scholarly journals Is Patent Enforcement Efficient

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Lemley ◽  
Robin C. Feldman

Traditional justifications for patents are all based on direct or indirect contribution to the creation of new products. Patents serve the social interest if they provide not just invention, but innovation the world would not otherwise have. Non-practicing entities (“NPEs”) as well as product-producing companies can sometimes provide such innovation, either directly, through working the patent or transferring technology to others who do, or indirectly, when others copy the patented innovation. The available evidence suggests, however, that patent licensing demands and lawsuits from NPEs are normally not cases that involve any of these activities. Some scholars have argued that patents can be valuable even without technology transfer because the ability to exclude others from the market may drive commercialization that would not otherwise occur. We demonstrate that even if various commercialization theories can sometimes justify patent protection, they cannot justify most NPE lawsuits or licensing demands.

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Lemley

Traditional justifications for patents are all based on direct or indirectcontribution to the creation of new products. Patents serve the socialinterest if they provide not just invention, but innovation the world wouldnot otherwise have. Non-practicing entities (NPEs) as well asproduct-producing companies can sometimes provide such innovation, eitherdirectly, through working the patent or transfer of technology to otherswho do, or indirectly, when others copy the patented innovation. Theavailable evidence suggests, however, that patent licensing demands andlawsuits from NPEs are normally not cases that involve any of theseactivities.Some scholars have argued that patents can be valuable even withouttechnology transfer because the ability to exclude others from the marketmay drive commercialization that would not otherwise occur. We demonstratethat even if various commercialization theories can sometimes justifypatent protection, they cannot justify most NPE lawsuits or licensingdemands.


2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1265-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Braga do Espírito Santo ◽  
Taka Oguisso ◽  
Rosa Maria Godoy Serpa da Fonseca

The object is the relationship between the professionalization of Brazilian nursing and women, in the broadcasting of news about the creation of the Professional School of Nurses, in the light of gender. Aims: to discuss the linkage of women to the beginning of the professionalization of Brazilian nursing following the circumstances and evidence of the creation of the Professional School of Nurses analyzed from the perspective of gender. The news articles were analyzed from the viewpoint of Cultural History, founded in the gender concept of Joan Scott and in the History of Women. The creation of the School and the priority given in the media to women consolidate the vocational ideal of the woman for nursing in a profession subjugated to the physician but also representing the conquest of a space in the world of education and work, reconfiguring the social position of nursing and of woman in Brazil.


2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-219
Author(s):  
Raluca Muşat

The interwar period was a time when the rural world gained new prominence in visions of modernity and modernisation across the world. The newly reconfigured countries of Eastern Europe played a key role in focusing attention on the countryside as an important area of state intervention. This coincided with a greater involvement of the social sciences in debates and in projects of development and modernisation, both nationally and internationally. This article examines the contribution of the Bucharest School of Sociology to the creation of an idea of ‘the global countryside’ that emerged in the interwar years and only matured in the post-war period.


2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 188-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Lemley ◽  
Robin Feldman

Traditional justifications for patents are based on direct or indirect contribution to product creation. Non-practicing entities (NPEs) might provide such innovation, either directly, through working the patent or transfer of technology to others who do, or indirectly, when others copy. Available evidence suggests, however, that ex post licensing demands from NPEs do not normally involve these activities. Some have argued that patents are valuable without01/technology transfer because the ability to exclude may drive commercialization that would not otherwise occur. We demonstrate that even if commercialization theories sometimes justify patent protection, they cannot justify most NPE lawsuits or licensing demands.


2019 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Claudia Rocio Tovar-Rosas ◽  
Luis Roberto Garza-Moya ◽  
Josué Mizraim Arreola-Burciaga ◽  
Jessica Astridt Delgadillo-Alvarado

Currently, most of the students of the different Institutions of Higher Education have a social commitment, which is to develop new technologies that contribute improvements in the daily life of the people. The main objective of this proposal is to create an interface that measures the needs of the company and translates them into areas of opportunity and development for universities and to implement projects in the classroom aimed at industries and thereby bring innovations to processes, products, among others. Currently, at the Polytechnic University of Gómez Palacio, students from five different specialties are being worked on, which innovate in the creation of new products, which can be patented or implemented in the industry. Another important feature to highlight is the fact that currently there is no way to protect the authorship of students, in addition to the fact that when delivering completed projects completely, the use that will be given to these products is unknown. It is for this reason that the creation of a technology transfer center is proposed; with it, it would be promoting the innovation of projects and active participation of companies, with the support of the institution.


2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 747
Author(s):  
Amanda Maria Bicudo de Souza

Abstract: Unlike traditional visions show, metaphors are present not only in literary language, but also in everyday, scientific and philosophical languages. It is through the metaphors that we conceptualize the world and understand the most abstract concepts that we have. Based on this premise, this study investigates the conceptual metaphors found in advertisements of women’s magazines, based on the theories: the theory of conceptual metaphor proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (2002), considerations of Kovecses (2002) about this theory and particular character of metaphors in advertisements, as proposed by Velasco-Sacristán (2010) and Ungerer (2003). The purposes of this research are to examine how the metaphors conceptualize the product advertised and how they reveal the social representation of women. The research was done through analysis of four advertisements taken from the magazines: Nova (Dec. 2008), Marie Claire (Oct. 2008), Cláudia (July 2009) and one advertisement taken from a website, published in 2020. The results show that conceptual metaphors are tools used by propagandists in the creation of advertisements based on stereotypes, representations and ideologies of particular group to which the advertisement is intended. Such resources tend to persuade the reader to purchase the product released.Keywords: metaphor; conceptual metaphor; advertisements.Resumo: Ao contrário do que mostram visões tradicionais, a metáfora não está presente somente na linguagem literária, mas também nas linguagens: cotidiana, científica e filosófica. É por meio das metáforas que nós conceptualizamos o mundo e compreendemos a maioria dos conceitos abstratos que temos. Com base nesse postulado, o presente estudo investiga as metáforas conceptuais presentes em propagandas de revistas femininas, tendo como pressupostos teóricos: a teoria da Metáfora Conceptual, proposta por Lakoff e Johnson (2002), as considerações de Kovecses (2002) acerca dessa teoria e o caráter particular das metáforas em propagandas, como proposto por Velasco-Sacristán (2010) e Ungerer (2003). Os objetivos dessa investigação são verificar o modo como as metáforas conceptualizam o produto divulgado e em que medida elas revelam a representação social da mulher. A pesquisa foi realizada através da análise de duas propagandas, retiradas das revistas: Nova (dez. 2008) e Marie Claire (out. 2008). Os resultados mostram que as metáforas conceptuais são ferramentas utilizadas pelos propagandistas na elaboração das propagandas, com base em estereótipos, representações e ideologias de determinado público-alvo ao qual a propaganda é destinada. Tais recursos tendem a persuadir o leitor a adquirir o produto divulgado.Palavras-chave: metáfora; metáfora conceptual; propagandas.


Gesture ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terra Edwards

Abstract This article examines the social and interactional foundations of sign-creation among DeafBlind people in Seattle, Washington. Linguists studying signed languages have proposed models of sign-creation that involve the selection of an iconic gestural representation of the referent which is subjected to grammatical constraints and is thereby incorporated into the linguistic system. Drawing on 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork and more than 190 hours of video recordings of interaction and language use, I argue that a key interactional mechanism driving processes of sign-creation among DeafBlind people in Seattle is deictic integration. Deictic integration restricts the range of contextual values that the grammar can retrieve by coordinating systems of reference with patterns in activity. This process brings language into alignment with the world as it is perceived by the users of that language, making a range of potentially iconic relations available for selection in the creation of new signs.


Author(s):  
Imamqul Ravshanov ◽  

The article examines the issues of understanding national identity, the formation of national unity, greatness and purity of our ancestry, assessing the place of our wise people among the peoples of the world, wider use of its rich life experience, the importance of the social sciences in the consistent study and further enrichment of the noble, freedom-loving and liberal traditions of our people, in short, in the creation of a harmonious, real human personality.


KOMUNITAS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Miftahul Jannah

The children are persons who have the age under 18-years old who havestill the right to be protected from life-threatening matters, from acts of exploitation, and the things that interfere their future. Remembering that the childhood is a growth process, both physical and mental, ideally children should avoid the various behaviors that interferetheir growth. Therefore, children need to be guaranteed their rights, and play. In this paper, the writer wants to describe the forms of exploitation of children such as the loss of children’s rights so they must go the world of work due to poverty problems which become main foundation of children to participate in fulfilling their needs. The factors of exploitation are certainly due to the lack of understanding of the head of the family about the importance of children’s education. Therefore it is important to reconstruct the social policy purposes of the children, in order to avoid exploitation actions which can disturb the growth of a children’s lives, by the reconstruction of social policy of the government, it is able to restore the rights of children in life, so that the fulfillment of all needs and the creation of welfare for children.


Comunicar ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Delia Crovi-Druetta ◽  
Carlos Lozano-Ascencio

The media are making us live under the influence of information about the full gamut of risks, which are present all over the world. We perceive uncertainty according to our own culture, but we are also conditioned buy the acquired cultural sum o risk experiences, be they close or remote, recent or past. In an emergency situation, the information offered by the media is usually monopolized by the social interest awakened by potential risks and actual disasters. It is also true that we normally perceive such events according to how the media present them. Form this we can infer that we perceive and interpret uncertainty independently of whether or not we are immersed in an emergency situation. Or capacity for feeling insecurity as we survey our world is therefore bound to be with us for a long time. La presente comunicación forma parte de una investigación mayor titulada «Medios de comunicación y construcción social de la incertidumbre», en la que participan los autores. El trabajo tiene como propósito reflexionar acerca del concepto televisión de calidad desde la perspectiva de la construcción social de la incertidumbre. Partimos de la premisa de que la TV es el medio de mayor cobertura a través de sus canales generalistas o abiertos, con la que se contribuye de manera destacada, a generar incertidumbre entre los receptores. No obstante, se considera que una verdadera televisión de calidad no debería generar incertidumbre social, sobre todo, en lo relacionado a determinados tratamientos informativos sobre situaciones trascendentales. Los televidentes de la sociedad de la información, paradigma de actual de tiempo, están permanentemente expuestos a informaciones que destacan hechos violentos, catástrofes, situaciones de inseguridad y riesgo. Tal acumulación de datos contribuye a construir socialmente la incertidumbre, asimismo, provoca que los ciudadanos perciban y definan la realidad social a partir de preocupaciones vinculadas a esa incertidumbre, generando con ello una cultura de inseguridades y temores. Hoy en día se perciben las situaciones de incertidumbre de acuerdo a nuestras claves culturales vigentes, pero, sobre todo, las percibimos muy condicionados por el capital de conocimientos adquiridos a través de las coberturas mediáticas. La televisión en este ámbito ofrece, de manera continuada, experiencias de incertidumbre en las que los receptores están más acostumbrados a saber identificarlas que a comprenderlas y a jerarquizarlas en un mismo nivel sin atender demasiado a su ubicuidad espacio temporal. Inmersos en situaciones de incertidumbre social (catástrofes, atentados, accidentes tecnológicos, crisis políticas, etc.) las televisiones son capaces de informar, pero no de ofrecer suficientes explicaciones –ni distancia, ni objetividad, ni sosiego– para saber entender con claridad lo que está sucediendo en dichos contextos emergentes. Esto se explica, en buena parte, porque las situaciones de incertidumbre se construyen narrativamente más por acumulación de datos aislados que por jerarquización u organización de los mismos. Los receptores se exponen, es cierto, al torrente de imágenes y declaraciones para percibir, antes que nada, la sensación del peligro, pero difícilmente perciben las causas y las consecuencias de lo que están contemplando. En la actualidad la televisión experimenta una marcada tendencia a la privatización y concentración en pocas empresas. Sus contenidos (mensajes violentos o información descontextualizada, parcializada y fragmentada) se transforman en simples mercancías, por lo que están lejos de constituirse en vehículo idóneo para la circulación de conocimientos que busca alcanzar la sociedad de la información. A partir de esta realidad se sostiene que a más información corresponde mayor incertidumbre entre los receptores televisivos, ya que los contenidos de este medio no les permiten conocer, valorar y decidir. Reciben un sinnúmero de mensajes pero carecen de las habilidades necesarias para discernir, jerarquizar y seleccionar, lo que contribuye a crear situaciones de incertidumbre y perplejidad.


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