4.3 Integration with Management

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 131-135
Author(s):  
J. B. Kilkenny
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Essential Ingredient ◽  
Computerized Records ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Farm ◽  
Basic Level

Three obvious statements but well worth repeating: “Computers are only an aid to summarizing information for use in assisting management decisions”; “Records are only of any use if they are used — they are not an end in themselves”; and “No point having sophisticated computerized management aids if the basic information is not available and if only decisions at a simple level are to be made”.Amongst dairy and pig producers, the need for keeping records is well established and probably over 40% of all dairy cows and pigs in Britain are involved in an enterprise recording scheme. By contrast, all too few beef and sheep producers currently keep any detailed computerized records in an organized way. It is estimated that only about 2% of all commercial beef and sheep are involved in an enterprise recording scheme. Good basic records are an essential ingredient to any more sophisticated management aid because these need to be based on relevant reliable data for individual situations. The need to use computers and their value on the individual farm is dependent upon having sufficient information to make it worthwhile employing them. The sophistication of management aids required for enterprises will be determined by the level of recording already involved. It is obvious that the requirements for beef and sheep producers are at a much more basic level than for many pig and dairy producers.

The effect of using a programmable out-of-parlour feeder for dairy cows

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 6-6
Author(s):  
F. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Stage Of Lactation ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Farm ◽  
Nutritional Benefits ◽  
Potential Use

The introduction of fully controlled out-of-parlour concentrate dispensers has brought new opportunities to concentrate feeding for dairy cows. While there may be a number of possible justifications for their use on an individual farm, it is likely that their effect on milk output and efficiency of concentrate use, will be a major factor when assessing their potential use. It has been argued that their ability to not only allow accurate concentrate rationing for each individual animal, based on milk yield, but also the fact that they can increase the frequency with which readily degradable materials, such as concentrates, are fed will provide nutritional benefits which will result in improved animal performance. In contrast the simple flat rate feeding approach implies a uniform feed input to all animals irrespective of stage of lactation or milk yield and also is generally operated on no more than two or three feeds over the 24 hour period. The purpose of the present study was therefore to compare two systems of concentrate feeding involving either the use of an out-of-parlour feeder, in which concentrates were allocated according to the milk yield of the individual animal, or the flat-rate approach. In view of the possibility that there could be an interaction between feeding system and total concentrate input both systems of feeding were compared at two levels of concentrate feeding.

The IRS eyes professor's movie: a taxation case exercise

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Jayanti Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Paul F. McGee ◽  
Linda A. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Country ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Case Description ◽  
Red Flags ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Accounting Rules ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tax Accounting

Case description This case illustrates the tax implications of a movie produced in a foreign country that resulted in a loss. Teaching opportunities include the application of tax rules to a Schedule C business loss and a resulting net operating loss (NOL) deduction, the consideration of hobby and passive activity losses, the tax treatment of funds received in a divorce settlement, and how an individual might handle a possible IRS examination. Students are asked to prepare a revised Form 1040 for the movie business loss and the individual NOL deduction based on evidence provided in the case. Sufficient information is provided in the case to identify audit “red flags” in a tax return. Using the tale of an actual movie production in a foreign country and its consequent tax implications can provide an attractive alternative to teaching tax accounting rules that are often considered by students as “dry”.

scholarly journals PARTICIPATIVE MANAGEMENT AS A TOOL TO ENSURE STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Kyfyak ◽  
Olena Herenda
Keyword(s):  
Managerial Behavior ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Company Policy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Behavior

The main focus of this article is on the correlation between employee involvement in management decisions and the growth of both the organization and employees in all areas. The types of managerial behavior are analyzed, within which the main styles are identified, such as: authoritarian and democratic, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each of them, their impact on the workforce and behavior. The article reflects the need to involve employees in order to improve performance and a sense of responsibility, and lists not only the positive side of this implementation, but also possible negative changes. Effective communication and involvement of staff in management decisions create a basis for ensuring the effective functioning of the enterprise. Involvement of employees, in this article, is not seen as a goal or tool, as is practiced in many organizations, but as a philosophy of management and leadership on how best in a healthy environment to realize their abilities, grow, improve and succeed in each unit and organization in general. The article discusses the main forms of participatory management: informal and short-term participation of personnel in management decisions, consultative involvement of employees, attraction of employees to ownership, involvement of employees in control and improvement of processes, involvement of personnel in decisions about company policy, participation in the organization's income, participation in profits of the organization, participation in the management of the organization. A distinctive feature of this method from many systems of remuneration for labor activity is that the latter are built on the recognition of the contribution of an employee of a given organization at the individual level. Participatory governance is based on the recognition of interests all personnel being reciprocal. This leads to the fact that there is an integration of these interests, and workers become more interested in the results of their work. Involving employees in the decision-making process not only reduces outsourcing, which saves money, time and offers the company long-term reliable assistance from employees who have knowledge of all the processes and deep needs of the corporation.

scholarly journals On designing the average lactation curve at the ascending phase

1962 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-168
Author(s):  
Aarne Mäkelä
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Lactation Curve ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
Daily Milk

Comparisons are made between different methods to find the peak production (maximum daily milk yield) and methods to design the average lactation curve at the ascending phase in dairy cows. It was noted that in order to determine the height and location of the maximal producing capacity of a cow in a known lactation period, it is preferable to choose the peak production as a mean of three subsequent best days. It was also noted that the usual methods for drawing the average lactation curves do not give a true picture of the height and location of the peak. The author suggests a method for determining the average lactation curve at the ascending phase by using the averages of both milk productions and times involved in reaching the peak and known fractions (e.g. 1/8, 1/4, 1/2, 3/4, and 5/4) of it. In this lactation curve the peak production is the mean of the peaks of individual cows, and the time involved in reaching it is the mean of the durations of the ascending phases of the individual cows.

scholarly journals Determination of organic components of milk as method for evaluating energy status of dairy cows

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Djordje Savic ◽  
D. Matarugic ◽  
N. Delic ◽  
D. Kasagic ◽  
M. Stojanovic
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Organic Components ◽  
Physiological Values ◽  
The Individual

The objective of the investigations described in this work was to determine the energy status and to make recommendations for correcting the cow diet at a farm of high-yield dairy cows, on the grounds of values for the concentration of organic components of milk and their ratios in individual milk samples. A total of 147 cows were examined, including 97 in the first and 50 in the second lactation. Average concentrations of milk fat and urea were within the physiological values. Namely, the milk fat concentration in cows in the first lactation was 38.88?5.07 g/l, and it was 36.47?4.82 g/l in cows in the second lactation, while the urea concentration in cows in the first lactation 3.16?0.58 mmol/l and it was 3.72?0.64 mmol/l in cows in the second lactation. The protein concentration in both groups of cows was below the physiological values, being 30.33?2.35 g/l in cows in the first lactation and 30.17?2.27 g/l in cows in the second lactation. Based on the ratio of urea and protein concentrations, as well as of fat and proteins in the individual milk samples, it was concluded that in most examined cows, both in those in the first and those in the second lactation, there is a deficit of energy, along with a deficit or relative surplus of proteins. On the grounds of the obtained results, recommendations were given for correcting the feed rations in the coming period. .

How to Reduce Recidivism

2021 ◽  
pp. 144-154
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Basic Level

Nearly everyone sent to prison will one day return to the community. This means that understanding recidivism is of critical importance to members of that community. At the most basic level, recidivism can be defined as “the reversion of an individual to criminal behavior after he or she has been convicted of a prior offense, sentenced, and (presumably) corrected.” Recidivism therefore requires that some sort of involvement with the criminal justice system has taken place, and that then the individual again comes into contact with the system after additional transgressions. Recidivism, in other words, is officially detected, repeat unlawful behavior.

scholarly journals Technical Efficiency of New York Dairy Farms

1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren W. Tauer ◽  
Krishna P. Belbase
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
The State ◽  
Computerized Records ◽  
Farm Efficiency ◽  
Individual Farm ◽  
Frontier Production Function

The technical efficiencies of New York dairy farms were estimated using a frontier production function. The average farm was 69 percent efficient. Individual farm efficiency was regressed on variables not considered inputs to explain why a farm was not on the frontier. Favorable location in the state and larger size (cows) as proxies for technology lead to greater efficiency. Participation in the Dairy Herd Improvement Cooperative and use of mail-in computerized records as proxies for management result in a reduction in efficiency. However, only 9 percent of variation in farm efficiency could be explained.

3D protein structure from genetic epistasis experiments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Rollins ◽  
Kelly P. Brock ◽  
Frank J. Poelwijk ◽  
Michael A. Stiffler ◽  
Nicholas P. Gauthier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Structure ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Helical Conformation ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Single Mutation ◽  
Phenotypic Effect ◽  
3D Protein Structure ◽  
Small Proteins ◽  
The Individual

SummaryHigh-throughput experimental techniques have made possible the systematic sampling of the single mutation landscape for many proteins, defined as the change in protein fitness as the result of point mutation sequence changes. In a more limited number of cases, and for small proteins only, we also have nearly full coverage of all possible double mutants. By comparing the phenotypic effect of two simultaneous mutations with that of the individual amino acid changes, we can evaluate epistatic effects that reflect non-additive cooperative processes. The observation that epistatic residue pairs often are in contact in the 3D structure led to the hypothesis that a systematic epistatic screen contains sufficient information to identify the 3D fold of a protein. To test this hypothesis, we examined experimental double mutants for evidence of epistasis and identified residue contacts at 86% accuracy, including secondary structure elements and evidence for an alternative all-α-helical conformation. Positively epistatic contacts – corresponding to compensatory mutations, restoring fitness – were the most informative. Folded models generated from top-ranked epistatic pairs, when compared with the known structure, were accurate within 2.4 Å over 53 residues, indicating the possibility that 3D protein folds can be determined experimentally with good accuracy from functional assays of mutant libraries, at least for small proteins. These results suggest a new experimental approach for determining protein structure.

scholarly journals Fatty acids and composition of their important groups in milk fat of Czech Pied cattle

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Pešek ◽  
E. Samková ◽  
J. Špička
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Chromatographic Method ◽  
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fat Composition ◽  
Total Proportion ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method

In 2003, 2004 and 2005 milk fat composition was determined three times in 55 dairy cows of Czech Pied cattle housed in a byre with stanchions and fed under conditions usual on Czech production farms. Fatty acids were determined by a gas chromatographic method, 26 acids out of the total 37 acids observed in chromatograms were identified. The highest proportions were observed for palmitic acid (29.25 ± 2.98%), oleic acid (24.47 ± 3.27%), myristic acid (12.14 ± 1.80%) and stearic acid (8.91 ± 2.44%). The proportions of saturated, unsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were 64.71 ± 4.18, 31.96 ± 4.20 and 27.45 ± 3.42% of total acids, respectively. The total proportion of nutritionally undesirable lauric, myristic and palmitic acid was 45.26 ± 4.77%, while that of the desirable group of polyunsaturated fatty acids was 4.51 ± 1.09%. The observed relatively wide ranges of the individual groups of fatty acids indicate that it is possible to improve the milk fat composition in Czech Pied cows.  

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