scholarly journals Implications of individual differences, social-structural constraints, and choice for STEM representation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenton M. Wiernik ◽  
Bart Wille ◽  
Anne-Grit Albrecht ◽  
Karl J. Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Career Guidance ◽  
Goal Pursuit ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Structural Inequities ◽  
Individual Choices

In this commentary on Miner et al. (2018), we highlight the role of both individual differences and social-structural factors for gender representation in STEM. We emphasize that women are active agents in guiding their own careers and that women make choices which optimize their goal pursuit in light of their individual differences traits, personal experiences, and environmental contexts. We discuss implications for career guidance and other areas of I–O practice that recognizes women’s agency in choosing their own career goals. Recognizing the role of individual choices in guiding careers does not preclude the existence or influence of social-structural factors on these choices and is not an “excuse” to justify societal or structural inequities. Addressing gender differences in STEM representation requires understanding the choices women make about their careers and the factors influencing these choices.

Ties that Bind?

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILL H. MOORE ◽  
DAVID R. DAVIS
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
General Model ◽  
International Conflict ◽  
Conflict Behavior ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
International Interactions ◽  
The Impact

In this article, the authors develop and empirically evaluate a general model of the linkages between domestic and international conflict behavior. Much of the literature on domestic international interactions has focused on the structural constraints of the international and domestic systems on leaders' foreign policy decisions. Rather than focusing on structural constraints, the present authors model the influence of the behavior of domestic and international rivals on leader decision making. The impact of rivals' behavior on conflict across the domestic-international nexus has been neglected relative to the role of structural factors. This study helps redress that imbalance. The authors test their model with a statistical analysis of Zaire during the period 1975 to 1992 and find substantial support for the model.

Interest as the Missing Motivator in Self-Regulation

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Sansone ◽  
Dustin B. Thoman
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Goal Pursuit ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Goal Striving ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Performance

Abstract. Typically, models of self-regulation include motivation in terms of goals. Motivation is proposed to fluctuate according to how much individuals value goals and expect to attain them. Missing from these models is the motivation that arises from the process of goal-pursuit. We suggest that an important aspect of self-regulation is monitoring and regulating our motivation, not just our progress toward goals. Although we can regulate motivation by enhancing the value or expectancy of attaining the outcome, we suggest that regulating the interest experience can be just as, if not more, powerful. We first present our model, which integrates self-regulation of interest within the goal-striving process. We then briefly review existing evidence, distinguishing between two broad classes of potential interest-enhancing strategies: intrapersonal and interpersonal. For each class of strategies we note what is known about developmental and individual differences in whether and how these kinds of strategies are used. We also discuss implications, including the potential trade-offs between regulating interest and performance, and how recognizing the role of the interest experience may shed new light on earlier research in domains such as close relationships, psychiatric disorders, and females' choice to drop out of math and science.

scholarly journals Why still marry? The role of feelings in the persistence of marriage as an institution

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Candeloro Billari ◽  
Aart C. Liefbroer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Partner Relationship ◽  
Affective Evaluation ◽  
Moderating Factors ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
Cognitive Decision

Despite cohabitation becoming increasingly equivalent to marriage in some of the most ‘advanced’ Western European societies, the vast majority of people still marry. Why so? Existing theories, mostly based on various approaches tied to cognitive decision‐making, do not provide a sufficient explanation of the persistence of marriage. In this article, we argue that feelings attached to marriage, i.e. the affective evaluation of those involved in a partner relationship concerning marriage as opposed to cohabitation, explain the persistent importance of marriage as an institution. We argue that socialization, biological and social‐structural factors affect these affective evaluations. We provide a test of our hypotheses using a longitudinal study of young adults in the Netherlands. The results of our analyses are consistent with a central role of feelings in the decision to marry, as well as with a role for key moderating factors such as gender.

scholarly journals The Role of Self-Awareness and Problem-Solving Orientation for the Instrumentality of Goal-Related Means

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Kreibich ◽  
Marie Hennecke ◽  
Veronika Brandstätter
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Goal Pursuit ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Personal Goal ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Longitudinal Support ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract. Successful goal striving hinges on the selection of instrumental means. The current research investigates individual differences in self-awareness as a predictor for means instrumentality. This effect should be mediated by the tendency of self-aware individuals to approach the process of goal pursuit in a way that is problem-solving-oriented. Four studies ( N1a = 123, N1b = 169, N2 = 353, N3 = 118) were conducted to explore the positive relation between self-awareness and means instrumentality via heightened levels of problem-solving orientation. Studies 1a and 1b found cross-sectional support for the relation between dispositional self-awareness and problem-solving orientation. Study 2 (preregistered) replicated this finding and provided experimental evidence for the hypothesized mediation model. Finally, Study 3 found longitudinal support that dispositional self-awareness and problem-solving orientation predict self-reported means instrumentality and, beyond this, participants’ objective exam grades. This research emphasizes the crucial role of individual differences in self-awareness for an important self-regulatory process, that is, the selection of instrumental means in personal goal pursuit.

The role of the settlement area in British race relations

1969 ◽  
Vol 1 (S1) ◽  
pp. 163-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Lyon
Keyword(s):  
Race Relations ◽  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Settlement Area ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
The Way

This paper attempts to analyse some of the local social structural factors accounting for racial attitudes towards coloured settlers, and will concentrate particularly on the way in which the coloured settlement zones, often known loosely as ghettos, promote the formation of racial attitudes and relationships in Britain.

“Groupy” Allies Are More Beneficial While “Groupy” Enemies Are More Harmful

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 925-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianning Dang ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Deyun Ren ◽  
Zibei Gu
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Group ◽  
Functional Relation ◽  
Target Group ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Interethnic Relations ◽  
Functional Relations ◽  
Real Group ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
People’S Perception

Previous research about group perception in terms of warmth and competence focused on the effects of social structural factors but overlooked the role of the fundamental group characteristic (i.e., entitativity or groupiness). Three studies were conducted to examine people’s perception of high/low entitativity groups under various functional relations. In Study 1, we experimentally created the target group (i.e., Group X) and manipulated entitativity and functional relation. In Studies 2 and 3, we chose a real group (i.e., Uyghurs) as the target group and measured cues to entitativity (Study 2) or entitativity itself (Study 3) and interethnic relations. In all studies, participants rated the target group on warmth and competence dimensions. The results suggested that, under cooperative functional relation, the group with higher entitativity was perceived as more competent and warmer, thereby more beneficial. Conversely, when the functional relation was conflictive, the group with higher entitativity was perceived as more competent but colder, and thus more harmful.

scholarly journals “Prisons Were Made for People Like Us”: British Pakistani Muslim Experiences Upon Release From Prison

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-419
Author(s):  
Mohammed Qasim ◽  
Colin Webster
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Social Structural ◽  
Individual Choices ◽  
Release From Prison

British Muslim young men who offend upon reentry from prison reported that “Prisons were made for people like us.” At one level, this meant that the challenges they faced were likely to be intractable and insurmountable, regrettably returning them to prison. At another, their social integration after release from prison was hampered by something more than their individual choices and agency. Cycling between neighborhood, offending, and prison, it was their characteristic social relations and the peculiar social structural constraints placed upon them as a group that best explained their experiences upon release from prison.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document