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