Study and Evaluation of Stored Drinking Water Characteristics Using Three Types of Roof Water Tanks in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Abdulkhaleq K Mahmood ◽  
Ali A Kamal ◽  
Ako R Hama
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Water Characteristics ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Water Metal ◽  
Water Tanks ◽  
Better Than

The scarcity of safe drinking water is one of the problems faced by the majority of cities in the world. Kirkuk city is one of these cities, which suffer from a shortage of drinking water. People have adopted the use of different rooftop tanks to overcome this problem. This research focuses on studying the effect of storage time on the five main characteristics of drinking water, which include, acid index (pH), electrical conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity (Tr). Three types of tanks were used predominantly (galvanized metal, plastic, and aluminum tanks). By analyzing the results, the characteristics of three samples of municipal source water obtained. Three samples were taken from each tank at different periods (4, 8, and 12 days). The results showed that the storage time affected the characteristics of drinking water. These characteristics differed from one tank to another. Metal tanks showed an increase in total dissolved solids, due to the evaporation process, even as plastic and aluminum tanks showed an increase in pH. The properties of all storage water tanks changed with times, but overall, the results were within the Iraqi limitation for drinking water. It was not easy to only depend on the results of this study to believe that any one type of water tank was better than the other, as the values of most of the variables studied had varied from one type to other. However, many studies have indicated a number of health risks, and most significantly with regard to plastic tanks, which are said to contain dangerous organic compounds that can be transferred to water. Metal tanks can cause zinc leakage, caused by a number of environmental factors at high levels. Aluminum tanks also can have an effect on the water in tanks.

Performance Study of Some Reverse Osmosis Systems for Removal of Uranium and Total Dissolved Solids in Underground Waters of Punjab State, India

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-476
Author(s):  
Nisha Sharma ◽  
Jaspal Singh ◽  
Barjinder Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
State Government ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Internal Exposure ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Underground Waters ◽  
High Concentrations

Radionuclides (uranium, thorium, radium, radon gas etc.) are found naturally in air, water, soil and rock. Everyday, we ingest and inhale these radionuclides through the air we breathe and through food and water we take. Out of the internal exposure via ingestion of radionuclides, water contributes the major portion. The natural radioactivity of water is due to the activity transfer from bed rock and soils. In our surveys carried out in the past few years, we have observed high concentrations of uranium and total dissolved solids (TDS) in drinking waters of some southern parts of Punjab State exceeding the safe limits recommended by national and international agencies. The main drinking water source is the underground water procured from different depths. Due to the highly saline taste, disorders in their digestive systems and other ailments, people are installing reverse osmosis (RO) systems in their houses. Some RO systems have been installed on commercial basis. The state government is also in the process of installing community RO systems at the village level. As high values of uranium are also undesired and may pose health hazards due to radioactivity and toxicity of uranium, we have conducted a survey in the field to study the performance of various RO systems for removal of uranium and TDS. Water samples from about forty RO systems from Faridkot, Mansa, Bathinda and Amritsar districts of Punjab State were collected and analyzed. Our results show that some RO systems are able to remove more than 99% of uranium in the underground waters used for drinking purposes. TDS values are also reduced considerably to the desired levels. So RO systems can be used to avoid the risk of unduly health problems posed by high concentrations of uranium and TDS in drinking water.

Removal of total dissolved solids, nitrates and ammonium ions from drinking water using charge-barrier capacitive deionisation

Desalination ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 249 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Broséus ◽  
John Cigana ◽  
Benoit Barbeau ◽  
Catherine Daines-Martinez ◽  
Hervé Suty
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Dissolved Solids

The Prediction and Evaluation of the Groundwater Quality of Taikang Formation in Tertiary in West of Daqing Oilfield by Using Resistivity Logging Data

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 3538-3541
Author(s):  
Kun Xiao ◽  
Chang Chun Zou ◽  
Biao Xiang
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Formation Water ◽  
The South ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Well Location ◽  
Resistivity Logging

In order to research the groundwater quality of the Taikang Formation in Tertiary in west of Daqing Oilfield, resistivity logging data of 140 wells in the study area were analyzed to forecast the groundwater total dissolved solids (TDS) distribution of the plane. When the resistivity logging value (Rt) of the Taikang Formation in Tertiary is above 45Ω.m and its corresponding value of Formation water TDS is below 1000 mg/L, the quality of groundwater accords with life standards for drinking. The south area of Hongweixing well area and the east of Xishuiyuan well area, including Ranghulu, Qianjincun, Dulitun and Nanshuiyuan well area are favorable for high quality groundwater. The research provides the evidences to evaluate the groundwater quality in west Daqing Oilfield and determine specific well location, improving the efficiency of exploring the underground drinking water.

Chlorinous flavor perception in drinking water

2004 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Piriou ◽  
E.D. Mackey ◽  
I.H. Suffet ◽  
A. Bruchet
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Consumer Perception ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Flavor Perception ◽  
Taste Testing ◽  
Significant Change

Chlorinous flavors at the tap are the leading cause of customers' complaints and dissatisfaction with drinking water. To characterize consumer perception and acceptance to chlorinous tastes, extensive taste testing was performed with both trained panelists and average consumers. Taste testing with trained panelists showed that chlorine perception is underestimated by disinfectant flavor thresholds reported in the literature. However, trained panelists significantly overestimate the average consumer's ability to perceive chlorine. In addition, consumer perception seems to be influenced by the chlorination practices of the country they live in. Among water quality characteristics that may influence chlorine perception, temperature was not found to induce any significant change. The influence of total dissolved solids (TDS) on chlorine perception remains unclear and, as reported elsewhere, background tastes such as musty, may significantly impact chlorine threshold.

scholarly journals Bacteriological and physical quality of fiche drinking water from households and reservoirs, Oromia, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel Sebsibe ◽  
Birhanu Degaga ◽  
Gezahegn Feye ◽  
Tsige Tekle
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Water Handling

Abstract Drinking water is the major source of bacteria pathogens in developing countries along with poor sanitation and contamination of food with a pathogen. More than half of the population of the country uses unimproved sanitation facilities while 36% of them practiced open defecation. The aim of the study was to investigate the suitability of public water for drinking. The study is designed to include a survey of 90 respondents and experimental analysis of 170 water samples from households and reservoirs. Water quality parameters, such as temperature, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, and bacteriological parameters like total coliforms (TC) and fecal coliforms (FC) were determined. Many of the respondents (88.8%) remarked that the water has no smells, tastes, and color. The experimental analysis confirmed that temperature (19.7 °C), electrical conductivity (269.63 μS/cm), turbidity (1.17 NTU), and total dissolved solids (134.3 mg/L) were found below the prescribed limit of World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water. Total coliforms (9.29 CFU/100 mL) and fecal coliforms (5.07 CFU/100 mL) were detected from pipe water sources during the wet season showing non-compliance with the guidelines. The reservoir samples were free from bacterial contamination. The main point of drinking water contamination was the household where unsafe water handling practice was a common habit in the study area. Hence, awareness conception training on safe water handling practices is highly recommended for the communities.

scholarly journals Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Qualities of Water From Wells, Drillings and Tanks Used as Drinking Water in the Municipality of Allada (Benin, West Africa)

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Sohounou Marc ◽  
Vissin Expédit Wilfrid ◽  
Sintondji Luc Olivier ◽  
Houssou Christophe S. ◽  
Agbossou K. Euloge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
High Turbidity

Water, source of life, is also a source of disease when it is polluted. The aim of this study is to analyze the physicochemical quality and the bacteriological quality of the wells, boreholes and tank for drinking water in the Commune of Allada. The methodology is based on the collection of data, data processing and analysis carried out at the Laboratory for Quality Control of Water and Food (LCQEA) of the Ministry of Health. From the water sampling carried out at three (03) traditional wells, two (02) boreholes, two (02) tanks and water of river (02), bacteriological and physicochemical analysis were performed. The results showed that pH is higher at the tank than other water sources. Well 3 (P3) has a very high electrical conductivity (EC) which was 384.95 μS / cm and 192.47 mg / L for total dissolved solids (TDS). The tank 2 exhibited high value in pH 9.14; 71.72 (μS / cm) for the electrical conductivity (CE) and 35.86 mg / L, in total dissolved solids (TDS). Well 2 (P2) has a high turbidity of 4.53 (NTU) at all analyzed water points. The concentration of iron, copper nickel and cobalt remains low(less than 0.4 mg / L).Wells 2 and tank 1 are concentrated in lead, respectively 20.75mg / L and 13.71mg / L. Tank 1 and 2 have a high concentration of cadmium compared to other water points. The presence of Escherichia coli with a high concentration at home SONEB (39 CFU) and at well 2 (7.10 2 ) was found. In view of these results some recommendations were made.

Performance and immune response of broiler chicks as affected by different levels of total dissolved solids in drinking water under hot arid environments

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 322 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Post Injection ◽  
Dissolved Solids

This study was conducted to assess the effect of different total dissolved solids (TDS) levels (265, 2610, 3154, and 3448 ppm) in drinking water obtained from natural sources on the performance and immune response of broilers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine under hot, arid environmental conditions. Each water treatment was given to a group of 100 Ross 308 broiler chicks. Each group of chicks was divided into five replicates in a cage house system. All chicks were injected with SRBC at 8 days of age when drinking water treatments started. Water intake increased significantly with the increase of TDS level. Feed efficiency and bodyweight gain were affected negatively only under the highest TDS level (3448 ppm). The highest weight gain was observed at the 2610 ppm TDS level. Plasma total protein and albumin concentration showed a significant increase at the two highest levels of TDS (3154 and 3448 ppm) in drinking water. Heterophil/lymphocyte ratio was significantly elevated by the increase of the TDS level in drinking water. At 21 days of age the chicks consuming drinking water with TDS of 2610 and 265 ppm recorded a significantly higher (P < 0.05) ND antibody titer than the other two groups. At 28 and 35 days of age chicks consuming drinking water containing 2610 ppm of TDS recorded a significantly higher (P < 0.05) ND antibody titer than the group consuming water containing TDS of 265 ppm. Higher levels of antibody titer against SRBC were recorded in birds consuming drinking water with TDS of 2610 and 265 ppm at 7 and 10 days post injection than the other two groups. However, at 10 days post injection birds consuming drinking water with 2610 ppm TDS recorded higher antibody titer than birds consuming 265 ppm TDS drinking water. In conclusion, 265 and 2610 ppm of TDS in drinking water did not negatively affect broiler productive performance, while levels of 3154 and 3448 ppm may negatively affect broiler growth. The study suggests that a TDS level of 2610 ppm has a better effect on broiler performance, in terms of weight gain and immune response in hot and arid environmental conditions, compared with a TDS level of 265-ppm level.

scholarly journals Analysis of Ground Water from Selected Sources in Jalingo Metropolis, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Ezekeil Bwadi ◽  
Mohammed Bakoji Yusuf ◽  
Ibrahim Abdullahi ◽  
Clement Yakubu Giwa ◽  
Grace Audu
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Mean Values

Water is very significant in the development of a stable community, but many societies are confronted with the challenges of poor wastes management system with indiscriminate waste disposal and bad land practices, which easily pollute water sources and consequently degrade water quality. This study was to analyze the physicochemical properties of ground water from multiple point sources in Jalingo, Taraba state of Nigeria. Water samples were collected from twenty seven (27) sites from the study area during the raining and dry seasons. The analysis was carried out to determining the physico-chemical properties of the ground water and comparing with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for drinking water. The physicochemical properties of ground water analyzed include; odor, taste, temperature and electrical conductivity were tested in the field using water meter tester. Whereas pH, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness, salinity, iron, manganese, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, chloride, sulphate and dissolved oxygen were analyzed in the laboratory using Wagtech potable water testing equipment. The physical properties of water analyzed were temperature, odor, taste, and turbidity. Whereas the chemical properties of water analyzed were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, hardness, salinity, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), fluoride (F−), nitrate (NO3−), nitrite (NO2−), Chloride (Cl−), sulphate (SO42−), dissolved oxygen (DO).The result shows the range of the mean values of the temperature(26.7–33.1) oC, p H(6.5–8.9), Fe (0.01–0.08 mg/L), NO3−(0.01–38.5 mg/l), NO2−(0.01–0.09 mg/l), Mn (0.01–0.17 mg/l), F(0.01–0.82 mg/l), alkalinity(39-204 mg/l), salinity (42-508 mg/l), SO4(14-93 mg/l), total dissolved solids (6–637) mg/l, turbidity(0.4–10.6 mg/l), hardness(48-187 mg/l), and fecal coliforms(1–4)fcu/100mi, dissolved oxygen(1.1–6.87)mg/l, EC(10.99–1066)ohm/cm, Cl (10-320 mg/l). All except alkalinity and hardness are within the WHO permissible standards of quality drinking water. The highest alkalinity (204 mg/l), hardness (187 mg/l) and low dissolved oxygen (6.87 mg/l) attributed to the high concentration of dissolved salts and basic cations in the water. The methodology applied in the study was effective in analyzing the physicochemical properties of water in the study area. Therefore, it was recommended that there should be frequent water source testing by stakeholder in water resources with the view to treating the water. Policy maker should also enforce the regulation of the use of chemical fertilizers, agro-chemicals and the indiscriminate waste disposal.

scholarly journals GROUNDWATER QUALITY STUDY FOR DRINKING PURPOSE IN PEHOWA BLOCK, KURUKSHETRA DISTRICT, HARYANA, INDIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anup Kumar ◽  
Balwinder Balwinder ◽  
V.S. Arya
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Total Dissolved Solids ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Dissolved Solids ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Drinking Purpose

Water is prime requirement for living beings to live on the planet earth. In the modern developmental activities, agricultural practices, industrial purposes and need of drinking water for increasing population resources of fresh water are depleting fast and creating crisis of water availability per capita. Haryana is an agricultural dominant state with requirement of water whole year for irrigation purpose. Besides agriculture demand water is also used in industrial purpose as well as increasing drinking water requirement for increasing population in the state. In the present study groundwater quality in Pehowa block which covers 548 sq. km. area in Kurukshetra district of Haryana state, India have been studied for drinking purpose. Nine groundwater samples were collected from different parts of the block in double capped plastic bottles. Groundwater samples were analyzed using field water testing kit prepared by Tamil nadu Water Supply and Drainage Board, Chennai for twelve chemical parameters-pH, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, total dissolved solids, fluoride, iron, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, phosphate and residual chlorine. Results of chemical analysis of groundwater samples shows that range of pH 7- 8, alkalinity 230-420 mg/l, hardness 100-280 mg/l, chloride 30-100 mg/l, total dissolved solids (TDS) 432-924 mg/l, fluoride 0.5 - 1.5 mg/l, iron nil in all groundwater samples, ammonia nil - 2 mg/l, nitrite 0.2- 0.5 mg/l, nitrate 45-75 mg/l, phosphate nil in all groundwater samples, and residual chlorine nil to 0.5 mg/l. The study shows that groundwater is non-potable at Bherian (nitrate 75 mg/l), Gumthala (nitrate 75 mg/l, ammonia 2 mg/l), Thana (nitrate 75 mg/l), Ramgarh (nitrate 75 mg/l), Mohanpur (nitrate 75 mg/l), Sarsa (nitrate 75mg/l), Tikri (ammonia 1 mg/l, residual chlorine 0.5 mg/l). Groundwater is potable in one groundwater sample taken at Bodha with respect of all the twelve chemical parameters of drinking water. The study is highly useful for monitoring groundwater quality for drinking purpose in the study area.

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