scholarly journals Enhancing Europe's capability in end-to-end marine ecosystem modelling for societal benefit

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheila J. J. Heymans ◽  
Morten Skogen ◽  
Corinna Schrum ◽  
Cosimo Solidoro
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Ecosystem Modelling ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Societal Benefit ◽  
Current State ◽  
Societal Needs ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Marine Ecosystem Models

Integrated management of the marine environment requires a holistic understanding of marine ecosystems, rather than focusing on single issues, species, or ecosystem services in isolation. Marine ecosystem models are an important analytical approach to: integrate knowledge, data, and information; improve understanding on ecosystem functioning; and complement monitoring and observation efforts. They also offer the potential to predict the response of marine ecosystems to future scenarios and to support the implementation of ecosystem-based management of our seas and ocean.Europe has an excellent capability in Marine Ecosystem Modelling and these are being increasingly used as a tool for ecosystem management. However, there remains a mismatch between scientific research and what policy makers need to know. EMB Future Science Brief 4 examines current state-of-the-art in Europe and beyond and recommends key areas where marine ecosystem modelling capability could be strengthened, including ways to better connect models, observations and societal needs.

The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Education Administration ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Research Education ◽  
Multiple Networks ◽  
Current State ◽  
Societal Needs ◽  
International Advisory

The second edition of The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity constitutes an update and revision of a topic of growing academic and societal importance. Interdisciplinarity continues to be prominent both within and outside academia. Academics, policy makers, and members of public and private sectors seek approaches to help organize and integrate the vast amounts of knowledge being produced today, both within research and at all levels of education. This compendium is distinguished by its breadth of coverage, with chapters written by experts from multiple networks and organizations, on topics ranging across science and technology; social sciences, humanities, and arts; and professions. The volume is edited by respected interdisciplinary scholars and supported by an international advisory board to ensure the highest quality and breadth of coverage. The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity provides a synoptic overview of the current state of interdisciplinary research, education, administration and management, and problem solving—knowledge that spans the disciplines and interdisciplinary fields while also crossing the boundary between the academic community and society at large. Offering the most broad-based account of inter- and transdisciplinarity to date, its essays bring together many of the globe’s leading thinkers on interdisciplinary research, education, and institutional parameters as well as reflections on how knowledge can be better integrated with societal needs.

scholarly journals ESD Reviews: Evidence of multiple inconsistencies between representations of terrestrial and marine ecosystems in Earth System Models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix Pellerin ◽  
Philipp Porada ◽  
Inga Hense
Keyword(s):  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Climate System ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Climate Feedbacks ◽  
Ecosystem Models ◽  
System Models ◽  
Marine Ecosystem Models ◽  
Earth System Models

Abstract. Terrestrial and marine ecosystems interact with other Earth system components through different biosphere-climate feedbacks that are very similar among ecosystem types. Despite these similarities, terrestrial and marine systems are often treated relatively separately in Earth System Models (ESM). In these ESM, the ecosystems are represented by a set of biological processes that are able to influence the climate system by affecting the chemical and physical properties of the environment. While most of the climate-relevant processes are shared between ecosystem types, model representations of terrestrial and marine ecosystems often differ. This raises the question whether inconsistencies between terrestrial and marine ecosystem models exist and potentially skew our perception of the relative influence of each ecosystem on climate. Here we compared the terrestrial and marine modules of 17 Earth System Models in order to identify inconsistencies between the two ecosystem types. We sorted out the biological processes included in ESM regarding their influence on climate into three types of biosphere-climate feedbacks (i.e. the biogeochemical pumps, the biogeophysical mechanisms and the gas and particle shuttles), and critically compare their representation in the different ecosystem modules. Overall, we found multiple evidences of unjustified differences in process representations between terrestrial and marine ecosystem models within ESM. These inconsistencies may lead to wrong predictions about the role of biosphere in the climate system. We believe that the present comparison can be used by the Earth system modeling community to increase consistency between ecosystem models. We further call for the development of a common framework allowing the uniform representation of climate-relevant processes in ecosystem modules of ESM.

scholarly journals Observing the ocean interior in support of integrated management

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 1947-1954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena M. Trenkel ◽  
Nils Olav Handegard ◽  
Thomas C. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Ecosystem Studies ◽  
Science Community ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Passive Acoustic

Abstract Active- and passive-acoustic methods are widely used tools for observing, monitoring, and understanding marine ecosystems. From 25 to 28 May 2015, 214 scientists from 31 nations gathered for an ICES symposium on Marine Ecosystem Acoustics (SoME Acoustics) to discuss three major themes related to acoustic observations of marine ecosystems: (i) recent developments in acoustic and platform technologies; (ii) acoustic characterisation of aquatic organisms, ecosystem structure, and ecosystem processes; and (iii) contribution of acoustics to integrated ecosystem assessments and management. The development of, and access to new instruments, such as broad bandwidth systems, enables insightful ecological studies and innovative management approaches. Unresolved ecological questions and the increasing move towards ecosystem based management pose further challenges to scientists and instrument developers. Considering the SoME Acoustics presentations in the context of three previous ICES symposia on fisheries acoustics, topics increasingly emphasize ecosystem studies and management. The continued expansion of work and progress in marine ecosystem acoustics is due to the cross-disciplinary work of fisheries acousticians, engineers, ecologists, modellers, and others. An analysis of the symposium co-authorship network reveals a highly connected acoustic science community collaborating around the globe.

Recommendations by Pacem in Maribus V to the U.N. Conference on the Law of the Sea

1975 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-16
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Mann Borgese
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
Global System ◽  
Integrated Management System ◽  
Sea Bed ◽  
Present Generation ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
The Common

Pacem in Maribus once again stressed that an ocean regime must encompass the oceans as a whole and be considered as a sub-system of the entire global system. Jurisdictional decisions, including those affecting the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), must reflect that paramount concern. It is not a matter of geographical realignment or of partition; marine ecosystem do not correspond to political demarcations. Nor is mankind, for which the concept of the common heritage is prescribed, confined to coastal states or to the present generation.In its discussions and studies, Pacem in Maribus has consistently stressed the significance of rapid scientific and technological developments which have radically changed the nature of many conventional uses of the sea and call for management as the only alternative to conflict and possible disasters. In its commitment to an Ocean Space Authority rather than to an International Sea-bed Authority, Pacem in Maribus contends that activities on the sea-bed cannot be dissociated from activities in the water-column, at the surface, and at the atmospheric interface; that the sea-bed must become part of an integrated management system for ocean space; and that claims to national jurisdiction carry a surrogate responsibility in that management.Pacem in Maribus contends that any Law of the Sea which does not respect and embody these overriding considerations will prove to be ineffective if not inoperable.

scholarly journals Historical contingency impacts on community assembly and ecosystem function in chemosynthetic marine ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri Kalenitchenko ◽  
Erwan Peru ◽  
Pierre E. Galand
Keyword(s):  
Community Assembly ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Species Sorting ◽  
Environmental Selection ◽  
Microbial Community Assembly

AbstractPredicting ecosystem functioning requires an understanding of the mechanisms that drive microbial community assembly. Many studies have explored microbial diversity extensively and environmental factors are thought to be the principal drivers of community composition. Community assembly is, however, also influenced by past conditions that might affect present-day assemblages. Historical events, called legacy effects or historical contingencies, remain poorly studied in the sea and their impact on the functioning of the communities is not known. We tested the influence, if any, of historical contingencies on contemporary community assembly and functions in a marine ecosystem. To do so, we verified if different inoculum communities colonizing the same substrate led to communities with different compositions. We inoculated wood with sea water microbes from different marine environments that differ in ecological and evolutionary history. Using 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing, it was demonstrated that historical contingencies change the composition and potential metabolisms of contemporary communities. The effect of historical events was transient, dominated by environmental selection as, over time, species sorting was a more important driver of community assembly. Our study shows not only that historical contingencies affect marine ecosystems but takes the analysis a step further by characterizing this effect as strong but transient.

scholarly journals Trends and Evolution in the Concept of Marine Ecosystem Services: An Overview

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2060
Author(s):  
Elvira Buonocore ◽  
Umberto Grande ◽  
Pier Paolo Franzese ◽  
Giovanni F. Russo
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Alternative Assessment ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Policy Dialogue ◽  
Marine Ecosystem Services

The biotic and abiotic assets of the marine environment form the “marine natural capital” embedded in the global ocean. Marine natural capital provides the flow of “marine ecosystem services” that are directly used or enjoyed by people providing benefits to human well-being. They include provisioning services (e.g., food), regulation and maintenance services (e.g., carbon sequestration and storage, and coastal protection), and cultural services (e.g., tourism and recreational benefits). In recent decades, human activities have increased the pressures on marine ecosystems, often leading to ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss and, in turn, affecting their ability to provide benefits to humans. Therefore, effective management strategies are crucial to the conservation of healthy and diverse marine ecosystems and to ensuring their long-term generation of goods and services. Biophysical, economic, and sociocultural assessments of marine ecosystem services are much needed to convey the importance of natural resources to managers and policy makers supporting the development and implementation of policies oriented for the sustainable management of marine resources. In addition, the accounting of marine ecosystem service values can be usefully complemented by their mapping to enable the identification of priority areas and management strategies and to facilitate science–policy dialogue. Given this premise, this study aims to review trends and evolution in the concept of marine ecosystem services. In particular, the global scientific literature on marine ecosystem services is explored by focusing on the following main aspects: the definition and classification of marine ecosystem services; their loss due to anthropogenic pressures, alternative assessment, and mapping approaches; and the inclusion of marine ecosystem services into policy and decision-making processes.

scholarly journals Disentangling diverse responses to climate change among global marine ecosystem models

2021 ◽  
pp. 102659
Author(s):  
Ryan F. Heneghan ◽  
Eric Galbraith ◽  
Julia L. Blanchard ◽  
Cheryl Harrison ◽  
Nicolas Barrier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Ecosystem Models ◽  
Marine Ecosystem Models

Predicting Psycho-educational Problems in Childhood

1978 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard S. Adelman
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
Mass Identification ◽  
Ethical Perspectives

Presented are (1) a brief synthesis of several key conceptual and methodological concerns and some ethical perspectives related to identification of psycho-educational problems and (2) conclusions regarding the current state of the art. The conceptual discussion focuses on differentiating prediction from identification and screening from diagnosis; three models used in developing assessment procedures also are presented. Methodologically, the minimal requirements for satisfactory research are described and current problems are highlighted. Three ethical perspectives are discussed; cost-benefit for the individual, models-motives-goals underlying practices, and cost-benefit for the culture. The current state of the art is seen as not supporting the efficacy of the widespread use of currently available procedures for mass screening. Given this point and the methodological and ethical concerns discussed, it is suggested that policy makers reallocate limited resources away from mass identification and toward health maintenance and other approaches to prevention and early-age intervention.

scholarly journals Emergence of multiple ocean ecosystem drivers in a large ensemble suite with an Earth system model

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3301-3320 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. Rodgers ◽  
J. Lin ◽  
T. L. Frölicher
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Ecosystem Drivers

Abstract. Marine ecosystems are increasingly stressed by human-induced changes. Marine ecosystem drivers that contribute to stressing ecosystems – including warming, acidification, deoxygenation and perturbations to biological productivity – can co-occur in space and time, but detecting their trends is complicated by the presence of noise associated with natural variability in the climate system. Here we use large initial-condition ensemble simulations with an Earth system model under a historical/RCP8.5 (representative concentration pathway 8.5) scenario over 1950–2100 to consider emergence characteristics for the four individual and combined drivers. Using a 1-standard-deviation (67% confidence) threshold of signal to noise to define emergence with a 30-year trend window, we show that ocean acidification emerges much earlier than other drivers, namely during the 20th century over most of the global ocean. For biological productivity, the anthropogenic signal does not emerge from the noise over most of the global ocean before the end of the 21st century. The early emergence pattern for sea surface temperature in low latitudes is reversed from that of subsurface oxygen inventories, where emergence occurs earlier in the Southern Ocean. For the combined multiple-driver field, 41% of the global ocean exhibits emergence for the 2005–2014 period, and 63% for the 2075–2084 period. The combined multiple-driver field reveals emergence patterns by the end of this century that are relatively high over much of the Southern Ocean, North Pacific, and Atlantic, but relatively low over the tropics and the South Pacific. For the case of two drivers, the tropics including habitats of coral reefs emerges earliest, with this driven by the joint effects of acidification and warming. It is precisely in the regions with pronounced emergence characteristics where marine ecosystems may be expected to be pushed outside of their comfort zone determined by the degree of natural background variability to which they are adapted. The results underscore the importance of sustained multi-decadal observing systems for monitoring multiple ecosystems drivers.

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