scholarly journals Integration of Photovoltaic Electricity with Shallow Geothermal Systems for Residential Microgrids: Proof of Concept and Techno-Economic Analysis with RES2GEO Model

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 1923
Author(s):  
Luka Perković ◽  
Domagoj Leko ◽  
Amalia Lekić Brettschneider ◽  
Hrvoje Mikulčić ◽  
Petar S. Varbanov
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electric Heating ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Household Sector ◽  
Heating And Cooling

The European Union aims to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 55% before 2030 compared to 1990 as a reference year. One of the main contributions to GHG emissions comes from the household sector. This paper shows that the household sector, when organised into a form of prosumer microgrids, including renewable sources for electric, heating and cooling energy supply, can be efficiently decarbonised. This paper investigates one hypothetical prosumer microgrid with the model RES2GEO (Renewable Energy Sources to Geothermal). The aim is to integrate a carbon-free photovoltaic electricity source and a shallow geothermal reservoir as a heat source and heat sink during the heating and cooling season. A total of four cases have been evaluated for the Zagreb City location. The results represent a balance of both thermal and electric energy flows within the microgrid, as well as thermal recuperation of the reservoir. The levelised cost of energy for all cases, based on a 20-year modelling horizon, varies between 41 and 63 EUR/MWh. On the other hand, all cases show a decrease in CO2 emissions by more than 75%, with the best case featuring a reduction of more than 85% compared to the base case, where electricity and gas for heating are supplied from the Distribution System Operator at retail prices. With the use of close integration of electricity, heating and cooling demand and supply of energy, cost-effective decarbonisation can be achieved for the household sector.

TINJAUAN SINGKAT OPTIMALISASI PEMANFAATAN ENERGI SURYA PADA SEKTOR RUMAH TANGGA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ligan Budi Pratomo ◽  
Nazaruddin Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Fossil Energy ◽  
Household Sector ◽  
The Government

Energy use always increases, especially fossil energy. Through the National Energy Policy, the government continues to strive to increase the role of new and renewable energy sources so as to reduce dependence on fossil energy. Solar power generation is a type of renewable energy generator that capable to convert solar energy to electric energy. The main components of solar power generatios are batteries, solar panels, charger controllers, and inverters.  Solar power generations technology itself is always being developed, such as automatic monitoring and sun tracking systems designed to improve system performance. One of the applications of solar power generations is in the household sector. In this sector consumes 49% of the national electricity energy in 2018. This type of generator is categorized as a roof solar power generations. Based on existing data, there were 1400  roof solar power generations users in September 2019. The development of solar energy utilization for the household sector is very appropriate because it can help achieve renewable energy about 23% in 2025 and 31% in 2050 in the national energy mix.

scholarly journals The Impact of Connecting Distributed Generation to the Distribution System

10.14311/986 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (4-5) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. V. Mgaya ◽  
Z. Müller
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Effective Capacity ◽  
Voltage Profile ◽  
The Impact

This paper deals with the general problem of utilizing of renewable energy sources to generate electric energy. Recent advances in renewable energy power generation technologies, e.g., wind and photovoltaic (PV) technologies, have led to increased interest in the application of these generation devices as distributed generation (DG) units. This paper presents the results of an investigation into possible improvements in the system voltage profile and reduction of system losses when adding wind power DG (wind-DG) to a distribution system. Simulation results are given for a case study, and these show that properly sized wind DGs, placed at carefully selected sites near key distribution substations, could be very effective in improving the distribution system voltage profile and reducing power losses, and hence could  improve the effective capacity of the system. 

scholarly journals Evolution and Forecasting of the Renewable Energy Consumption in the Frame of Sustainable Development: EU vs. Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 10327
Author(s):  
Anca Mehedintu ◽  
Georgeta Soava ◽  
Mihaela Sterpu ◽  
Eugenia Grecu
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy Consumption ◽  
Final Energy ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Final Energy Consumption ◽  
The Eu

This article is part of the concerns generated by the need to increase the consumption of renewable energy, so that in the European Union (EU) countries, its share in the final energy consumption, to reach 32% by 2030, increases. In the context in which, in the specialized literature, the analysis of renewable energy consumption by activity sectors is approached very little, such an analysis has high utility. The variables of interest are the share of renewable energy in the final energy consumption, and the share of renewable energy sources in the final energy consumption in transport, electricity, and heating and cooling. The study performs a comparative analysis of the evolution of these indicators for the period 2004–2019 for Romania and the EU, an empirical estimate of the evolution of indicators using time regression and autoregressive models, a forecast of the share of renewable energy consumption in the final energy consumption and by the main sectors (transport, electricity, and heating and cooling) for the 2030 horizon, providing appropriate scenarios for achieving the EU established goals, as well as an analysis of the interdependence between the indicators. Through the results obtained, the paper can contribute to improving the framework for the sustainable development of energy consumption.

scholarly journals Fundamentals of Energy Regulation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Poullikkas
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Energy Regulation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
Utility Managers

Fundamentals of Energy Regulation provides an insight to the wide range of topics necessary for energy regulators. Is a complete introduction to the world of energy regulation and provides the fundamental aspects of each energy regulation topic. Introduces important regulatory topics and features explanations of key economic and regulatory concepts.Fundamentals of Energy Regulation covers emerging issues associated with restructured electric energy and capacity markets as well as international practises affecting the natural gas and electric industries. Provides the various aspects and steps of managing the transition to energy market competition and for the development of energy tariffs.Fundamentals of Energy Regulation, also, provides an insight to the wide range of electricity generating technologies including renewable energy sources available today or under development, an overview of the future sustainable energy systems and environmental issues. Fundamentals of Energy Regulation is partly based on lecture notes pro- vided in two different courses for a number of years and is intended as an introductory textbook for courses in the field of energy regulation and energy markets. It is not by any means exhaustive, nor is it intended to be. In the more than two decades I’ve worked with the energy industry, the field has grown so vast that it’s no longer possible to confine all aspects within the covers of one book, even after limiting it to the most important issues.Fundamentals of Energy Regulation can serve as a reference text for energy regulators, power and natural gas market planners, utility managers, transmission system operators, distribution system operators, consultants, policy makers and economists.

scholarly journals The optimization of a potential geothermal reservoir using abandoned wells: a case study for the forest reserve field in Trinidad

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Patihk ◽  
Dharon Warner-Lall ◽  
David Alexander ◽  
Rean Maharaj ◽  
Donnie Boodlal
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Geothermal Reservoir ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Forest Reserve ◽  
Area Of Interest

AbstractThe worldwide dependence on non-renewable energy sources continues as existing energy systems have been built on these supplies. There is an established link between these conventional energy resources, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change and its associated negative effects. As a signatory to the Paris Agreement, Trinidad and Tobago (TT) has been exploring strategies to reduce GHG emissions and the use of geothermal energy is one potential option. Through enhanced geothermal systems, TT, even without extensive volcanic heat reservoirs, can still develop this renewable source by utilizing oil reservoirs. This study evaluates the possibility of designing and evaluating geothermal systems using wells from the Forest Reserve fields in South-western Trinidad as a case study. The Forest Reserve fields have a high number of abandoned oil and gas wells which can be re-used for tapping the required heat and reducing the requirement for drilling of new injection and production geothermal wells. Key information and data from these wells and reservoirs were used as input for CMG software to model, design and evaluate the feasibility of the geothermal reservoir and wells as being possible and viable for geothermal production. A base model was constructed in the CMG software which was subjected to three essential manual sensitivity analyses (well distance, stream temperature, and injection pressure) to obtain an optimized model which was then subjected to hydraulic fracturing. The optimal model of the retrofitted geothermal systems demonstrated to be the best case scenario due to the shallow nature of the reservoir in the area of interest. Six retrofitted geothermal systems (3 injector wells and 3 producer wells) showed that capable capacity of 3.3721 MWe for a 25-year period with an Internal Rate of Return of 190% and an Net Present Value of US$1,431,263,840.00 utilizing a Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return of 10%, Capital Expenditure of US$12MM, Operating Expenditure of US$2MM and a cost of geothermal electricity at US$0.05 per kWh. These results were then used in Crystal Ball to apply Monte Carlo simulations where it confirmed that the project is 100% economically feasible. The cumulative carbon dioxide reduction after the 25-year period was 50,062,500 tons of CO2.

scholarly journals Research of a Biomass Boiler with Stirling Engine Microgeneration Unit

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 587-599
Author(s):  
Jānis Kramens ◽  
Edgars Vīgants ◽  
Ivars Liepiņš ◽  
Linards Vērnieks ◽  
Viktorija Terjanika
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Climate Policy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Electrical Energy Production

Abstract A number of intergovernmental agreements, the most important of which are the Paris Agreement (UN Framework Convention on Climate Change) and the European Green Deal, provide for resource efficiency and the reduction of greenhouse gas and particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) emissions to 2030 (short-term program to reduce emissions by at least 55 %) and to achieve emissions-neutral production, transport and household activities by 2050. The European Union (EU) has taken the lead in developing and implementing climate change mitigation policies for both industrial and private residential homes in the world through a green course. As an EU country, Latvia has joined both the EU-level climate policy and developed its policy, regulatory documents and action plans for 2021–2030 (Latvia’s National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021–2030), climate policy, including a policy aimed at significantly reducing GHG emissions and increasing efficiency in the household sector. Achieving these climate policy goals requires both a change in human habits and more efficient technologies. This article discusses one of the technological solutions that can reduce both greenhouse gas emissions and the release of PM2.5 and PM10 from individual heating systems in private homes and small commercial facilities. Calculations of electrical energy production in mCHP mode of the system for household self-consumption based on experiments will be done. The technology involves the production of heat from biomass or other types of renewable energy sources while generating electricity for self-consumption. Conclusions of CHP mode on overall efficiency will be done.

scholarly journals The Regulatory Framework for Market Transparency in Future Power Systems under the Web-of-Cells Concept

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktorija Bobinaite ◽  
Marialaura Di Somma ◽  
Giorgio Graditi ◽  
Irina Oleinikova
Keyword(s):  
Electricity Market ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Voltage Control ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Market Transparency ◽  
Disclosure Of Information ◽  
System Operator ◽  
Wholesale Electricity Market ◽  
The Web

This paper investigates the regulatory rules of market transparency which could be applied within the wholesale electricity market and market for frequency and voltage control in the Web-of-Cells (WoC) decentralized power control architecture, which has been developed in the ELECTRA Project to respond the challenges and needs of the future power system (2030+). In this decentralized functional architecture for frequency and voltage control, the European Union (EU) power grid is divided into grid control areas, i.e., cells, which are defined as portions of the grid having adequate monitoring infrastructure and local reserves capacity, allowing voltage and balancing (frequency) problems to be solved at cell level, under the responsibility of a Cell System Operator (CSO) (present Distribution System Operator (DSO)/Transmission System Operator (TSO)). In order to foster the practical realization of the WoC-based architecture, the related wholesale electricity market and market for frequency and voltage control are proposed considering the competitive market principles, including transparency. The critical review of the existing EU regulations dealing with this issue suggests respecting the valid provisions on market transparency while tailoring them into the WoC-based architecture. Moreover, in order to take into account the WoC peculiarities, a set of integrations to the current regulatory rules is also proposed, addressing: (1) disclosure of information in respect to attributes of emerging technologies such as renewable energy sources (RES), distributed energy resources (DER), storage; (2) provision of generation and load forecast information; (3) process of procurement of flexibilities; (4) retail market transparency; (5) disclosure of privacy-sensitive household attributes; and (6) disclosure of information on market for frequency and voltage control.

scholarly journals Economic Analysis of Measures for GHG Emission Reduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1712
Author(s):  
Jasmina Ćetković ◽  
Slobodan Lakić ◽  
Angelina Živković ◽  
Miloš Žarković ◽  
Radoje Vujadinović
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Increase Energy Efficiency

The European Union, as a signatory to the Paris Agreement, has approached the action against greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change quite ambitiously, striving to achieve climate neutrality by 2050. Extension of the European Green Deal policy implementation to the Western Balkans can only increase the chances of the climate neutral agenda. Expectations from Montenegro in the coming period are transposable to other Western Balkans countries as they are urged to start implementing the Paris Agreement by establishing appropriate policies and measures. In this regard, this paper presents the analysis of the financial and economic analysis results of measures to reduce GHG emissions in Montenegro. With this respect, least cost analysis—cost effectiveness analysis and cost–benefit analysis were conducted. The analysis results indicated that due to the thermal power plant reconstruction, increased use of renewable energy sources and measures to increase energy efficiency, the largest reduction in GHG emissions in Montenegro in the next 10 years is expected in the energy sector.

scholarly journals Active Buildings Based on Passivhaus Standard to Reduce the Energy Deficit of Regional Electric Network: Proposal Analysis

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 2361
Author(s):  
Josué Aarón López-Leyva ◽  
Carolina Barrera-Silva ◽  
Luisa Fernanda Sarmiento-Leyva ◽  
María Fernanda González-Romero
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Generation ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Electrical Network ◽  
Net Generation ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Heating And Cooling

This manuscript presents the analysis of a real distributed generation network considering the integration of Active Buildings that meet the Passivhaus standard criteria at the Premium level, as a base case model. The novelty aspect presented in this paper is the interconnection of Active Buildings based on the Passivhaus standard at the Premium level with the National Electricity System (particularly, in Mexico’s North Baja California region) to mitigate the energy deficit. The objective of the proposal grid is to reduce the energy deficit (≈600 MW) due to the high energy demand in the region and the reduced energy generation through conventional and renewable energy sources. In a particular way, the energy rehabilitation of some buildings was analyzed with the aim of reducing the energy demand of each one and then adding energy generation through renewable sources. As a result, all Passivhaus standard criteria (i.e., heating and cooling demands, heating and cooling loads, among others) were met. Regarding the Active Buildings performance in each distributed generation circuit, an overall installed power capacity of ≈2.3 MW was obtained, which corresponds to ≈19.1% of the maximum capacity, and ≈34.30% of the recommended integration capacity. In addition, adequate results were obtained related to the import and export of energy between distributed generation circuits, i.e., the energy exchange is up to ≈106.8 kW, intending to reduce the energy contribution of the utility electrical network. Finally, the analysis of the Active Buildings showed an increase in the net generation forecast, up to ≈2.25 MW.

scholarly journals The Consumption of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) by the European Union Households between 2004 and 2019

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5560
Author(s):  
Marlena Piekut
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Household Sector ◽  
Statistical Measures

The paper provides the analysis of fuel and energy transition in households sector and its sustainable development in the period 2004–2019. The main purpose of the paper is to determine the development trends in the use of renewable energy sources (RES) in the EU countries household sector in 2004–2019, to recognize the state of development and functioning of the studied area as well as to indicate their successes and shortcomings in observed reality. The article employs the results of Energy balance sheets from Eurostat. The research entity were households from 28 European Union countries, with particular emphasis on households from Poland and selected neighboring countries. The research subjects there were different sources of renewable energy used by households, i.e., solar thermal system, geothermal technologies, primary solid biofuels, charcoal, biogases, blended biogasoline, blended biodiesels, ambient heat (heat pumps). To achieve the research objective a number of statistical measures ands methods, including cluster analysis and linear trend indicator applied. In the analyzed 16 years, an absolute and relative increase in the use of RES in the household sector was noticed. Taking into account the specificity of using RES in households, 6 clusters of countries were distinguished. In Poland, it was noted that there was a significant increase in the use of RES in households, with stagnation in the use of non-renewable energy sources, such as, for example, hard coal.

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