scholarly journals What Impact has air pollution on health of human beings and environment? Is there any relation between covid-19 & air pollution?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piyush Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Prime Concern

Almost all the countries around the world are experiencing high levels of air pollution. How does pollution impact our body in times of COVID-19? Air pollution and related climatic-environmental changes is one of the prime concern and biggest challenge globally in 21st century faced by most of the nations. The global impact of this public health problem can be assessed and understood from the data of morbidity and mortality as well as DALY (disability adjusted life years) & QALY (quality adjusted life years), YLL (years of life lost) measurements. Today global air is having several varieties and types of air pollutants which are taking lives of people on daily basis and the death count may be more as compared to covid-19 deaths. The finest and smallest particulate matters present in air as byproducts of several human and industry related activities are able to infiltrate the respiratory system through inhalation while breathing, leading to respiratory and cardiovascular system(CVS) diseases, reproductive and central nervous system(CNS) diseases and malfunctioning as well as various carcinoma. Ozone (O3) protects us from harmful effects of UV (ultra violet) radiations which can cause cancers, skin diseases as well as mutations etc but at the same time it is harmful when in high concentration at ground level, affecting the respiratory and cardiovascular system. Added to this other pollutants present in air such as nitrogen oxide(NO), sulfur dioxide(SO2), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), dioxins, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are all important air pollutants which are known to be harmful to human beings. Carbon monoxide (CO) can bind with haemoglobin (Hb) very tightly (not allowing oxygen to be released at tissue level causing tissue hypoxia) forming carboxy-haemoglobin which can cause poisoning when breathed in at high levels. Heavy metals for example lead (Pb) can lead to direct poisoning (plumbinism or saturnism) or chronic intoxication can lead to a variety of CNS, GIT(gastrointestinal tract), and reproductive system diseases, depending on the exposure. Air pollution usually causes respiratory problems such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiolitis, lung cancer, cardiovascular events, central nervous system dysfunctions, and cutaneous diseases. Added to this, the climate change resulting from environmental pollution affects the geographical distribution of many infectious diseases like natural disasters as well as affects social and environmental determinants of health. The only way to tackle this problem is through public health awareness, strategies to reduce air pollution as well as environmental protection measures with a multidisciplinary Intersectoral approach by scientific experts of national and international organizations. The global leaders must address the emergence of this threat and propose sustainable and suitable solutions to deal this challenging issue.

scholarly journals Amitraz Poisoning: A Rare Case of an Unusual Pesticide Poisoning

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Shallu Chaudhary ◽  
Major Amit Atwal ◽  
Neha Atwal
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Pesticide Poisoning ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Adrenergic Agonist ◽  
Central Nervous System Depression ◽  
Human Intoxication

Amitraz is a pesticide used in animals and agriculture. It consists of triazapentadiene which is a centrally acting alpha2 adrenergic agonist. Amitraz poisoning is uncommon in human beings. It occurs via the oral, dermal or inhalational route. The clinical manifestations are mainly central nervous system depression, respiratory depression and cardiovascular system depression. Very few reports of human intoxication have been documented so far. Keywords: Amitraz poisoning, pesticide poisoning, human intoxication.

Disability-Adjusted Life Years and Mortality Rate Attributed to Brain and Central Nervous System Cancer in the Middle East and North Africa Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Hamid Reza Saeidi Borojeni ◽  
Farid Najafi ◽  
Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani ◽  
Zahra Darabi ◽  
Mitra Darbandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Central Nervous System Cancer ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Nervous System Cancer

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Primary brain tumors are among the main causes of death. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological features of the brain and central nervous system cancer in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> In this study, data of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study were used to estimate the incidence, prevalence, deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and mortality in 21 countries in the MENA region from 1990 to 2019 based on age and sex. The percentage of the changes of epidemiologic indicators was calculated between 1990 and 2019. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Palestine and Turkey had the highest rate of brain and central nervous system cancer in 2019. Saudi Arabia, Oman, Iraq, and Lebanon had the highest percentage of incidence rate changes from 1990 to 2019. The prevalence of brain and central nervous system cancer in the MENA region was increased from 7.51 (95% CI: 4.95–11.01) in 1990 to 16.45 (95% CI: 10.83–19.54) in 2019 (percentage of changes = 54.35%). The standardized age mortality rate in the MENA region was increased by 2.7% in 2019 compared to that in 1990. The rate of standardized age of DALY per 100,000 individuals in the MENA region decreased from 135.09 (95% CI: 92.57–199.92) in 1990 to 128.34 (95% CI: 87.81–151.3) in 2019. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The incidence rate, prevalence, and standardized age mortality (per 100,000) had increased significantly in the MENA region in 2019 compared to those in 1990. Focusing on the diversity of the estimates of such indices in different countries of MENA can lead to the identification of important risk factors for brain cancer in future studies.

Deep Learning-based Framework for Smart Sustainable Cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 76-107
Author(s):  
Nagarathna Ravi ◽  
Vimala Rani P ◽  
Rajesh Alias Harinarayan R ◽  
Mercy Shalinie S ◽  
Karthick Seshadri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Deep Belief Network ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Belief Network

Pure air is vital for sustaining human life. Air pollution causes long-term effects on people. There is an urgent need for protecting people from its profound effects. In general, people are unaware of the levels to which they are exposed to air pollutants. Vehicles, burning various kinds of waste, and industrial gases are the top three onset agents of air pollution. Of these three top agents, human beings are exposed frequently to the pollutants due to motor vehicles. To aid in protecting people from vehicular air pollutants, this article proposes a framework that utilizes deep learning models. The framework utilizes a deep belief network to predict the levels of air pollutants along the paths people travel and also a comparison with the predictions made by a feed forward neural network and an extreme learning machine. When evaluating the deep belief neural network for the case study undertaken, a deep belief network was able to achieve a higher index of agreement and lower RMSE values.

Influence of central nervous system on arterial pressure during endotoxin shock

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (2) ◽  
pp. H178-H185
Author(s):  
H. F. Janssen ◽  
L. O. Lutherer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Endotoxin Shock ◽  
Shock State ◽  
Induced Hypotension ◽  
Ventriculocisternal Perfusion

Some investigators have suggested that the hypotensive effects of endotoxin are exerted at the level of central nervous system (CNS). Others feel the effects are exerted peripherally and that the CNS is involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular system during the shock state. Still other data suggest that endotoxin shock is entirely a peripheral phenomenon. The present study used ventriculocisternal perfusion of endotoxin, a pretrigeminal brainstem transection, two midcollicular decerebrate preparations, and Cushing's reflex to investigate the involvement of the CNS during endotoxin shock. The results suggest the following: 1) endotoxin perfused centrally at a concentration equivalent to the maximum obtainable after peripheral injection will not alter mean arterial pressure (MAP); 2) either the forebrain is not involved in the MAP response or the remaining regions can compensate for its absence; and 3) Cushing's reflex will block the initial endotoxin-induced hypotension.

scholarly journals Progress in Research on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Causing Neurological Diseases and Its Infection Mechanism

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lintao Wang ◽  
Zhiguang Ren ◽  
Li Ma ◽  
Yanjie Han ◽  
Wenqiang Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Great Harm

COVID-19 has spread rapidly worldwide since its outbreak and has now become a major public health problem. More and more evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 may not only affect the respiratory system but also cause great harm to the central nervous system. Therefore, it is extremely important to explore in-depth the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the nervous system. In this paper, the possible mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 invading the central nervous system during COVID-19, and the neurological complications caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection were reviewed.

Musculoskeletal injuries in children

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Theologis
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Musculoskeletal Injuries ◽  
Characteristic Pattern ◽  
Growth Disturbance ◽  
Hypovolaemic Shock ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
K Wires

♦ In children, bone is more flexible and heals faster than in adults but is at risk of growth disturbance. It is also capable of remodelling♦ The physis is weaker than the structures around it and therefore is liable to disruption in trauma♦ The possibility of injuries as a result of abuse must be considered in children and have a characteristic pattern♦ In poly trauma, children are more susceptible to hypothermia. Abdominal viscera and the cranium are more vulnerable. However, the central nervous system has more scope for recovery, and the cardiovascular system has an excellent capacity for coping with hypovolaemic shock♦ A reliable specific paediatric score should be used to plan treatment♦ The management of fractures is more likely to involve traction, plaster, and K-wires.

Forecasting the extent of future public health challenges using the Scottish Burden of Disease study

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
G M A Wyper ◽  
E Fletcher ◽  
I Grant ◽  
G McCartney ◽  
D L Stockton
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Health Trends ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Future ◽  
Public Health Challenges ◽  
Disease Study

Abstract Background Over the next 25 years in Scotland there is expected to be negative natural change in population growth in a rapidly ageing population. Recent evidence has highlighted the slowing of life expectancy gains and worsening trends in self-assessed general health. We have adapted the Scottish Burden of Disease study to forecast how demographic and health trends will shape future public health challenges. This is important in order to inform policy, service and workforce planning to meet anticipated needs. Methods For a baseline period of 2014-16 Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) were estimated for 132 causes of burden using routine data sources and patient-level record linkage techniques. Disability weights and disease models used to calculate Years Lived with Disability (YLD) were largely based on those from the Global Burden of Disease study, with life tables used to facilitate calculations of Years of Life Lost (YLL). The leading 20 causes were identified and trends in the occurrence of morbidity and mortality are currently being estimated up until 2019, and forecast to 2040, using age-period-cohort modelling. Crude and age-standardised rates will be used to monitor changes due to demography and exposure to the wider social determinants of health. Results In 2014-16, the leading causes of burden were ischaemic heart disease, neck and low back pain, depression, lung cancer and cerebrovascular disease. The leading 20 causes represented 68% of all-cause DALYs with ill-health and disability causing almost half of the burden. Conclusions Insights of the future trajectory of population health equip us with strong evidence to influence the need for a strong policy response on prevention. Estimates of the future occurrence of morbidities can be embedded in planning to ensure that services and the care workforce are proportionately designed to meet the increasing needs of a vulnerable ageing population. Key messages The most recent assessment highlighted that non-fatal and fatal health states approximately contribute equally to the overall disease burden in Scotland. Evidencing how future demographic and population health trends interact allows us to ensure that policy responses, care services and the care workforce can be designed based on anticipated needs.

scholarly journals The Effects of Air Pollution on COVID-19 Infection and Mortality—A Review on Recent Evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurshad Ali ◽  
Farjana Islam
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Nitrogen Dioxide ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The World ◽  
Harmful Effects

The outbreak of COVID-19 has created a serious public health concern worldwide. Although, most of the regions around the globe have been affected by COVID-19 infections; some regions are more badly affected in terms of infections and fatality rates than others. The exact reasons for such variations are not clear yet. This review discussed the possible effects of air pollution on COVID-19 infections and mortality based on some recent evidence. The findings of most studies reviewed here demonstrate that both short-term and long-term exposure to air pollution especially PM2.5 and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) may contribute significantly to higher rates of COVID-19 infections and mortalities with a lesser extent also PM10. A significant correlation has been found between air pollution and COVID-19 infections and mortality in some countries in the world. The available data also indicate that exposure to air pollution may influence COVID-19 transmission. Moreover, exposure to air pollution may increase vulnerability and have harmful effects on the prognosis of patients affected by COVID-19 infections. Further research should be conducted considering some potential confounders such as age and pre-existing medical conditions along with exposure to NO2, PM2.5 and other air pollutants to confirm their detrimental effects on mortalities from COVID-19.

Effect of Epinephrine on Central Nervous System and Cardiovascular System Toxicity of Bupivacaine in Pigs

1989 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Bernards ◽  
Randall L. Carpenter ◽  
Mark E. Kenter ◽  
David L. Brown ◽  
Stephen M. Rupp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
System Toxicity
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document