scholarly journals How Envy and Being Envied Shape Social Hierarchies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Lange ◽  
Jan Crusius
Keyword(s):  
Personal Control ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Functional Value ◽  
Malicious Envy ◽  
Benign Envy ◽  
Broad Framework ◽  
Authentic Pride

When people interact with each other, they form social hierarchies. Being higher up in a hierarchy has numerous benefits. Consequently, when people believe that their rank is threatened, they should react strongly to address this threat. We propose that the emotion envy is such a reaction, regulating social hierarchies in two ways. First, persons’ socially-valued successes elicit envy in inferior persons. Second, inferior persons’ envy in turn elicits emotional reactions in successful persons. Envying and being envied thus occur in a dynamic relationship. We argue that the complexities of this dynamic can be unraveled by considering that (a) social hierarchies form in different ways, (b) emotions are multifaceted experiences whose facets are accentuated by relevant situations, and c) people may or may not overtly express these emotions. We review evidence for a broad framework that considers these points. According to this framework, persons can express their socially-valued successes with authentic or with hubristic pride. Authentic pride signals to others that the success is based on a prestige strategy. In response, inferior persons may perceive personal control to change their situation. This elicits benign envy, involving cognitions and motivations aimed at improving their position. If enviers express benign envy, envied persons are more likely to approach them. Hubristic pride instead signals that the success is based on a dominance strategy. In response, inferior persons may perceive superior persons’ advantages as undeserved. This elicits malicious envy, involving cognitions and motivations directed at harming the superior persons’ positions. If enviers express malicious envy, envied persons are more likely to avoid them. The framework integrates diverse empirical findings on the socially-functional value of envy in regulating social hierarchies and provides avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Elucidating the Dark Side of Envy: Distinctive Links of Benign and Malicious Envy With Dark Personalities

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Lange ◽  
Delroy L. Paulhus ◽  
Jan Crusius
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Antisocial Behaviors ◽  
Total N ◽  
Functional Value ◽  
Malicious Envy ◽  
Benign Envy ◽  
Trait Correlations

Researchers have recently drawn a contrast between two forms of envy: benign and malicious envy. In three studies (total N = 3,123), we challenge the assumption that malicious envy is destructive, whereas benign envy is entirely constructive. Instead, both forms have links with the Dark Triad of personality. Benign envy is associated with Machiavellian behaviors, whereas malicious envy is associated with both Machiavellian and psychopathic behaviors. In Study 1, this pattern emerged from meta-analyzed trait correlations. In Study 2, a manipulation affecting the envy forms mediated an effect on antisocial behavioral intentions. Study 3 replicated these patterns by linking envy to specific antisocial behaviors and their impact on status in the workplace. Together, our correlational and experimental results suggest that the two forms of envy can both be malevolent. Instead of evaluating envy’s morality, we propose to focus on its functional value.

scholarly journals "You're just envious": Inferring benign and malicious envy from facial expressions and contextual information

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Lange ◽  
Agneta Fischer ◽  
Gerben van Kleef
Keyword(s):  
Social Perception ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Head Turning ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Total N ◽  
Malicious Envy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Benign Envy ◽  
Independent Effects

Envy shapes social hierarchies. To protect their rank, envied persons react to the threat posed by enviers. Doing so requires that envied persons initially perceive who envies them. However, a common perspective is that envy lacks a unique expression and that enviers disguise their experience, preventing the social perception of envy. In contrast to this perspective, recent evidence indicates that observers perceive benign and malicious forms of envy accurately when they can integrate information about targets. These findings suggest that observers infer envy based on multiple, contextual cues. We hypothesized that observers infer envy from facial and bodily expressions in comparison situations. Specifically, observers should infer benign envy when a target, who encounters an advantaged person, turns with disappointment toward the advantage. Conversely, observers should infer malicious envy when the target turns with anger toward the advantaged person. Three preregistered studies tested these hypotheses (total N = 693). In Studies 1 and 2, targets turned with an emotional or neutral expression either toward a person silhouette or a valuable object, and participants rated targets’ envy. In Study 3, participants performed the same task with more realistic stimuli. Across studies, emotional display and head turning had independent effects on inferences of benign and malicious envy. Furthermore, observers inferred envy more when the target expressed an emotion instead of remaining neutral. We discuss how the results inform research on the social perception of envy.

scholarly journals Preprint - Elucidating the dark side of envy: Distinctive links of benign and malicious envy with dark personalities

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Lange ◽  
Delroy L Paulhus ◽  
Jan Crusius
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Antisocial Behaviors ◽  
Total N ◽  
Functional Value ◽  
Malicious Envy ◽  
Benign Envy ◽  
Trait Correlations

Researchers have recently drawn a contrast between two forms of envy: benign and malicious envy. In three studies (total N = 3,123), we challenge the assumption that malicious envy is destructive, whereas benign envy is entirely constructive. Instead, both forms have links with the Dark Triad of personality. Benign envy is associated with Machiavellian behaviors, whereas malicious envy is associated with both Machiavellian and psychopathic behaviors. In Study 1, this pattern emerged in meta-analyzed trait correlations. In Study 2, a manipulation affecting the envy forms mediated an effect on antisocial behavioral intentions. Study 3 replicated these patterns by linking envy to specific antisocial behaviors and their impact on status in the workplace. Together, our correlational and experimental results suggest that the two forms of envy can both be malevolent. Instead of evaluating envy’s morality, we propose to focus on its functional value.

The Role of Personal Control in Adaptive Functioning

2009 ◽  
pp. 270-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne C. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Adaptive Functioning ◽  
Coping Skills ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sense Of Control ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Controllable Factors

A sense of personal control is an important resource that helps people maintain emotional stability and successfully negotiate their way through life. People foster their perceived control by focusing on reachable goals, creating new avenues for control, and accepting difficult-to-change circumstances. In general, perceived control need not be realistic in order to have beneficial effects, although in the area of health promotion, overestimating one's control can reduce the motivation to engage in protection. Research on ethnic differences in the benefits of a sense of personal control suggests that those from more collectivistic cultures or subcultures may be less benefited by a sense of personal control, relying instead on a socially derived sense of control. Successful interventions to enhance personal control include programs that bolster coping skills, give options and decisions to participants, and provide training that encourages attributions to controllable factors. Future research should further explore ethnic differences in the effects of personal control, the consequences of unrealistic control perceptions, and interventions to enhance the sense of control.

scholarly journals Dynamic Transfer and Relations between First Language (L1) Proficiency and Second Language (L2) Writing Skills Performance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulelah Alkhateeb
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
English Language ◽  
First Language ◽  
Writing Skills ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Arabic And English ◽  
L1 And L2

This study investigates the transfer relationship between first language (L1) (Arabic) proficiency and second language (L2) (English) performance in writing skills of a Saudi bilingual graduate student. Several studies have discussed the transfer issues in language learning, yet a few of them focus on the transfer relationships between Arabic and English language writing skills. Regardless of the huge linguistic distinction between the English language and Arabic language, it is presumed that Arabic and English writing skills positively, negatively, and neutrally transferred in a dynamic relationship. The researcher has conducted observations and interviews with Fatimah, the participant of this study, and analyzed her texts in both languages to illustrate how dynamic relationships between L1 and L2 in the composition skills is and what the effects of language transfer in the composition skills between L1 and L2 are. The data were collected and analyzed in January 2018. The results demonstrate effects of L2 on L1 as the following; first, a reverse or backward transfer implemented in three ways; positive, negative, and neutral transfer. Second, they indicate that there is a dynamic relationship between second language performance and first language proficiency in composition particularly. It is hoped that this knowledge will assist students in being aware of the effects of L2 on L1 specifically in composition and taking the advantages to accelerate the rate of language learning. It is recommended for future research to conduct studies in bilingual writings to investigate how L1 could be a resource and advocate of language development.

scholarly journals Identification of the theoretical aspects of enterprise reputation

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 114-125
Author(s):  
Inna Mykolayivna Riepina ◽  
Vita Petrivna Kovtun
Keyword(s):  
Design Method ◽  
Functional Method ◽  
Reputation Management ◽  
Enterprise Management ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Functional Value ◽  
Image Monitoring

Purpose – to identify the theoretical aspects of enterprise reputation. Design/Method/Research approach. Authors applied a structural-functional method in the course of systemic investigation and substantiation of the methodological toolset of enterprise reputation assessment and the method of logical generalization when analyzing the evolution of scientific views on the nature of the notion "reputation". The information base of this research is the monographic works and scientific publications on relevant subjects. Findings.  Authors have substantiated the theoretical aspects of enterprise reputation, according to which the reputation of an enterprise is formed under the influence of both intangible and tangible factors. Approaches to defining reputation of an enterprise were systemized, with their new classification proposed, which distinguishes the immanent-functional, value, emotional (image), monitoring, market, and integrated approaches. Current methodological toolset of enterprise reputation assessment has been analyzed, and the scope of its application has been determined, as well as the main advantages and disadvantages. An algorithm for evaluating an enterprise reputation has been developed, in accordance with the proposed theoretical approach, a market share, and the totality of consumers values. Practical implications.  Results of this study could form the basis for forming a policy of an enterprise concerning the activation of reputation management processes with the purpose of strategic development of the enterprise and in order  to faster meet the expectations of its stakeholders, which would provide a synergistic effect. Originality/Value.Authors proposed to define the essence of the notion of an enterprise "reputation", which, in contrast to existing interpretations, focuses on the cognitive-contemplative characteristic of an enterprise, which is formed based on the results of comparing the totality of tangible, intangible, personal, and social values, inherent to its external and internal stakeholders; changing them in time and space indirectly affects positioning of the enterprise in the market as a result of change in the way its stakeholders perceive it. Research limitations/Future research. Results of this study should be laid at the basis of the implementation of the proposed algorithm for assessing reputation in the process of enterprise management. Paper type ‒ theoretical.

Fashion and women’s self-concept: a typology for self-fashioning using clothing

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa S. McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Strong Sense ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Identity Motives

Purpose An individual’s identity is defined in the role that they devise for themselves, based on social positions. Examining identity motives can help in understanding what influences one to take on a particular role. Self-esteem is one of the major motivational drivers in determining the role that an individual takes on. Individuals, through self-presentation, are said to be motivated to control the impressions others form of them. In this way, self-concept and fashion innovativeness are linked – with prior research suggesting that those with high levels of fashion innovativeness are also those with a strong sense of self. Where a gap remains, however, in exploring the direction of the relationship between self-concept and being more innovative and fashionable in clothing choices, as well as how individuals reflexively judge their own fashion choices against their perception of others – e.g. can you force yourself to be a fashion leader? The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This study takes a lived experience approach to examine fashion as a tool in establishing social hierarchies amongst women. The study uses depth interviews with ten women to explore the developed self-concept of women actively engaged with fashion consumption. Findings The research presents a typology of fashion identities, exploring notions of security, dominance and innovativeness in self-fashioning using clothing. Research limitations/implications The research is exploratory, and limited to a sample of ten women. However, the study offers a number of key findings to drive future research in this area. Practical implications The research finds that both security of self-concept, in relation to fashion and general self-esteem, as well as insecurity, can motivate women towards fashion independence. This suggests that identity-based marketing is likely to be more successful than lifestyle-based marketing, when selling women’s fashion clothing. Social implications In prior research, self-concept and fashion innovativeness are linked – with prior research suggesting that those with high levels of fashion innovativeness are also those with a strong sense of self. This study finds that those with an insecure sense of self may also exhibit fashion independence, using fashion to acquire social capital. Originality/value This paper illustrates the concept that, unlike previous notions of fashion independence and engagement with fashion, these fashion-involved categorisations of behaviour are not always driven by sophistication, confidence, creativity and low fear of risk. Instead, this study has shown that fashion innovativeness can be motivated by an overarching fear of the outcomes of being judged unfashionable.

Insights into Teachers’ Experiences Implementing Garden-Based Learning: Characterizing the Relationship between the Teacher and the Curriculum

2015 ◽  
Vol 117 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Selmer ◽  
Melissa J. Luna ◽  
James A. Rye
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Teacher Learning ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Research Question ◽  
The United States ◽  
Teacher Participation ◽  
Curriculum Materials ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Teachers Experiences

Background/Context This study seeks insights into teachers’ experiences implementing Garden-Based Learning (GBL) in an elementary school. The breadth of studies supporting the use of GBL in K–8 schools in the United States alongside the paucity of studies specific to teachers’ experiences implementing GBL highlights the importance of this work. Purpose Our study uses Remillard's framework for characterizing and studying teachers’ interactions with curriculum materials specifically in the context of GBL. We believe that exploring the dynamic relationship between teachers and a GBL curriculum may help those involved in supporting teachers in implementing GBL to gain a deeper understanding of the complexity of the teacher/GBL curriculum relationship. This research examined teachers’ GBL implementation experiences in order to answer the following research question: How do we describe and characterize teachers’ interactions with GBL curriculum materials? Research Design Twenty teachers employed from one elementary school were interviewed using a semistructured task-based protocol resulting in a teacher-created diagram of supports and challenges he/she encountered while implementing GBL over the past year. The diagram was used as a tool to stimulate and access teachers’ thinking about these supports and challenges in order to provide insight into the teacher and curricular resources at play when implementing GBL. Findings/Results Using a grounded theory analysis of each participant's diagram, we characterized each teacher's participatory relationship with GBL. We found 13% of supports and challenges elicited from all teachers had a teaching and learning focus. On an individual level, supports and challenges had a substantial teaching and learning focus for only two teachers. Thirteen teachers were characterized as having a pragmatic focus. Of the seven teachers characterized to have an experiential focus: supports and challenges focused more so on what students were doing for four teachers and more so on what teachers were doing for three teachers. Conclusions/Recommendations We used Remillard's framework to investigate and characterize the participatory relationship between teachers and the GBL curriculum. The resulting characterizations provide insight for supporting GBL teacher learning contexts and will help guide future research. Based on this study, it is critical that individuals involved in educational change continue trying to understand and develop spaces for teacher learning. These spaces should move beyond traditional professional development focused on teacher participation toward experiences focused on teacher learning within and across their teaching contexts.

scholarly journals Only One Moment in Time? Investigating the Dynamic Relationship of Emotions and Attention Toward Political Information With Mobile Experience Sampling

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1131-1154
Author(s):  
Lukas P. Otto ◽  
Fabian Thomas ◽  
Michaela Maier ◽  
Charlotte Ottenstein
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Design ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Attentional Focus ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Political Information ◽  
News Item ◽  
Political News ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This article attempts to (a) investigate the relationship between distinct emotional reactions toward political information and attention toward political news and (b) analyze whether this relationship is dynamic. We use an experience sampling design to assess recipients’ immediate emotional reactions and attention toward news. Participants reported their emotional reactions (anger, fear, happiness, contentment) and attentional focus directly after following a news item for eight days in a row up to five times a day via smartphone. Results indicate that anger is positively and fear negatively correlated with attention toward political news. For positive emotional reactions, happiness is not correlated with attention to news, while contentment is negatively correlated with attention and also shows a negative lagged effect on attention at a later point in time. The study shows promising ways to assess and analyze dynamic processes in everyday media consumption.

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