scholarly journals Preschoolers Learn New Moral and Conventional Norms from Direct Experiences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Frederike Langenhoff ◽  
Audun Dahl ◽  
Mahesh Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Social Experiences ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Social Consensus ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
Experimental Support ◽  
Authority Figures ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Applied Knowledge

By observing others, children can learn about different types of norms, including moral norms rooted in concerns for welfare and rights, and social conventions based on directives from authority figures or social consensus. Two studies examined how preschoolers and adults constructed and applied knowledge about novel moral and conventional norms from their direct social experiences. Participants watched a video of a novel prohibited action that caused pain to a victim (moral conditions) or a sound from a box (conventional conditions), and then saw a transgressor puppet, who had either watched the video alongside the participant or not, engage in the prohibited action. Preschoolers and adults rapidly constructed distinct moral and conventional evaluations about the novel actions. These distinctions were evident across several response modalities that have often been studied separately, including judgments, reasoning, and actions. However, children did not reliably track the puppet’s knowledge of the novel norms. These studies provide experimental support for the idea that children and adults construct distinct moral and conventional norms from social experiences, which in turn guide judgments, reasoning, and behavior.

scholarly journals Preschoolers Learn New Moral and Conventional Norms from Direct Experiences

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Frederike Langenhoff ◽  
Audun Dahl ◽  
Mahesh Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Social Experiences ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Social Consensus ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
Experimental Support ◽  
Authority Figures ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Applied Knowledge

By observing others, children can learn about different types of norms, including moral norms rooted in concerns for welfare and rights, and social conventions based on directives from authority figures or social consensus. Two studies examined how preschoolers and adults constructed and applied knowledge about novel moral and conventional norms from their direct social experiences. Participants watched a video of a novel prohibited action that caused pain to a victim (moral conditions) or a sound from a box (conventional conditions), and then saw a transgressor puppet, who had either watched the video alongside the participant or not, engage in the prohibited action. Preschoolers and adults rapidly constructed distinct moral and conventional evaluations about the novel actions. These distinctions were evident across several response modalities that have often been studied separately, including judgments, reasoning, and actions. However, children did not reliably track the puppet’s knowledge of the novel norms. These studies provide experimental support for the idea that children and adults construct distinct moral and conventional norms from social experiences, which in turn guide judgments, reasoning, and behavior.

scholarly journals Some Novel Cobalt Diphenylphosphine Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Behavior in the Polymerization of 1,3-Butadiene

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 4067
Author(s):  
Giovanni Ricci ◽  
Giuseppe Leone ◽  
Giorgia Zanchin ◽  
Benedetta Palucci ◽  
Alessandra Forni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
The Novel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
And Behavior

Some novel cobalt diphenylphosphine complexes were synthesized by reacting cobalt(II) chloride with (2-methoxyethyl)diphenylphosphine, (2-methoxyphenyl)diphenylphosphine, and 2-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-6-(diphenylphosphino)pyridine. Single crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction studies were obtained for the first two complexes, and their crystal structure was determined. The novel compounds were then used in association with methylaluminoxane (MAO) for the polymerization of 1,3-butadiene, and their behavior was compared with that exhibited in the polymerization of the same monomer by the systems CoCl2(PnPrPh2)2/MAO and CoCl2(PPh3)2/MAO. Some significant differences were observed depending on the MAO/Co ratio used, and a plausible interpretation for such a different behavior is proposed.

Changes in abdominal muscles architecture induced by different types of breathing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Iria Da Cuña-Carrera ◽  
Alejandra Alonso-Calvete ◽  
Yoana González-González ◽  
Mercedes Soto-González
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Rectus Abdominis ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Healthy Population ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Architectural Characteristics ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Internal Oblique

BACKGROUND: The underlying morphology and behavior of abdominal muscles during breathing are still lacking in knowledge in healthy population. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of three different types of breathing on the architectural characteristics of abdominal muscles. METHODS: Ninety-eight healthy subjects were measured to assess the effects of breathing on the abdominal muscles, subjects performed three different types of breathing and the muscular thickness was measured with ultrasound imaging, analyzing also the differences between sexes. RESULTS: During the three different types of breathing and in comparison with the resting state, an increase of the thickness has been reported in the transversus abdominis (p< 0.001; effect size = 2.44, very large) and internal oblique (p< 0.001; effect size = 1.04, moderate) in both sexes, but with a higher increase in men. External oblique and rectus abdominis increased their thickness through breathing only while the lips were with pursed (p< 0.05) with trivial effect sizes and only differences between sexes were found in rectus abdominis. CONCLUSIONS: All breathings activated the deepest abdominal muscles, but the most superficial were only activated with lips pursed. Moreover, men appeared to activate more the deepest abdominal muscles but also the rectus abdominis. Findings in this study support the use of different types of breathing depending on the muscle to be activated or the sex, helping health care professionals to address their interventions on the abdominal muscles with a more focused approach.

scholarly journals CRISPR-Cas System: The Powerful Modulator of Accessory Genomes in Prokaryotes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Anca Butiuc-Keul ◽  
Anca Farkas ◽  
Rahela Carpa ◽  
Dumitrana Iordache
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Guide Rnas ◽  
Crispr Array ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectories ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Cas Proteins

Being frequently exposed to foreign nucleic acids, bacteria and archaea have developed an ingenious adaptive defense system, called CRISPR-Cas. The system is composed of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) array, together with CRISPR (<i>cas</i>)-associated genes. This system consists of a complex machinery that integrates fragments of foreign nucleic acids from viruses and mobile genetic elements (MGEs), into CRISPR arrays. The inserted segments (spacers) are transcribed and then used by cas proteins as guide RNAs for recognition and inactivation of the targets. Different types and families of CRISPR-Cas systems consist of distinct adaptation and effector modules with evolutionary trajectories, partially independent. The origin of the effector modules and the mechanism of spacer integration/deletion is far less clear. A review of the most recent data regarding the structure, ecology, and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems and their role in the modulation of accessory genomes in prokaryotes is proposed in this article. The CRISPR-Cas system&apos;s impact on the physiology and ecology of prokaryotes, modulation of horizontal gene transfer events, is also discussed here. This system gained popularity after it was proposed as a tool for plant and animal embryo editing, in cancer therapy, as antimicrobial against pathogenic bacteria, and even for combating the novel coronavirus – SARS-CoV-2; thus, the newest and promising applications are reviewed as well.

PRAGMATIC POTENTIAL OF AUTHOR’S AND TRANSFORMED PHRASEOLOGIES IN THE WORK OF CARLOS RUIZ ZAFÓN «THE PRISONER OF HEAVEN»

2021 ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Bovsunivska A. Yu.
Keyword(s):  
Emotional State ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Textual Space ◽  
Different Types ◽  
General Linguistic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pragmatic Aspects ◽  
Individual Style

The article is devoted to the study of pragmatic aspects of the use of phraseology in the textual space of Carlos Ruiz Safón’s novel «Prisoner of Heaven». One of the defining features of the individual style of this well-known modern Spanish writer is the metaphoricity and figuration of aristic expression, the saturation of the text with phraseological units that play a significant role in creating a pragmatic charge of the work of art. Along with general linguistic phraseological units, which include commonly-used vocabulary, the author uses dialectal and authorial phraseological units, which is a feature of his individual style. All three designated groups of phraseological units mostly reflect the negative psychophysical and emotional state of the characters. The author uses dialectal, individually-authorial and modified phraseological units, which is a feature of his individual style. It is determined that transformation is one of the most productive and most effective ways to update linguistic means in works of art. Author’s modification of FU leads to a change in the semantics and structure of expression, gives it a more expressive or emotional coloring. Transformed phraseology is limited to individual usage and is subject to the context of the work. Modified FUs in the Zafón’s artistic space acquire certain aesthetic and artistic qualities. Their modification is mainly to create the desired stylistic effect – to achieve emotional or expressive expression, which increases the reader’s interest, focuses on the content, issues of the work, as well as reveals the potential expressive potential of the Spanish language. In the transformed FUs, not just a new meaning is traced, but a combination of the well-known and the occasional. The unique combination of different types of phraseological units in the novel is considered a manifestation of individual style and makes a representation of the individually-authorial linguistic picture of the world more expressive.

Language representation in the Spanish, Italian and French versions of Xiaolu Guo’s A Concise Chinese-English Dictionary for Lovers: On the translation of ungrammatical idiolect and language-based jokes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-99
Author(s):  
F. Javier Díaz-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
Opposite Pole ◽  
Language Representation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chinese Girl ◽  
Basic English

AbstractXiaolu Guo’s A Concise Chinese-English Dictionary for Lovers is a novel in which language has a special protagonism. The main character, Z, is a Chinese girl who goes to London to improve her basic English. Her idiolect is thus characterised by a great quantity of linguistic errors of different types. This lack of proficiency in English makes cross-cultural communication really difficult. Therefore, language becomes in this novel not only a characterisation tool, but also an essential aspect of the plot. Moreover, it is also a paramount source of humour, since there is plenty of jokes based, for instance, on puns, many of which derive from Z’s lack of linguistic competence. The main objective of this paper is to analyse language representation in the source text as well as in the Spanish, Italian and French versions of the novel from the perspective of relevance theory. Out of the three versions, the Spanish one reflects the highest interpretive resemblance in this regard, whereas the Italian one occupies the opposite pole of the scale. With regard to the translation of wordplay, the pragmatic scenario is normally maintained in the TT, although there are statistically significant differences between the three versions and across different types of puns.

The Effects of Unfulfilled Preferential Treatment and Review Dispersion on Airbnb Guests’ Attitudes and Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 109634802110669
Author(s):  
Xiaoyun Zheng ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Nathan Line ◽  
Wei Wei
Keyword(s):  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Consumer Evaluations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Dispersion Condition ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Low Dispersion

In sharing accommodation business such as Airbnb, while the provision of personalized amenities and services may seem like good business, hosts should be aware of the potential unintended consequences when they are not able to deliver what they promise. The present research examines how expectation gaps created by guest reviews interact with different types of preferential services to subsequently affect consumer behavior in the peer-to-peer accommodation economy. Grounded in attribution theory, this study offers new insights on customer responses to unfulfilled preferential treatment. The results suggest that in the condition of utilitarian services (e.g., airport transportation), participants in the low dispersion condition exhibited more negative attitudes, a lower level of repurchase intention, and a decreased willingness to write an online review. Conversely, in the condition of hedonic services (e.g., perform a talent show), expectation discrepancy did not result in different consumer evaluations across the dispersion conditions.

WHAT MAKES CHINA'S INVESTMENT SUCCESSFUL IN AFRICA: THE ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT AND BEHAVIOR OF CHINESE ENTERPRISES IN TRANSITIONAL TIMES

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (04) ◽  
pp. 1250025 ◽  
Author(s):  
LI SHEN
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Market ◽  
Chinese Firms ◽  
High Risk Behavior ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Chinese Enterprises ◽  
Entrepreneurial Opportunities ◽  
Entrepreneurial Spirit ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Transitional Time

Currently, much attention is paid to the political aims and influence of Chinese outward investment, especially in developing Africa. This paper attempts to fill the knowledge-gap of international entrepreneurship literature by analyzing the entrepreneurial behavior of Chinese firms under the background of south-south economic cooperation. Through the case studies, we analyze the distinctive entrepreneurial behaviors and characters of different types of Chinese firms with high entrepreneurial spirits in Africa during the transitional time. After comparing the various entrepreneurial behaviors between Chinese and West investors, this paper sheds light on the potential positive roles of the entrepreneurial spirit, high risk-behavior and adaptability to foreign environment, which are necessary to successfully seek new, overseas entrepreneurial opportunities from an emerging market. Applications for firms' managers and policy makers are also offered.

scholarly journals NILAI TANGGUNG JAWAB DALAM NOVEL LASKAR PELANGI KARYA ANDREA HIRATA: TINJAUAN STRUKTURALISME GENETIK

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Siti Rukiyah
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Novel Structure ◽  
Livelihood Systems ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

This study discusses in depth about the moral values of responsibility in the novel Laskar Pelangi. Furthermore, the proposed related to the socio-cultural background of the authors in the creation of novel Laskar Pelangi effect on moral values. In addition, also discussed the author's view of the world related to the teachings of the value of responsibility. This research uses a qualitative approach with content analysis method. The results showed that the value of responsibility based on the novel structure consisting of man's relationship to himself, namely in terms of character and characterization. The characters are displayed Andrea Hirata bring the characters responsible for the thoughts, attitudes, and behavior. From a review of genetic structuralism, the value of responsibility based on social and cultural background, knowledge systems also influence the social and cultural life. Belitung people's livelihood systems are revealed also shape the character responsible. The author's world view of morals includes the value of self-existence, self-esteem, self-confidence, fear, longing, and responsibility.

scholarly journals “I am rather strong on Voyages and Cannibalism”: The other Dickens and other Victorians in Richard Flanagan’s Wanting

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-177
Author(s):  
Bożena Kucała
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Charles Dickens ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public Image ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Critical Attitude ◽  
Victorian Fiction ◽  
Inner Self ◽  
Public Persona

Abstract This paper analyses Richard Flanagan’s novel Wanting (2008) as a narrative informed by a revisionary and critical attitude to nineteenth-century ideologies, which is common to, and, indeed, stereotypical in much neo-Victorian fiction. Drawing on the biographies of two eminent Victorians: Charles Dickens and Sir John Franklin, Flanagan constructs their fictional counterparts as split between a respectable, public persona and a dark, inner self. While all the Victorian characters are represented as “other” than their public image, the focus in the novel, and in this paper, is on Dickens’s struggle to reconcile social propriety with his personal discontent. Flanagan represents this conflict through Dickens’s response to the allegations that starving survivors of Franklin’s ill-fated Arctic expedition resorted to cannibalism. The zeal with which the Victorian writer refuted such reports reveals his own difficulty in living up to social and moral norms. The paper argues that the main link between the different narrative strands in the novel is the challenge they collectively pose to the distinction between the notions of civilization and savagery.

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