scholarly journals Fundamentals of Energy Regulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Poullikkas
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
Utility Managers

Fundamentals of Energy Regulation provides an insight to the wide range of topics necessary for energy regulators. Is a complete introduction to the world of energy regulation and provides the fundamental aspects of each energy regulation topic. Introduces important regulatory topics and features explanations of key economic and regulatory concepts.Fundamentals of Energy Regulation covers emerging issues associated with restructured electric energy and capacity markets as well as international practises affecting the natural gas and electric industries. Provides the various aspects and steps of managing the transition to energy market competition and for the development of energy tariffs.Fundamentals of Energy Regulation, also, provides an insight to the wide range of electricity generating technologies including renewable energy sources available today or under development, an overview of the future sustainable energy systems and environmental issues. Fundamentals of Energy Regulation is partly based on lecture notes pro- vided in two different courses for a number of years and is intended as an introductory textbook for courses in the field of energy regulation and energy markets. It is not by any means exhaustive, nor is it intended to be. In the more than two decades I’ve worked with the energy industry, the field has grown so vast that it’s no longer possible to confine all aspects within the covers of one book, even after limiting it to the most important issues.Fundamentals of Energy Regulation can serve as a reference text for energy regulators, power and natural gas market planners, utility managers, transmission system operators, distribution system operators, consultants, policy makers and economists.

Deployment of Fuel Cell Electric Buses in Transit Agencies: Hydrogen Fueling Infrastructure Scenarios

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Analy Castillo ◽  
Scott Samuelsen ◽  
Brendan Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hydrogen Infrastructure ◽  
Transit Agencies

For transit agencies looking to implement Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV), Fuel Cell Electric Buses (FCEBs) represent an opportunity because of the similar range and refueling times compared to conventional buses, but with improved fuel economy. To assure an environmentally sensitive hydrogen infrastructure that can respond to the wide range of needs and limitations of transit agencies, a systematic evaluation of options is essential. This paper illustrates the systematic evaluation of different hydrogen infrastructure scenarios for a transit agency. The Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA) in California was selected for the study. Three different hydrogen infrastructure configurations are evaluated and compared to the existing paradigm of compressed natural gas buses and diesel buses. One additional scenario is analyzed in order to compare feasibility and environmental benefits of FCEBs with Plug-in Electric Buses. Each scenario represents (1) a specific mix and percentage of contribution from the various hydrogen generation technologies (e.g., on-site electrolysis, central SMR, and on-site SMR), (2) defined paths to obtain the corresponding feedstock for each generation process (e.g., biogas, natural gas, renewable energies), (3) detailed hydrogen distribution system (e.g., mix of gaseous/liquid truck delivery), and (4) the spatial allocation of the generation location and fueling locations (e.g., on-site / off-site refueling station) while also accounting for constraints specific to the OCTA bases. This systematic evaluation provides Well-to-Wheel (WTW) impacts of energy and water consumption, greenhouse gases and criteria pollutant emissions of the processes and infrastructure required to deploy FCEBs and Plug-in Electric Buses at OCTA. In addition, this evaluation includes a detailed analysis of the space requirements and operations modifications that may be necessary, but yet feasible, for the placement of such infrastructure.

scholarly journals The Impact of Connecting Distributed Generation to the Distribution System

10.14311/986 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (4-5) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Mgaya ◽  
Z. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Effective Capacity ◽  
Voltage Profile ◽  
The Impact

This paper deals with the general problem of utilizing of renewable energy sources to generate electric energy. Recent advances in renewable energy power generation technologies, e.g., wind and photovoltaic (PV) technologies, have led to increased interest in the application of these generation devices as distributed generation (DG) units. This paper presents the results of an investigation into possible improvements in the system voltage profile and reduction of system losses when adding wind power DG (wind-DG) to a distribution system. Simulation results are given for a case study, and these show that properly sized wind DGs, placed at carefully selected sites near key distribution substations, could be very effective in improving the distribution system voltage profile and reducing power losses, and hence could  improve the effective capacity of the system. 

scholarly journals PROBLEMS ISSUES OF REGULATORY PROVISION OF PRODUCTION ACTIVITY OF NATURAL GAS MARKETS

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
A. M. Klyun ◽  
G. M. Kogut ◽  
M. O. Karpash ◽  
О.М. Karpash
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Natural Gas Market ◽  
Supply And Distribution ◽  
International Trends ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
The Eu

The formation of the modern Ukrainian natural gas market is accompanied by profound transformations of the national gas infrastructure: the creation and operation of new market operators, the redistribution of infrastructure facilities, the development and implementation of new requirements for the effective functioning of the entire system. At the same time, this requires from all parties a verified and balances strategy for the optimal implementation of all the obligations that Ukraine has undertaken to fully implement the requirements of the EU Third Energy Package, which aims to create an effective natural gas market based on the principles of free competition, proper consumer protection and security of supply. Despite the fact that the capacity of the Ukrainian gas transmission system and gas storages is one of the largest in Europe, the unbanding process has caused a number of threats in the area of regulatory support for production activities, requiring the consolidation of specialists' efforts to form optimal solutions to the problems that have arisen. In addition, the lengthy process of reforming and reorganizing the Ukrainian gas distribution system has led to a situation where the work of a natural gas distribution operator is facing a risk of imbalance in terms of inefficient standardization of the main areas of operation to meet the EU legislation requirements implemented in Ukraine. Therefore, to develop basic directions for the future work of gas infrastructure operators, it is necessary to take into account the acting capabilities of existing system for transportation, underground storage and gas distribution (taking into account the significant number of standardized indicators defined by the existing normative documents of the former USSR) and in accordance with the trends in the development of the European gas infrastructure introduce economically and technically feasible measures to standardize performance activities. Such works have to be incorporated into integrated research programs, during which regional and international trends are to be taken into account and adapted, the results of which will be the basis for future roadmaps and programs for the development of natural gas supply and distribution systems.

scholarly journals New trends in the international political dynamics of natural gas trade

2018 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petar Stanojevic ◽  
Gordana Misev
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
The Future ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
Energy Products

The paper analyses the global natural gas market in the context of the identification of influential international factors or phenomena that will determine trends in the next foreseeable period. Natural gas is an energy source that, in addition to renewable energy sources, shows a high and continuous growth trend. Almost all countries possess certain means to produce electricity (including renewable energy sources) or obtain it from the immediate environment, while gas and oil are energy products that all countries use but do not have. Trends related to these two energy sources and the factors that influence the creation of their market are numerous and complex. The authors present some important aspects and approaches to energy security issues related to global energy challenges, as well as the risks and threats that the world is exposed to today and in the future. The authors conclude that natural gas as the energy of the future is recording increasing consumption, which requires a profound analysis of trends in this area.

scholarly journals A New Idea for LNG Trade: Enhancing Market Competition through a Tanker-Based Trading System

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 9-19
Author(s):  
Satoru Hashimoto
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Futures Markets ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Spot Markets ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Trading System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
Gas Supply

This study proposes a new idea for liquefied natural gas (LNG) trade based on Japan’s natural gas market. As part of their high rate of economic growth in recent decades, many Asian countries, including Japan, have constructed natural gas supply chains that are characterized by natural monopolies and vertically integrated companies. In addition, although Japan has a 50-year history of LNG imports, its domestic natural gas distribution mechanisms are not designed to create connections among markets. Therefore, domestic spot and futures markets have never operated efficiently. To promote Japanese domestic market competition, this study proposes a “tanker-based trading system” involving LNG tankers owned by a consortium of Japanese firms and supported by the Japanese government. This trading system would enhance the market efficiency of LNG-based operating countries. Thus, a spot market for natural gas in Japan and East Asia can be created using LNG tankers, and the natural gas trading system in Japan can play a role in spot markets similar to the Henry Hub and the National Balancing Point.

scholarly journals Factors of Global Competitiveness of American LNG

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 43-70
Author(s):  
S. V. Zhukov ◽  
A. О. Maslennikov ◽  
M. V. Sinitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
The United States ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
The U.S

The United States started lique fied natural gas (LNG) export in 2016 and just in two years became the world’s fourth largest exporter of LNG. There is a high probability that in the near future the U.S. will emerge as the third largest LNG exporter after Australia and Qatar. The article focuses on the factors, which ensure global competitiveness of U.S. LNG until 2030. The authors show that: first, the first wave of American export LNG projects significantly speeded up restructuring of contract system in the world gas trade as well as suppor ted development of a more flexible mechanism of natural gas pricing; secondly, production costs of the associated natural gas in the U.S. are relatively low and it is highly probable to expect Henry hub gas price to stabilize at around 2.5 dollars per MMBTU in the long run, what gives the American gas producers potential capability to significantly improve their global competitiveness by means of production and transportation costs reduction; fourthly, new waves of U.S. LNG export will not necessa rily be linked to the Henry Hub index, but to a wide range of price indicators, inclu ding the Brent oil price. With increasing flows of globally competitive Ameri can LNG entering the market, transformation of the institutional structure, contracts system and price mecha nism that have been unfold in the world LNG trade for the last ten to fifteen years became irreversible. That creates prerequisites for rapid formation of the world LNG market as well as with a some time lag of a global gas market.

scholarly journals Integration of Photovoltaic Electricity with Shallow Geothermal Systems for Residential Microgrids: Proof of Concept and Techno-Economic Analysis with RES2GEO Model

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1923
Author(s):  
Luka Perković ◽  
Domagoj Leko ◽  
Amalia Lekić Brettschneider ◽  
Hrvoje Mikulčić ◽  
Petar S. Varbanov
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electric Heating ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Household Sector ◽  
Heating And Cooling

The European Union aims to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 55% before 2030 compared to 1990 as a reference year. One of the main contributions to GHG emissions comes from the household sector. This paper shows that the household sector, when organised into a form of prosumer microgrids, including renewable sources for electric, heating and cooling energy supply, can be efficiently decarbonised. This paper investigates one hypothetical prosumer microgrid with the model RES2GEO (Renewable Energy Sources to Geothermal). The aim is to integrate a carbon-free photovoltaic electricity source and a shallow geothermal reservoir as a heat source and heat sink during the heating and cooling season. A total of four cases have been evaluated for the Zagreb City location. The results represent a balance of both thermal and electric energy flows within the microgrid, as well as thermal recuperation of the reservoir. The levelised cost of energy for all cases, based on a 20-year modelling horizon, varies between 41 and 63 EUR/MWh. On the other hand, all cases show a decrease in CO2 emissions by more than 75%, with the best case featuring a reduction of more than 85% compared to the base case, where electricity and gas for heating are supplied from the Distribution System Operator at retail prices. With the use of close integration of electricity, heating and cooling demand and supply of energy, cost-effective decarbonisation can be achieved for the household sector.

scholarly journals MICROGRID IN POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 387-393
Author(s):  
E. A. Olajuyin ◽  
Olubakinde Eniola
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Stored Energy ◽  
Synchronous Generators ◽  
Power Distribution System

Power is a very important instrument to the development of economy of a nation and it must be stable and available and to meet the demand of the consumers at all times. The quest for power supply has introduced a new technology called microgrid. Micro grids are regarded as small power systems that confine electric energy generating facilities, from both renewable energy sources and conventional synchronous. Generators, and customer loads with respect to produced electric energy. It can be connected to grid or operate in islanding mode. On the other hand, the grid’s dynamics and its stability rely on the amount of stored energy in the micro grid. In a conventional power system with a large number of synchronous generators as the main sources of energy, the mechanical energy in the generators’ rotors, in the form of kinetic energy, serves as the stored energy and feeds the grids in the event of any drastic load changes or if disturbances occur. Microgrid is an alternative idea to support the grid, it can be applied in a street, estates, community or a locality (towns and villages), organizations and establishments. Load forecasting can be further extended to Organizations, Local Government, State and country to determine the energy consumption.

scholarly journals Virtual power plants - types and development opportunities

2019 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 01044
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Przychodzień
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Virtual Power ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Virtual Power Plants ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Storage Technologies ◽  
And Storage

Modern power engineering meets new challenges. With the development of new energy production and storage technologies, creates new demands for energy services. To support this development, it is necessary to implement new teleinformatic systems that will allow for resource management. Such systems are called Virtual Power Plants (VPP). There are many definitions of this type of solutions due to the very wide range of possible applications. VPPs can be developed by many types of entities, e.g. distribution system operators, electricity generators, energy clusters. The ability to build a system based on modules allows you to customize the system to user’s needs. An opportunity for the development of VPP will be a package “Clean energy for all Europeans” (so called “Winter package”) that introduces regulations that allow for the development of renewable energy sources, including prosumers, and enables an active participation in the energy market for energy consumers. In addition, more stringent requirements for balancing production and energy consumption are introduced, requiring greater balancing accuracy.

scholarly journals Contribution of natural gas for sustainable development in Portugal

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Sarmento ◽  
Diamantino Durão
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
New Business ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
Gas Supply

Portugal has strongly limited domestic energy resources, since imports almost 90% of its energy needs and its energy production is totally from renewable energy sources. The addition of natural gas to the Portuguese energy mix in 1997 helped to diversify Portugal’s energy sources and is a contribution to the mitigation of environmental problems. In 1997 also ceased the production and use of domestic coal. In fact, Portugal is working to reduce the growth in energy use and CO2 emissions, in order to follow the Kyoto Protocol. This measure can be linked to environmental sustainability policies, creating the opportunity for new business to appear. Natural gas, in some applications, can substitute the electricity, implying a decrease in price. Security of gas supply is an important issue, since Portugal depends mainly on a single supplier. This paper aims at analysing the emerging gas market, (threats and opportunities), its evolution andcomparison with other OECD countries.

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