scholarly journals Validation of the General and Personal Belief in a Just World scales in Iran and Their Relations to Perceived Threat of Kin Favoritism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Mikani ◽  
Parisa Rafiee ◽  
Matthias Donat

People possess a pre-conscious need to believe in the existence of justice in the world. This belief in a just world (BJW) is usually measured with self-report scales. Dalbert et al. (1987) and Dalbert (1999) have developed the general belief in a just world (GBJW) and personal belief in a just world (PBJW) scales as psychometrically robust measures of just-world beliefs. We conducted three studies to demonstrate the validity of the Persian versions of belief in a just world scales and the importance of distinguishing between GBJW and PBJW. First, we confirmed the factor structure. reliability, convergent validity (self-esteem, life satisfaction, and religiosity), and divergent validity (big five personalityfactors and dark triad traits) of GBJW and PBJW using Iranian participants (N1 = 454). Second, the associations of GBJW and PBJW with perceived threat of unjust behavior directed to self or others were assessed using two scenario-based studies (N2 = 81, N3 = 71) in the context of kin favoritism. While GBJW negatively predicted perceived threat of kin favoritism directed to others, PBJW was a negative predictor of perceived threat of kin favoritism directed to self. Consistent with theoretical assumptions, perceived likelihood of punishment mediated these associations. In addition to providing further evidence for the differentiation between GBJW and PBJW, the findings of Study 2 and 3 also support the idea of an optimistic bias towards self by showing that people perceived less threat of kin favoritism when others, rather than themselves, were potential victims of injustice.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-330
Author(s):  
Kovács Dóra Csilla ◽  
Mészáros Veronika ◽  
Tanyi Zsuzsanna ◽  
Ferenczi Andrea ◽  
Jakubovits Edit ◽  
...  

Bevezetés: A pszichopátia kutatásának története hosszú múltra tekint vissza a mentális egészségtudományokban. Ez idő alatt több megközelítés is született, melyekhez kapcsolódóan kérdőíveket is kidolgoztak a kutatók. Cél: Jelen tanulmány a Pszichopátiás Önértékelő Skála rövid változatának (Self Report Psychopathy Short Form; SRP-SF) magyar nyelvű adaptálását tűzi ki célul. A tanulmányban elemezzük a kérdőív faktorszerkezetét, belső konzisztenciáját, valamint konvergens validitását a nárcizmussal, a machiavellizmussal, a szenzoros élménykereséssel, a neuroticizmussal, az agresszióval, valamint konkurens validitását a pszichopátiát mérő mérőeszközzel. Módszerek: Keresztmetszeti, kérdőíves vizsgálatunkat 605 fős heterogén mintán folytattuk le. A kapcsolatrendszer elemzésére az SRP-SF mellett a fent említett konstruktumok mérésére alkalmas mérőeszközöket is használtunk, úgymint a Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja személyiség-kérdőív 80 itemes rövid változatát, a Rövid Sötét Triád tesztet, illetve a Patológiás Nárcizmus kérdőívet. Eredmények: A megerősítő faktorelemzés eredménye rámutatott arra, hogy az általunk alkalmazott mintán a kérdőív háromfaktoros modellje illeszkedik a legjobban (illeszkedési mutatók: χ 2(164) = 817,741, p < 0,001; CFI = 0,930; TLI = 0,919; RMSEA [90% CI] = 0,081 [0,075–0,087]), a bűnügyi tendenciák skála jelenléte a jelen mintán nem megerősíthető. Az SRP-SF belső konzisztenciája megfelelőnek bizonyult (Cronbach-α = 0,659– 0,774). A kérdőív más mérőeszközökkel mutatott kapcsolataiból pedig arra lehet következtetni, hogy az állítások inkább az elsődleges pszichopátiát mérik, és a kérdőívben elkülönülnek a pszichopátia interperszonális és életmódbeli aspektusai. Következtetés: az SRP-SF egy olyan könnyen és gyorsan felvehető kérdőív, amely megfelelő pszichometriai mutatókkal rendelkezik és a bűnügyi tendenciák skálától eltekintve alkalmazható nem klinikai mintán is. Introduction: The research history of psychopathy has a long history in the mental health sciences. During this time, several approaches were developed, and in connection with the theories the researchers also developed questionnaires. Aim: The aim of the study is the Hungarian adaptation of the Self-Reporting Psychopathy Short Form (SRP-SF). We have analyzed the factor structure of the questionnaire, its internal consistency, and convergent validity of the questionnaire with narcissism, Machiavellianism, sensation seeking, neuroticism, aggression, and other measure of psychopathy. Methods: The study included 605 individuals, who were heterogeneous by profession. In addition to SRP-SF, an 80-item short version of the Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personality Questionnaire, the Short Dark Triad test, and the Pathological Narcissism questionnaire were also administered to analyze the relationships of psychopathy. Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-factor model of the questionnaire fits best in the sample we used (fit indicators: χ 2(164) = 817.741, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.930; TLI = 0.919; RMSEA [90% CI] = 0.081 [0.075–0.087]) , the presence of the scale of crime trends in the present sample cannot be confirmed. The internal consistency of SRP-SF was found to be adequate (Cronbach’s α = 0.659–0.774). And from the relationships of the questionnaire with other measures, it can be concluded that the statements tend to measure primary psychopathy, and the interpersonal and lifestyle aspects of psychopathy are separated in the questionnaire. Conclusion: Except for the Crime trends scale, SRP-SF is an easy and quick to take test that has appropriate psychometric indicators and can be applied to a non-clinical sample


2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (9) ◽  
pp. 1409-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betül Dilara Şeker

I examined the level and predictors of life satisfaction among 504 participants who had experienced the 2011 Van (Turkey) earthquake (hit group), and 326 participants who, living in another city, had not (nonhit group). Participants completed measures of overall life satisfaction, belief in a just world, and hope. Results of group comparisons revealed that the hit group had significantly lower life satisfaction than did the nonhit group. Further, the life satisfaction of the hit group was significantly and positively associated with general belief in a just world, personal belief in a just world, and hope, whereas the significant correlations for the nonhit group existed between life satisfaction and general and personal belief in a just world. According to the regression results of the hit group, participants with high general belief in a just world, personal belief in a just world, and hope can be assumed to be more satisfied with their lives.


2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélder Alves ◽  
Isabel Correia

Previous research has shown that both the personal and the general belief in a just world (BJW) are judgment norms. This finding raises the possibility of a strategic component in the expression of the BJW. In the two studies reported in this article we investigated this possibility, specifically that the expression of BJW could be used to distinguish oneself from others and to convey specific images. In Study 1, we asked participants to fill in the personal and the general BJW scales on their behalf and according to the way they thought that their classmates would. The results showed that personal BJW was used as a device to distinguish the self from others. In Study 2 we asked the participants to fill in both BJW scales either according to their opinion or in order to convey a specific image: being likable, competent, successful, or pitiful. The results showed that personal BJW scores in the control condition and in all positive image conditions were higher than those in the “pitiful image” condition. In the case of general BJW the same pattern only showed up when scores of personal BJW were not controlled for.


2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 504-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stine Bjerrum Moeller

Background: Few studies have explored the metacognitive components of anger, and at present there is no metacognitive framework on anger incorporating both positive and negative beliefs about anger and distinct maladaptive processing routines, such as rumination. Aims: The aim of the present preliminary studies was to apply a metacognitive framework to anger and put forward a new anger self-report scale, the Metacognitive Anger Processing (MAP) scale, intended as a supplement to existing measures of anger disposition and to enhance anger treatment targets. Method: The new measure was tested in a nonclinical and a clinical sample together with measures of anger and metacognition to establish factor structure, reliability, concurrent, and convergent validity. Results: The MAP showed a reliable factor structure with three factors - Positive Beliefs about anger, Negative Beliefs about anger, and Rumination; good internal reliability, and test-retest reliability. The subscales showed positive correlations with anger and the pattern of correlation with the general metacognitive measure supported the idea that the MAP represents dimensions of metacognition as it relates to anger. Conclusions: The present data indicate that positive as well as negative beliefs are involved in the tendency to ruminate about angry emotions. Clinical interventions may benefit from an exploration of the patient´s experience of anger, as structured by the MAP's factors and their interrelationships. The psychometric properties of the MAP should be further investigated in clinical samples using larger test batteries and objective measures of aggression.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-179
Author(s):  
P.M. Larionov ◽  
E.K. Ageenkova ◽  
V.S. Smeyan

In connection with the spread of a culture of violence in modern society the problem of aggressive behavior of adolescents takes on new impetus. For a comprehensive consideration of this problem, one should take into account not only the intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects of the personality relations system, but also its relations with the world, which can be expressed in the two forms of the belief in a just world — general belief in a just world and personal belief in a just world. 70 Belarusian and 109 Ukrainian adolescents completed two questionnaires: the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the Just World Scale by C. Dalbert. It was found that Belarusian adolescents are characterized by lower aggression compared to Ukrainian ones. The relationship between aggression and the two forms of belief in a just world (general and personal belief in a just world) is negative among Belarusians and Ukrainian adolescents. Belarusian and Ukrainian adolescents on average believe that the world is “rather fair”. This indicates a similar view of the world among adolescents in both cultures.


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kotryna Stupnianek ◽  
Vytautas Navickas

The belief in a just world has been found to be related to rule breaking behavior. However, research has yet to determine whether the same relation holds for corrupt behavior. The current study focused on identifying whether the belief in a just world is a factor that predicts bribery behavior. We hypothesized that people with a weaker belief in a just world would be more likely to report that they had given a bribe compared with people with a strong belief in a just world. A retrospective design was used to conduct a study in Lithuania. Belief in a just world was measured with two scales for assessing personal and general beliefs in a just world. We measured bribery behavior by asking participants (N = 316) to report how many times they had given a bribe during the past 5 years. The results showed that a personal belief in a just world predicted bribery behavior, whereas a general belief in a just world did not. We discuss implications for further studies.


Assessment ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1448-1462
Author(s):  
Véronique Maheux-Caron ◽  
Dominick Gamache ◽  
Martin Sellbom ◽  
Elliott Christian ◽  
Yvan Lussier ◽  
...  

The goal of this study ( N = 432 participants from a community sample) is to report on the psychometric properties of a French adaptation of the Expanded Version of the Three-Factor Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (E-LSRP), which was developed to alleviate some shortcomings of the original LSRP. A three correlated factor exploratory structural equation modeling model showed the best fits and attained satisfactory indices. There were significant, conceptually meaningful associations with measures of Dark Triad traits, pathological narcissism, empathy, impulsivity, substance misuse, and social desirability. Incremental validity over a 19-item scale proposed by Brinkley et al. was also mostly demonstrated, especially for convergent validity. Overall, the French E-LSRP possesses sound psychometric properties, comparable for the most part with the original instrument, and should be seen as a useful measure of psychopathic traits in community samples.


Author(s):  
Deepti B Duggi ◽  
Iranna S. Amashi ◽  
Shanmukh V. Kamble

The just-world hypothesis is the assumption that a person's actions are inherently inclined to bring morally fair and fitting consequences to that person, to the end of all noble actions being eventually rewarded and all evil actions eventually punished. The present study is counted to find out the significance of the relationship of well-being of men and women living with HIV/AIDS with their personal and general belief in just world. A purposive sample of 100 male and 100 female people living with HIV/AIDS are selected for the study. The sample was selected for the study from Positive People Network, NGOs and ART centers. The sample was collected from Hubli-Dharwad Corporation and Gadag. Personal Belief in Just World Scale developed by Claudia Dalbert (1999); The General Belief in Just World Scale developed by Dalbert and Schmitt (1987); and Trait Well Being Inventory developed by Dalbert (1992) measures were used to test the hypotheses. Results of the present study revealed that, General belief and Personal belief of just world of men living with HIV/AIDS have positive correlation mood level and satisfaction level. Further, General belief and Personal belief of just world of men living with HIV/AIDS have also had positive and significant relationship with overall mood and satisfaction level. Contrary to this, General belief and Personal belief of just world women living with HIV/AIDS has no relation with mood level, but has relationship with satisfaction level and overall mood and satisfaction level of women living with HIV/AIDS.


2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K. Johnson ◽  
Rachel A. Plouffe ◽  
Donald H. Saklofske

Abstract. The Dark Triad is a constellation of three antisocial personality traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. Recently, researchers have introduced a “Dark Tetrad” that includes subclinical sadism, although others suggest considerable overlap between psychopathy and sadism. To clarify the position of sadism within the Dark Triad, an online study was conducted with 615 university students. Exploratory factor analysis revealed that a six-factor solution fit the data best, representing Machiavellianism, psychopathy, physical sadism, verbal sadism, narcissism, and vicarious sadism. Furthermore, convergent validity was supported through sadism’s correlations with the HEXACO personality traits. The results support sadism’s inclusion within the Dark Tetrad as a unique construct but with some conceptual overlap with psychopathy.


2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Wertag ◽  
Denis Bratko

Abstract. Prosocial behavior is intended to benefit others rather than oneself and is positively linked to personality traits such as Agreeableness and Honesty-Humility, and usually negatively to the Dark Triad traits (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy). However, a significant proportion of the research in this area is conducted solely on self-report measures of prosocial behavior. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between prosociality and the basic (i.e., HEXACO) and dark personality traits, comparing their contribution in predicting both self-reported prosociality and prosocial behavior. Results of the hierarchical regression analyses showed that the Dark Triad traits explain prosociality and prosocial behavior above and beyond the HEXACO traits, emphasizing the importance of the Dark Triad in the personality space.


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