scholarly journals 「3密」概念の誕生と変遷: 日本のCOVID-19対策とコミュニケーションの問題

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigeto Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Closed Space ◽  
The Public ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Poor Ventilation ◽  
First Time

The concept of “three Cs” (situations characterized by three conditions of closed space with poor ventilation, crowding, and close contact with a short distance) has played an important role in Japan's COVID-19 response. The government and experts have employed this concept to guide people in avoiding such situations in order to prevent outbreaks. To investigate the emergence and modification of this concept, the author traced government documents. The findings were as follows. (1) On February 29, 2020, the government, for the first time, appealed to the public to avoid places with the three overlapping conditions. (2) On March 18, a new Japanese phrase was coined that was later translated as “the (overlapping) three Cs.” (3) On April 1, experts defined the term as a place that satisfied all the three conditions. (4) On April 7, the government modified the definition to include places with at least one of the three conditions. (5) However, the government and experts have not explained the difference between the two definitions to the public. (6) Rather, they insist that their policy on the need for avoiding these three conditions has been consistent and unchanged. Their conduct has led to miscommunication and misunderstanding among the public.

The 1912 Duma Elections: The State, the Opposition and the Clergy

Orthodoxia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
F. A. Gayda
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

This article deals with the political situation around the elections to the State Duma of the Russian Empire in 1912 (4th convocation). The main actors of the campaign were the government, local administration, liberal opposition and the clergy of the Orthodox Russian Church. After the 1905 revolution, the “official Church” found itself in a difficult situation. In particular, anti-Church criticism intensified sharply and was expressed now quite openly, both in the press and from the rostrum of the Duma. A consequence of these circumstances was that in this Duma campaign, for the first time in the history of Russian parliamentarianism, “administrative resources” were widely used. At the same time, the authorities failed to achieve their political objectives. The Russian clergy became actively involved in the election campaign. The government sought to use the conflict between the liberal majority in the third Duma and the clerical hierarchy. Duma members launched an active criticism of the Orthodox clergy, using Grigory Rasputin as an excuse. Even staunch conservatives spoke negatively about Rasputin. According to the results of the election campaign, the opposition was even more active in using the label “Rasputinians” against the Holy Synod and the Russian episcopate. Forty-seven persons of clerical rank were elected to the House — three fewer than in the previous Duma. As a result, the assembly of the clergy elected to the Duma decided not to form its own group, but to spread out among the factions. An active campaign in Parliament and the press not only created a certain public mood, but also provoked a political split and polarization within the clergy. The clergy themselves were generally inclined to blame the state authorities for the public isolation of the Church. The Duma election of 1912 seriously affected the attitude of the opposition and the public toward the bishopric after the February revolution of 1917.

scholarly journals Esham, the Origin of Sukuk for Facing the Crisis: Historical Experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Khairunnisa Musari
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cost ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Foreign Debt ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
The Public ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Past ◽  
State Budgets ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

Pandemic brings a crisis. This makes world leaders have to work hard and smartly in managing state budgets. During the heyday of Islam, Muslims also faced crises. Given that time the power of Islam mastered many areas of the world, it can be assumed that the crisis that occurred in the past was a global crisis as it is happening today. The difference is the crisis that occurred at the time because of losing the war. This paper tries to describe the historical experience of the esham, one of the fiscal instruments in the Islamic world that helped the Ottoman Empire overcome the crisis. Esham has mobilized low-cost funds from the public in a relatively concise time. Esham served as a better choice than looking for foreign debt. As the origin of sukuk, esham has simpler structure so that can be used as an alternative to sukuk with a lower cost. To deal with a crisis, esham may intervene in the economy. Esham funds to the real sector in turn will help the government drive the economy as well as control prices in the market for goods and services. Therefore, esham has the potential in facing the crisis.

scholarly journals Crisis Communication and the Norwegian Authorities

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soilikki Vettenranta
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Communication ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The Public ◽  
World State ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
Technical Rationality ◽  
Youth Camp ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

Abstract The present article examines how crisis communication after catastrophes can strengthen society or undermine trust, credibility and confidence between the authorities and the general public. The two cases examined are the Norwegian authorities’ communicative response to the Chernobyl power plant disaster on 26 April, 1986, and the terrorist attacks on the government complex in Oslo and the Labour Party youth camp on the island of Utøya on 22 July, 2011. The analysis compares the initial phase of crisis communication. A serious communication crisis arose between the authorities and the public after Chernobyl, while communication during the early days after 22 July was successful. The difference is explained by the concept of rationality; crisis communication after Chernobyl was based on technical rationality, whereas communication after the terror attacks was grounded on the rationality of caring. The theoretical framework originates from Heidegger’s existential phenomenology with special focus on the existentiales Being-in-the-World, State of Mind and Care.

scholarly journals The Optimal Control of Government Stabilization Funds

Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1975
Author(s):  
Abel Cadenillas ◽  
Ricardo Huamán-Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Fund Manager ◽  
Running Cost ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
First Time

We study the optimal control of a government stabilization fund, which is a mechanism to save money during good economic times to be used in bad economic times. The objective of the fund manager is to keep the fund as close as possible to a predetermined target. Accordingly, we consider a running cost associated with the difference between the actual fiscal fund and the fund target. The fund manager exerts control over the fund by making deposits in or withdrawals from the fund. The withdrawals are used to pay public debt or to finance government programs. We obtain, for the first time in the literature, the optimal band for the government stabilization fund. Our results are of interest to practitioners. For instance, we find that the higher the volatility, the larger the size of the optimal band. In particular, each country and state should have its own optimal fund band, in contrast to the “one-size-fits-all” approach that is often used in practice.

scholarly journals Tafsir Resmi Versi Pemerintah di Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Pajriah ◽  
Sahlan Muhammad Faqih
Keyword(s):  
Provincial Government ◽  
New Order ◽  
The West ◽  
Regional Office ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
Development Center ◽  
First Time ◽  
Local Languages

In 1965 a translation of the Holy Koran of the Ministry of Religion was printed, consisting of three volumes. During the New Order government, 1972, a team of experts on the interpretation of the Koran was formed. Three years later, in 1975, published for the first time a volume of one-volume tafsir of the first three chapters of the Koran, 1980 this tafsir work was complete up to thirty juz. Also, the government also enriches the interpretation and translation of the Koran using local dialects and the treasury of the Indonesian Koran. For example, the translation and interpretation of the Sundanese Koran published by the provincial government and the West Java regional office of the Ministry of Religion. Besides, the Indonesian Ministry of Religion's Research and Development Center for Literature has published a translation of the Koran in Sundanese, along with the publication of a translated Koran using 15 other local languages. The formulation of the government's interpretation underwent changes that coincided with the transition of power from the New Order to the reformation. The difference is evident in the approach of its interpretation which has shifted from al-tahlîli (descriptive-analytical) with an hidâ'i (guidance) style to a method maudû'i (thematic) with an 'ilmî (scientific) style.

scholarly journals Reducing the difference between citizens and consumers: a critical discourse analysis of the Communications White Paper 2000

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Dawes
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Complex Processes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

By conducting a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of the Communications White Paper 2000, this article demonstrates the processes by which the government has socially and discursively reconstructed the public service ethos of broadcasting and the relations between citizenship and consumerism. Focussing on the occurrences of the citizen- and consumer-signifiers, the analysis confirms the claims of critical social theorists that there has been a shift in the government’s conception of the public from citizens to consumers. However, by adopting a cross-disciplinary methodology to the analysis of the texts, the complex processes and tensions involved in this shift can be made manifest, and the ways in which the differences between public and private oppositions are rhetorically reduced – so that the consumer becomes an active agent, able to act collectively, while the citizen becomes a passive individual – can be demonstrated.

scholarly journals Towards a good governance system : The implementation of a system of management control in a public institution: Case of a Regional Academy for Education and Training.

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1278-1288
Author(s):  
TOUILI KARIMA ◽  
DEKRI MERIAM
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Governance System ◽  
The Public ◽  
National Priority ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Performance

The issue of reforming the Moroccan educational system has become an important national topic. The government is looking forward to achieve the objectives that have been defined forward for this system and contribute to let it be performant.Effectively, the Moroccan educational system is the second national priority. All the national speeches of his majesty king of Morocco are focalized in reorganizing this system by detecting the problems and developing pertinent solutions and tools able to make the difference in the future. The Moroccan context is characterized by the will of government to establish the notion of governance and performance in the public services in general and in the national educational system especially. The aim of our paper is to study how can we introduce the concept of performance in the educational system by integrating a system of management control in the system of education?The hypothesis that the three habitual summits of management control namely- means –objectives and realizations arenot enough for studying the complexity and the missions of such a sector like the educational system where the satisfactions of users is an important factor that must be took into consideration.

Britain’s‘5 Percent’ Local Government Revolution: The faltering Impact of New Labour’s Modernization Agenda

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Game
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Labour Party ◽  
Finance Reform ◽  
The Public ◽  
Competitive Tendering ◽  
Best Value ◽  
Political Management ◽  
The Government ◽  
First Time ◽  
Service Regime

Tony Blair’s New Labour Party came to power in 1997 committed to ‘modernizing’ and rejuvenating a local government system that it considered had been weakened and emasculated by the Thatcher and Major Conservative governments. Written immediately following Labour’s overwhelming re-election in June 2001, this article is an interim review of some of the key policies in the government’s modernization agenda for local government. The first sections deal with the indisputably radical political management reforms imposed on local councils and the attempt to introduce, for the first time in UK local government, directly elected executive mayors. Later sections focus on the replacement of compulsory competitive tendering with a ‘best value’ service regime, and the government’s more hesitant approach to finance reform. The overall conclusion of the review is that in all three policy spheres, though in differing ways, the government has so far fallen short of its ambitious and radical rhetoric. The idea of elected mayors is enthusing neither the public nor elected councillors. Best value is seen as excessively bureaucratic, prescriptive and centralist. And modest reform proposals leave largely unaddressed the most serious financial weaknesses of UK local authorities.

scholarly journals The Media in Cameroon faced with the Boko Haram Conflict

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Tapuka
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Boko Haram ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
Peace Journalism ◽  
The Government ◽  
First Time

For the first time in the history of Cameroon, it is facing a conflict that can be compared to no other one. The Boko Haram conflict has not just posed so much difficulty to the population and the government but especially media men and women who are always looking for information to feed the public. It is further complicated because journalists in Cameroon do not have a mastery of Peace Journalism, or conflict sensitive journalism or conflict management and resolution. In this light, they have all dived into the matter with much focus on recounting just the story on the ground, counting the victims and use the war to gain notoriety. They have neither work in favor of pacific resolution of the conflict nor promoting alternatives to the use of force but have been either been embedded in the military’s version of the story while depending so much on the official phase of it and on second hand information. This paper argues that in the communication of the Boko Haram conflict the Cameroonian media have proven to follow the official version in its practice of Straight Journalism, War Journalism and Embedded with very little effort in Peace Journalism.

scholarly journals La inspección de enseñanza primaria y la consolidación del sistema escolar en la provincia de Teruel (1849-1900)

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
María Lourdes Alcalá Ibáñez
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
School Attendance ◽  
School Organization ◽  
Teaching Methodology ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
The Public ◽  
Education Act ◽  
The Government ◽  
Working And Living Conditions ◽  
First Time

The Inspectorate of Education in Spain was created in 1849. During the second half of the nineteenth century, the supervision of schools was for the first time in the hands of professional officials that used uniform education criteria for all schools. As delegates of the government, these helped to consolidate the school system, which, after the enactment of the Public Education Act of 1857, was gradually but very significantly implemented throughout the nation. The article describes the operation of the first provincial inspectors in Teruel, a rural province in the interior of Spain, which had high rates of illiteracy and serious problems with school attendance, teacher remuneration, and lack of schools, especially for girls. This article describes the work of the provincial inspectors, who, through their association with the Provincial Board of Education, managed to improve all aspects related to the working and living conditions of teachers: state exams, pay, classification for promotion or regulation of promotions, transfers and substitutions. It also studies the inspection visits to schools, and their contribution to both the improvement in school organization and the teaching methodology used by teachers in one-room schools.

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