scholarly journals Traveling through light clutter: Path integration and panorama guided navigation in the Sonoran Desert ant, Novomessor cockerelli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody A Freas ◽  
Marcia L Spetch
Keyword(s):  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Path Integration ◽  
Sensory Ecology ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Cue Weighting ◽  
Desert Ant ◽  
Cue Use ◽  
Visual Clutter ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Path Integrator

Foraging ants use multiple navigational strategies, including path integration and visual panorama cues, which are used simultaneously and weighted based upon context, the environment and the species’ sensory ecology. In particular, the amount of visual clutter in the habitat predicts the weighting given to the forager’s path integrator and surrounding panorama cues. Here, we characterize the individual cue use and cue weighting of the Sonoran Desert ant, Novomessor cockerelli, by testing foragers after local and distant displacement. Foragers attend to both a path-integration-based vector and the surrounding panorama to navigate, on and off foraging routes. When both cues were present, foragers initially oriented to their path integrator alone, yet weighting was dynamic, with foragers abandoning the vector and switching to panorama-based navigation after a few meters. If displaced to unfamiliar locations, experienced foragers travelled almost their full homeward vector (~85%) before the onset of search. Through panorama analysis, we show views acquired on-route provide sufficient information for orientation over only short distances, with rapid parallel decreases in panorama similarity and navigational performance after even small local displacements. These findings are consistent with heavy path integrator weighting over the panorama when the local habitat contains few prominent terrestrial cues.

scholarly journals Flexible weighing of olfactory and vector information in the desert ant Cataglyphis fortis

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 20130070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Buehlmann ◽  
Bill S. Hansson ◽  
Markus Knaden
Keyword(s):  
Path Integration ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Feeding Site ◽  
Desert Ants ◽  
Desert Ant ◽  
Vector Information ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Path Integrator ◽  
Odour Plumes ◽  
Cataglyphis Fortis

Desert ants, Cataglyphis fortis , are equipped with remarkable skills that enable them to navigate efficiently. When travelling between the nest and a previously visited feeding site, they perform path integration (PI), but pinpoint the nest or feeder by following odour plumes. Homing ants respond to nest plumes only when the path integrator indicates that they are near home. This is crucial, as homing ants often pass through plumes emanating from foreign nests and do not discriminate between the plume of their own and that of a foreign nest, but should absolutely avoid entering a wrong nest. Their behaviour towards food odours differs greatly. Here, we show that in ants on the way to food, olfactory information outweighs PI information. Although PI guides ants back to a learned feeder, the ants respond to food odours independently of whether or not they are close to the learned feeding site. This ability is beneficial, as new food sources—unlike foreign nests—never pose a threat but enable ants to shorten distances travelled while foraging. While it has been shown that navigating C. fortis ants rely strongly on PI, we report here that the ants retained the necessary flexibility in the use of PI.

scholarly journals Traveling through light clutter: Path integration and panorama guided navigation in the Sonoran Desert ant, Novomessor cockerelli

2021 ◽  
Vol 186 ◽  
pp. 104373
Author(s):  
Cody A. Freas ◽  
Nicola J.R. Plowes ◽  
Marcia L. Spetch
Keyword(s):  
Sonoran Desert ◽  
Path Integration ◽  
Desert Ant

The IRS eyes professor's movie: a taxation case exercise

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Jayanti Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Paul F. McGee ◽  
Linda A. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Country ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Case Description ◽  
Red Flags ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Accounting Rules ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tax Accounting

Case description This case illustrates the tax implications of a movie produced in a foreign country that resulted in a loss. Teaching opportunities include the application of tax rules to a Schedule C business loss and a resulting net operating loss (NOL) deduction, the consideration of hobby and passive activity losses, the tax treatment of funds received in a divorce settlement, and how an individual might handle a possible IRS examination. Students are asked to prepare a revised Form 1040 for the movie business loss and the individual NOL deduction based on evidence provided in the case. Sufficient information is provided in the case to identify audit “red flags” in a tax return. Using the tale of an actual movie production in a foreign country and its consequent tax implications can provide an attractive alternative to teaching tax accounting rules that are often considered by students as “dry”.

4.3 Integration with Management

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
J. B. Kilkenny
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Essential Ingredient ◽  
Computerized Records ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Farm ◽  
Basic Level

Three obvious statements but well worth repeating: “Computers are only an aid to summarizing information for use in assisting management decisions”; “Records are only of any use if they are used — they are not an end in themselves”; and “No point having sophisticated computerized management aids if the basic information is not available and if only decisions at a simple level are to be made”.Amongst dairy and pig producers, the need for keeping records is well established and probably over 40% of all dairy cows and pigs in Britain are involved in an enterprise recording scheme. By contrast, all too few beef and sheep producers currently keep any detailed computerized records in an organized way. It is estimated that only about 2% of all commercial beef and sheep are involved in an enterprise recording scheme. Good basic records are an essential ingredient to any more sophisticated management aid because these need to be based on relevant reliable data for individual situations. The need to use computers and their value on the individual farm is dependent upon having sufficient information to make it worthwhile employing them. The sophistication of management aids required for enterprises will be determined by the level of recording already involved. It is obvious that the requirements for beef and sheep producers are at a much more basic level than for many pig and dairy producers.

scholarly journals Optimal multiguidance integration in insect navigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (11) ◽  
pp. 2824-2829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Hoinville ◽  
Rüdiger Wehner
Keyword(s):  
Path Integration ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Insect Navigation ◽  
Desert Ants ◽  
Local Vector ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Global Vector ◽  
Global And Local

In the last decades, desert ants have become model organisms for the study of insect navigation. In finding their way, they use two major navigational routines: path integration using a celestial compass and landmark guidance based on sets of panoramic views of the terrestrial environment. It has been claimed that this information would enable the insect to acquire and use a centralized cognitive map of its foraging terrain. Here, we present a decentralized architecture, in which the concurrently operating path integration and landmark guidance routines contribute optimally to the directions to be steered, with “optimal” meaning maximizing the certainty (reliability) of the combined information. At any one time during its journey, the animal computes a path integration (global) vector and landmark guidance (local) vector, in which the length of each vector is proportional to the certainty of the individual estimates. Hence, these vectors represent the limited knowledge that the navigator has at any one place about the direction of the goal. The sum of the global and local vectors indicates the navigator’s optimal directional estimate. Wherever applied, this decentralized model architecture is sufficient to simulate the results of quite a number of diverse cue-conflict experiments, which have recently been performed in various behavioral contexts by different authors in both desert ants and honeybees. They include even those experiments that have deliberately been designed by former authors to strengthen the evidence for a metric cognitive map in bees.

3D protein structure from genetic epistasis experiments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Rollins ◽  
Kelly P. Brock ◽  
Frank J. Poelwijk ◽  
Michael A. Stiffler ◽  
Nicholas P. Gauthier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Structure ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Helical Conformation ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Single Mutation ◽  
Phenotypic Effect ◽  
3D Protein Structure ◽  
Small Proteins ◽  
The Individual

SummaryHigh-throughput experimental techniques have made possible the systematic sampling of the single mutation landscape for many proteins, defined as the change in protein fitness as the result of point mutation sequence changes. In a more limited number of cases, and for small proteins only, we also have nearly full coverage of all possible double mutants. By comparing the phenotypic effect of two simultaneous mutations with that of the individual amino acid changes, we can evaluate epistatic effects that reflect non-additive cooperative processes. The observation that epistatic residue pairs often are in contact in the 3D structure led to the hypothesis that a systematic epistatic screen contains sufficient information to identify the 3D fold of a protein. To test this hypothesis, we examined experimental double mutants for evidence of epistasis and identified residue contacts at 86% accuracy, including secondary structure elements and evidence for an alternative all-α-helical conformation. Positively epistatic contacts – corresponding to compensatory mutations, restoring fitness – were the most informative. Folded models generated from top-ranked epistatic pairs, when compared with the known structure, were accurate within 2.4 Å over 53 residues, indicating the possibility that 3D protein folds can be determined experimentally with good accuracy from functional assays of mutant libraries, at least for small proteins. These results suggest a new experimental approach for determining protein structure.

scholarly journals Leukocyte-endothelial adhesion molecules

Blood ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 2068-2101 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Carlos ◽  
JM Harlan
Keyword(s):  
Adhesion Molecules ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Leukocyte Integrins ◽  
Endothelial Adhesion Molecules ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Exciting Area

In the 9 years since the last review on leukocyte and endothelial interactions was published in this journal many of the critical structures involved in leukocyte adherence to and migration across endothelium have been elucidated. With the advent of cell and molecular biology approaches, investigations have progressed from the early descriptions by intravital microscopy and histology, to functional and immunologic characterization of adhesion molecules, and now to the development of genetically deficient animals and the first phase I trial of “anti-adhesion” therapy in humans. The molecular cloning and definition of the adhesive functions of the leukocyte integrins, endothelial members of the Ig gene superfamily, and the selectins has already provided sufficient information to construct an operative paradigm of the molecular basis of leukocyte emigration. The regulation of these adhesion molecules by chemoattractants, cytokines, or chemokines, and the interrelationships of adhesion pathways need to be examined in vitro and, particularly, in vivo. Additional studies are required to dissect the contribution of the individual adhesion molecules to leukocyte emigration in various models of inflammation or immune reaction. Certainly, new adhesion structures will be identified, and the current paradigm of leukocyte emigration will be refined. The promise of new insights into the biology and pathology of the inflammatory and immune response, and the potential for new therapies for a wide variety of diseases assures that this will continue to be an exciting area of investigation.

scholarly journals Role of the pheromone for orientation in the group foraging ant, Veromessor pergandei

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody A Freas ◽  
Marcia L Spetch
Keyword(s):  
Vector State ◽  
Group Foraging ◽  
Directional Information ◽  
Desert Ant ◽  
Correct Orientation ◽  
Celestial Compass ◽  
Vector Orientation ◽  
Veromessor Pergandei ◽  
Path Integrator

Role of the pheromone for orientation in the group foraging ant, Veromessor pergandei Navigation is comprised of a variety of strategies which rely on multiple external cues to shape a navigator’s behavioral output. An additional navigational challenge is coping with forces such as wind and water currents that push navigators off-course. Here, we explore the cue interactions that dictate orientation and foragers’ ability to counter course altering rotational changes in the desert ant, Veromessor pergandei. We found a cross sensory interaction between the pheromone cue and the path integrator underlies correct orientation during the inbound journey. The celestial compass provides directional information while the presence of the trail pheromone acts as a critical context cue, triggering distinct behavioral responses (vector orientation, search and backtracking). A particularly interesting interaction occurs between the pheromone and the forager’s vector state. While exposed to the pheromone, foragers orient to the vector direction regardless of vector state, while in the pheromone’s absence the current vector triggers the switch between behaviors. Such interactions maximize the foragers’ return to the nest and inhibit movement off the trail. Finally, our manipulations continuously pushed foragers away from their desired heading, yet foragers were highly proficient at counteracting these changes, steering to maintain a correct heading even at rotational speeds of ~40°/s.

BACTERIOLOGICAL CONDITION OF WATER SUPPLIES IN DAIRY PLANTS1

1957 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 196-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Plant Use ◽  
Dairy Plant ◽  
The Individual

Samples of water supplies used in 14 butter and 12 cottage plants were examined for total, coliform, lipolytic, proteolytic and psychrophilic bacterial populations. Most of the water samples were free from coliform bacteria but contained psychrophylic, proteolytic and lipolytic organisms indicating that the coliform test alone does not afford sufficient information about the microbiological condition of water supplies intended for dairy plant use. Water samples taken at or near the source where the water entered the plant usually contained fewer bacteria than samples taken at the churn door or cheese vat, suggesting contamination of the water lines within the individual plants.

scholarly journals Multimodal interactions in insect navigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1129-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Buehlmann ◽  
Michael Mangan ◽  
Paul Graham
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sensory Ecology ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Multiple Cues ◽  
Insect Navigation ◽  
Multimodal Interactions ◽  
Cue Use ◽  
Sensory Modalities

AbstractAnimals travelling through the world receive input from multiple sensory modalities that could be important for the guidance of their journeys. Given the availability of a rich array of cues, from idiothetic information to input from sky compasses and visual information through to olfactory and other cues (e.g. gustatory, magnetic, anemotactic or thermal) it is no surprise to see multimodality in most aspects of navigation. In this review, we present the current knowledge of multimodal cue use during orientation and navigation in insects. Multimodal cue use is adapted to a species’ sensory ecology and shapes navigation behaviour both during the learning of environmental cues and when performing complex foraging journeys. The simultaneous use of multiple cues is beneficial because it provides redundant navigational information, and in general, multimodality increases robustness, accuracy and overall foraging success. We use examples from sensorimotor behaviours in mosquitoes and flies as well as from large scale navigation in ants, bees and insects that migrate seasonally over large distances, asking at each stage how multiple cues are combined behaviourally and what insects gain from using different modalities.

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