scholarly journals Does broadening one's concept of trauma undermine resilience?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Payton J. Jones ◽  
Richard J. McNally
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Stressful Event ◽  
Film Clip ◽  
Actual Experience ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
Personal Trauma

The term 'trauma' seems to have expanded from a narrow usage (referring exclusively to extreme events such as rape and warfare) to a broad usage (encompassing almost any event that results in emotional distress). Today, individuals vary widely in the extent to which their personal 'trauma concept' is relatively narrow or broad. In this study, we explore whether this variation is important to individuals' actual experience when facing a stressful event (in this case, watching a disturbing film clip). Individuals with broader beliefs about trauma experienced more intense negative emotions and were more likely to report viewing the film clip as a personal trauma. Moreover, those who saw the film clip as a personal trauma reported more event-related distress (e.g., intrusions, nightmares) several days following. However, we find limited support for causality, with an experimental manipulation showing a significant effect on personal trauma concepts but mixed effects on other outcomes.

Limitations of Procedures for Improving Group Problem Solving

1969 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 639-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman R. F. Maier ◽  
James A. Thurber
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Group Problem ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Group Problem Solving ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
Idea Evaluation

These experiments were designed to test whether the quality of group problem solving could be improved by instructing groups to follow certain procedures. 192 groups of 2 male and 1 female S each solved Maier's Sewing Room Case under 4 different experimental conditions: I—no instructions regarding processes or procedures to follow; II—instructions for carrying out idea-evaluation in two separate stages; III—instructions requesting diagnosis and factual support for each solution generated; and IV—instructions requiring locating obstacles before generating solutions. The results show limited support for the value of such instructions. These marginally significant results were due to a relatively small number of groups conforming to the experimental manipulation rather than to the inadequacy of the principles on which the manipulations were based. Some directed training in use of problem-solving principles, rather than a mere knowledge of them, seems to be essential in achieving high qualiry solutions. Idea-evaluation seems to suffer in group problem solving. Brainstorming, which stresses idea-getting, has its limitations because it leaves the evaluation to outside judges.

Eliciting Negative Affects Using Film Clips and Real-Life Methods

2017 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Carlos Centurion Cabral ◽  
Patrice de Souza Tavares ◽  
Gibson Juliano Weydmann ◽  
Vera Torres das Neves ◽  
Rosa Maria Martins de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Emotion Elicitation ◽  
Negative Affects ◽  
Film Clips ◽  
Cortisol Responses

Although audio-visual stimuli are among the most frequently used methods to elicit emotional reactions in experimental conditions, real-life manipulations have increasingly been used in different countries. However, the applicability of such protocols has not yet been tested in Brazilian Portuguese speakers. Thus, we conducted two experiments to investigate the effectiveness of both methods. In the first experiment, we used film clips to induce negative emotions (i.e., anger, fear, or sadness) or an emotionally neutral condition in 321 undergraduate students. After watching one of the online videos, volunteers completed an emotional assessment. As expected, there were significant differences in all groups. Our results corroborate the relatively discrete patterns in emotion elicitation using films. In the second experiment, anger was elicited in 18 male undergraduates through a hostile social interaction with a confederate and measured by the corrugator muscle activity and cortisol responses. Indeed, there was an increase in corrugator activity in the group exposed to anger induction, even after a few minutes from the end of the experimental manipulation. Implications for experiments on the negative emotions are discussed.

scholarly journals Cognitive Patterns and Coping Mechanisms in the Context of Internet Use

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1302
Author(s):  
Cristina Costescu ◽  
Iulia Chelba ◽  
Adrian Roșan ◽  
Attila Kovari ◽  
Jozsef Katona
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Coping Mechanisms ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Emotional Loneliness ◽  
Cognitive Patterns ◽  
And Coping

Recent research indicates there are different cognitive patterns and coping mechanisms related to increased levels of Internet use and emotional distress in adolescents. This study aims to investigate the relationship between coping mechanisms, dysfunctional negative emotions, and Internet use. A total of 54 participants aged between 14 and 19 years old completed a questionnaire containing several measures and demographics information. We measured participants’ coping strategies, emotional distress, social and emotional loneliness, and their online behavior and Internet addiction using self-report questionnaires. In order to identify the relation between the investigated variables, we used correlation analysis and regression, and we tested one mediation model. The results showed that maladaptive coping strategies and Internet use were significant predictors of dysfunctional negative emotions. Moreover, passive wishful thinking, as a pattern of thinking, was associated with anxious and depressed feelings. The relation between Internet use and dysfunctional negative emotions was mediated by participants’ coping mechanisms. Therefore, we can conclude that the level of negative feelings is associated with the coping strategies used while showing an increased level of Internet addiction. Future studies should also consider different and multiple types of measurement other than self-reports, especially related to Internet addiction.

scholarly journals Emotional Adjustment in Couples During and After a Failed IVF Procedure: A Systematic Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Rishi Mishra ◽  
Mr. Ashwani Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Psychosocial Stress ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Emotional Adjustment ◽  
Anxiety Level ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Unsuccessful Treatment ◽  
Negative Outcome

This review aims to access the emotional setbacks and changes faced by couple who start with the IVF treatment and face a negative outcome after the treatment. It systematically analyses the level of anxiety faced by the couple before, during and after the IVF treatment cycles. Studies show that unsuccessful treatment raised the couple’s anxiety level and the levels of negative emotions, which showed significant presence even after consecutive unsuccessful cycles. Further findings indicated that unsuccessful IVF couples reported more emotional distress relative to those whom treatment had worked and females in particular experienced more psychosocial stress as compared with males. Couples who had at least one child prior to IVF treatment experienced greater emotional distress at follow-up. These couples felt less supported by the IVF Unit staff and were less satisfied with the counseling they received. The results highlighted the importance of post-treatment counseling when treatment is unsuccessful.

scholarly journals Emotional responsiveness task in emotional distress: correlated of functional neuroimaging in anorexia and bulimia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico D’Agata ◽  
Paola Caroppo ◽  
Angela Spalatro ◽  
Luca Lavagnino ◽  
Giovanni Abbate Daga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Emotion Processing ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Therapeutic Resistance ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Emotional Responsiveness

AbstractAimThe present study aims to extend the knowledge of the neural correlates of emotion processing in first episode subjects affected by anorexia nervosa (AN) or bulimia nervosa (BN). We applied an emotional distress paradigm targeting negative emotions thought to be relevant for interpersonal difficulties and therapeutic resistance mechanisms.MethodsThe current study applied a neuroimaging paradigm eliciting affective responses to 44 female participants with newly diagnosed AN or BN and 20 matched controls. The measurements also included an extensive assessment comprised of clinical scales, neuropsychological tests, measures of emotion processing and empathy.ResultsAN and BN did not differ from controls in terms of emotional response, emotion matching, self-reported empathy and cognitive performance. However, scores of eating disorder and psychopathological clinical scores, as well alexithymia levels, were increased in AN and BN. On a neural level, no significant group differences emerged, even when focusing on a region of interest selected a priori: the amygdala.ConclusionsOur data are against the hypothesis that participants with AN or BN display a reduced emotional responsiveness. This supports the hypothesis that relational difficulties, as well as therapeutic resistance, are not secondary to simple difficulty in feeling and identifying basic negative emotions in AN and BN participants.

Facial expression recognition accuracy of valence emotion among high and low indicated PTSD

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azra Kurtić ◽  
Nurka Pranjić
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Recognition Accuracy ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stressful Event ◽  
Harvard Trauma Questionnaire ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Expressed Emotions ◽  
Experimental Group

Introduction: Emotional experience of stressful event reflects itself in form of inability to start and maintain social contact, to cope with stress and sometimes distorted cognitive outages. Aim: To test hypothesis that facially expressed emotions were useful monitor in practice as mediator for understanding nature of emotionally difficulties of traumatized forty-two individuals are facing with. Primary task was assessed whether psychologically traumatized individuals differ in facial recognition accuracy, and secondary, accuracy positive versus negative emotions among two studied groups. Subject and methods: The total sample of participants were divided in two groups based on score results of DSM- IV Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, Bosnia and Herzegovina version which was expressed perception of their PTSD symptoms self- assessed used of the score results of DSM- IV Harvard Trauma Questionnaire– Bosnia and Herzegovina version (the experimental group with high indicative PTSD and control group without moderate PTSD). Accuracy of recognition of seven facially expressed emotions was investigated. The authors presented results of significantly lower (p<.05) recognition accuracy in experimental group for all studied emotions with exception of emotion of sadness. Also, recognition of negative emotions are more accurate (p<.05). These findings suggest that emotional stress leads to a less accurate recognition of facially expressed emotions especially positive valence emotions.

Conflicts of Interest: experiences of close relatives of patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Bolmsjö ◽  
Göran Hermerén
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Terminally Ill ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Ethical Problems ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

It is well known that close relatives of terminally ill patients endure great emotional stress. Many factors, such as existential concerns, contribute to the distress of these relatives. In this study, interviews were conducted to explore experiences concerning life restrictions, emotional distress, and limited support, in a group of close relatives of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The purpose was to identify, illuminate and clarify ethical problems related to these experiences. The results indicate that close relatives of patients with ALS need someone to talk to, as well as more information about the disease and its process. Furthermore, the study illustrates how ethical problems are related to choices and conflicts, and that a process including shared decision making is often an ideal when trying to find a solution to ethical problems.

Abstract P181: Musical Improvisation In Labile Hypertension

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Corbett ◽  
Mark W Nickels ◽  
Christopher D Azzara ◽  
John D Bisognano
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Emotional Distress ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Relaxation Techniques ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Negative Thoughts ◽  
Musical Improvisation ◽  
The Impact

Background: Patients with labile hypertension experience transient but substantial increases in blood pressure, usually surrounding episodes of emotional distress and anxiety. Inability to express negative emotions may also play a substantial role. Most psychological interventions are aimed at blunting the stress response to anxiety or distress (i.e. mindfulness techniques). We hypothesize that musical improvisation therapy may blunt emotional response but may also decrease brain activity associated with negative thinking and emotions. Materials/methods: We surveyed 20 individuals with labile hypertension. Subjects completed a pre- and post-intervention and also had their blood pressure checked pre- and post-intervention. The intervention involved subjects actively engaging in a roughly one hour-long interactive musical improvisation simulation delivered via electronic media. Results: Nine out of 20 participants had a positive responsive to the exercise (SBP drop > 10mmHg). Fifty-eight percent of all subjects and 63% of positive responders felt the exercise made them feel less self-conscious and self-critical. Sixty-seven percent of all subjects who endorsed struggling with mindfulness felt that this exercise would help them practice mindfulness more regularly. Discussion: One of the most difficult judgments to make is whether a patient’s office hypertension is due to isolated “white coat spike” or whether the elevated readings represent a potentially physically damaging recurring hyperadrenergic response to life stressors. Most efforts of combating labile hypertension, such as yoga and relaxation techniques, aim at blunting the stress response, but results are variable. Yet, labile hypertension may well additionally be linked to inhibition of the expression of negative emotions. The neural complexes involved in musical improvisation appear to not only increase pleasure but also decrease activity in brain structures associated with negative thoughts and emotions. Conclusion: Our data supports the conclusion that musical improvising has the potential to both blunt emotional distress (i.e. through mindfulness) and decrease negative thoughts and emotions. Both pathways can potentially lessen the impact of labile hypertension.

scholarly journals A Mixed-Effects Location Scale Model for Dyadic Interactions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Rast ◽  
Emilio Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Random Effects ◽  
Monte Carlo Methods ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Dyadic Interactions ◽  
Scale Parameters ◽  
Mean Structures

We present a mixed-effects location scale model (MELSM) for examining thedaily dynamics of affect in dyads. The MELSM includes person and timevarying variables to predict the location, or individual means, and the scale,or within-person variances. It also incorporates a sub-model to account forbetween-person variances. The dyadic specification can accommodate individual and partner effects in both the location and the scale components,and allows random effects for all location and scale parameters. All covariances among the random effects, within and across the location and the scaleare also estimated. These covariances offer new insights into the interplayof individual mean structures, intra-individual variability, and the influenceof partner effects on such factors. To illustrate the model, we use data from274 couples who provided daily ratings on their positive and negative emotions toward their relationship – up to 90 consecutive days. The model is fitusing Hamiltonian Monte Carlo methods, and includes subsets of predictorsin order to demonstrate the flexibility of this approach. We conclude witha discussion on the usefulness and the limitations of the MELSM for dyadicresearch.

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