Comparing Anxiety Forms in Elementary and High School Students During Examination Stress and Normal School Periods
Background and Objective: State anxiety, trait anxiety, anxiety sensitivity and test anxiety are four related but distinct normative anxiety forms that may co-occur amongst youth. The main objective of this study was to assess whether these anxiety forms vary as a function of age and/or presence of stressful school periods. Design and Methods: In total, 1404 Canadian students in Grades 5,6 and 10,11 (58% girls) from 13 private and public schools were assessed on these four anxiety forms using validated questionnaires at two time points: during a stressful examination period and a normal school curriculum period. Results: High school students scored higher on state, trait and test anxiety compared to elementary school students, while the two age groups did not differ on anxiety sensitivity scores. Anxiety scores did not vary as a function of examination periods. Conclusions: Regardless of their age, students appear prone to experience anxiety in a wide range of situations that go beyond examination periods. Students experience anxiety sensitivity early on and levels remain similar during childhood and adolescence, whereas other anxiety forms become more pronounced during high school. These results contribute to a better understanding of normative anxiety in youth. Recommendations for preventive interventions are discussed.