scholarly journals Status, rivalry and admiration-seeking in narcissism and depression: a behavioral study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Szücs ◽  
Katalin Szanto ◽  
Jade Adalbert ◽  
Aidan G.C. Wright ◽  
Luke Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Video Game ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms ◽  
Status Rivalry

Humans seek admiration to boost their social rank and engage in rivalry to protect it when fearing defeat. Traits such as narcissism and affective states such as depression are thought to influence perception of rank and motivation for dominance in opposite ways, but evidence of the underlying behavioral mechanisms is scant. We investigated the effects of trait dominance, dimensionally-assessed narcissism, and depression on behavioral responses to social defeat in a rigged video game tournament designed to elicit rivalry (stealing points from opponents) and admiration-seeking (paying for rank). We tested an undergraduate sample (N = 70, mean age = 21.5 years) and a clinical sample of predominantly depressed elderly (N = 85, mean age = 62.6 years). Both rivalry and admiration-seeking increased with time on task and were particularly enhanced in individuals high in trait dominance or narcissism. Participants engaged in more rivalry when pitted against high-ranked opponents, a tendency accentuated by trait dominance and partially mitigated by depression. Our findings provide behavioral evidence that social dominance and narcissism manifest in increased rivalry and admiration-seeking during social contests. Depression does not suppress general competitiveness but selectively inhibits upward-focused rivalry.

scholarly journals Status, rivalry and admiration-seeking in narcissism and depression: A behavioral study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0243588
Author(s):  
Anna Szücs ◽  
Katalin Szanto ◽  
Jade Adalbert ◽  
Aidan G. C. Wright ◽  
Luke Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Video Game ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Social Defeat ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms ◽  
Status Rivalry

Humans seek admiration to boost their social rank and engage in rivalry to protect it when fearing defeat. Traits such as narcissism and affective states such as depression are thought to influence perception of rank and motivation for dominance in opposite ways, but evidence of the underlying behavioral mechanisms is scant. We investigated the effects of dimensionally-assessed narcissism and depression on behavioral responses to social defeat in a rigged video game tournament designed to elicit rivalry (stealing points from opponents) and admiration-seeking (paying for rank). We tested an undergraduate sample (N = 70, mean age = 21.5 years) and a clinical sample of predominantly depressed elderly (N = 85, mean age = 62.6 years). Both rivalry and admiration-seeking increased with time on task and were particularly enhanced in individuals high in narcissism. Participants engaged in more rivalry when pitted against high-ranked opponents, but depression partially mitigated this tendency. Our findings provide behavioral evidence that narcissism manifests in increased rivalry and admiration-seeking during social contests. Depression does not suppress general competitiveness but selectively inhibits upward-focused rivalry.

scholarly journals Increased Conformity to Social Hierarchy Under Public Eyes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daeeun Kim ◽  
JuYoung Kim ◽  
Hackjin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Fear Of Negative Evaluation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
The Social

Why would people conform more to others with higher social positions? People may place higher confidence in the opinions of those who rank higher in the social hierarchy, or they may wish to make better impressions on people of higher social status. We investigated how individual preferences for novel stimuli are influenced by the preferences of others in the social hierarchy and whether anonymity affects such preference changes. After manipulation of their social rank, participants were asked to indicate how much they liked or disliked a series of images. Then, they were shown the rating given to each image by a partner (either inferior or superior in social rank) and were given a chance to adjust their ratings. The participants were more likely to change their preferences to match those of a superior partner in the public vs. private condition. The tendency to conform to the views of the superior partner was stronger among those with higher social dominance orientation (SDO) and those with greater fear of negative evaluation (FNE) by others. Altogether, the findings suggest that the motivation to make better impressions on people of higher social status can be the major driver of conformity to others with higher social positions.

Social Dominance and Leadership

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Martin ◽  
Yotam Heineberg
Keyword(s):  
Transformational Leadership ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Leadership Capacity ◽  
Negative Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship

Leadership is usually a mandatory component of business education. Here we used the model of transformational leadership, and operationalized leadership consistently with the Values in Action Leadership scale. Social dominance orientation is a hierarchical belief-system that attributes social rank, ranging from high to low. Business students have been found to have higher levels of Social Dominance Orientation (SDO. Accordingly, 371 working business students were sampled to establish the relationship between SDO and transformational leadership capacity. The mediational impact of compassion was assessed. This study found high levels of competitive and hierarchical world conceptualization was significantly and sometimes strongly negatively linked to these constructs (Martin et al., 2014). We also discuss preliminary results of an interpersonal compassion-based intervention. The research suggests the opportunity to broaden psychological well-being of employees with impactful interventions, since negative behaviors within an institution can raise healthcare costs and lower job performance.

scholarly journals The glucocorticoid receptor in the nucleus accumbens plays a crucial role in social rank attainment in rodents

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurélie Papilloud ◽  
Meltem Weger ◽  
Alexandre Bacq ◽  
Ioannis Zalachoras ◽  
Fiona Hollis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Social Species ◽  
High Anxious ◽  
A Cell

AbstractSocial hierarchy in social species is usually established through competitive encounters with conspecifics. It determines the access to limited resources and, thus, leads to reduced fights among individuals within a group. Despite the known importance of social rank for health and well-being, the knowledge about the processes underlying rank attainment remains limited. Previous studies have highlighted the nucleus accumbens (NAc) as a key brain region in the attainment of social hierarchies in rodents. In addition, glucocorticoids and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) have been implicated in the establishment of social hierarchies and social aversion. However, whether GR in the NAc is involved in social dominance is not yet known. To address this question, we first established that expression levels of GR in the NAc of high anxious, submissive-prone rats are lower than that of their low anxious, dominant-prone counterparts. Furthermore, virally-induced downregulation of GR expression in the NAc in rats led to an improvement of social dominance rank. We found a similar result in a cell-specific mouse model lacking GR in dopaminoceptive neurons (i.e., neurons containing dopamine receptors). Indeed, when cohabitating in dyads of mixed genotypes, mice deficient for GR in dopaminoceptive neurons had a higher probability to become dominant than wild-type mice. Overall, our results highlight GR in the NAc and in dopaminoceptive neurons as an important regulator of social rank attainment.

scholarly journals Change in social rank and brain dopamine levels: findings from a novel pig model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui G. Cheng ◽  
Abiy M. Mohammed ◽  
Anthony P. Pease ◽  
Joshua Gehrke ◽  
George Bohart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Housing ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Pig Model ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Social Ranking ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Csf Levels

AbstractDopamine (DA) signaling is central in hypothesized causal paths linking the influence of social and environmental variables with cognition, behavior and affective states, including vulnerability to drug dependence. Here, we study whether change in one’s social rank induces DA and norepinephrine (NE) changes using a novel pig model with a social-ranking-and-re-ranking protocol to investigate social context influences on catecholamine concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. For two weeks, 16 recently weaned male piglets were socially housed in four groups, with video-recordings for social rank assessments (α, β, γ, and δ); CSF and blood were obtained from these stable social groups. Next, all four α were housed together, as were all four β, etc., again with video recording for blinded social ranking. CSF and blood samples were collected at three time points: prior to initial social housing, following social housing and following re-organization. Regression analyses disclosed a positive relationship between changes in social rank and post-rank change in CSF levels of DA; one unit increase of social rank predicted a 17.4 pg/ml increase in CSF dopamine concentrations (95% CI= 1.2, 33.7). Compared to piglets with downward shifts in ranks (i.e., high-to-low), piglets with upward shifts (i.e., low-to-high) had a statistically significant greater increase in CSF DA levels. No relationship was observed for CSF NE or blood concentrations of DA or NE at any phase of this experiment. This work, using a novel pig model, adds new evidence on alteration of the brain dopaminergic system induced by social rank change.

scholarly journals Social dominance and wheel running in females of Djungarian hamster (Phodopus sungorus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Marcin T. Górecki ◽  
Bożena Błaszczyk
Keyword(s):  
Social Dominance ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Phodopus Sungorus ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Djungarian Hamster ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
Rewarding Effect ◽  
Male House

AbstractWheel running is a behaviour that has a rewarding effect on animals. There are not numerous papers investigating potential relationships between social rank and wheel running in mammals kept in groups, and the majority of published researches were conducted on male house mice (Mus musculus). The aim of our study was to investigate if social dominance and wheel running are related in female Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Hamsters were kept in groups, and social position of every animal was expressed as dominance index calculated on the basis of agonistic behaviour. We found significant positive correlation between dominance index and wheel running (rs = 0.809, n = 18, P < 0.0001), thus dominants used wheel more often than subordinates. Our results are consistent with those published on male mice. In conclusion, we claim that in majority of mammals (independent of their sex) kept in groups with restricted possibility of wheel running, dominants use wheel more often (or in optimal time) than subordinates, what is consistent with the fact that dominants have priority of access to resources.

A brief new measure of trauma, relationship security, and affect across the lifespan: Development and initial validation of the Lifespan Negative Experiences Scale (LiNES)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Mayberry ◽  
Markus Reuber ◽  
Glenn Waller ◽  
Liat Levita
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Interpersonal Trauma ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Negative Experiences

Background. Negative experiences across the lifespan – particularly interpersonal trauma (e.g., abuse/neglect), negative affective states (e.g., feeling afraid or anxious), and relationship insecurity (e.g., not feeling secure) have been associated with a range of adverse physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood. However, negative previous life experiences are not always assessed when people present to services, particularly physical health services, and there are problems with existing measures, which are long and intrusive, and only ask about either current or childhood experiences without capturing other factors likely to affect resilience. Methods. Based on existing research, items were generated for a new measure called the Lifespan Negative Experiences Scale (LiNES), which was designed to retrospectively assess experiences of interpersonal trauma, relationship security, and affect at three developmental stages – childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Principal components analysis and regression were used to refine and validate the LiNES using data from a non-clinical sample. Results. The final version of the LiNES contains 13 items, optionally used to ask about three developmental stages. It was found to be reliable and valid. In addition, LiNES scores at each developmental stage significantly predicted both physical symptom reporting and emotional processing difficulties in adulthood. Conclusions. The LiNES is a brief new measure of negative life experiences capable of retrospectively capturing data from three developmental stages. This study provides an initial indication, based on non-clinical data, that the LiNES could be relevant in a range of settings, including physical and mental health settings, and for future research applications.

The relationship between live-weight and herbage intake in grazing cattle

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson ◽  
J. M. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Social Dominance ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Mixed Age

Six dry cows, six in-calf heifers and six yearling calves grazed in groups of six, arranged either in single age groups or mixed age groups; the arrangements alternated, and each was repeated three times in a continuous grazing sequence with six-day periods. All the animals grazed together for a preliminary period of seven days. Under each arrangement the cattle grazed on a mature sward for two periods, and on an aftermath for one period. Access to fresh and grazed herbage was restricted by electric fences which were moved daily, but the amount of fresh herbage offered was well in excess of appetite at all times.Records of live-weight, herbage intake, grazing behaviour and social dominance ranking were obtained for all individuals. There was a close relationship between live-weight (LW) and herbage organic matter intake (OMI) in each grazing period, and the regression equations for the six periods were very similar. The best-fit exponent of LW for the pooled results was 0·61±0·038; this was significantly different from 0·73 and 1·0. The exponent increased to 0·71±0·045 when the cow data were excluded. The inclusion of weight change as a third variable was only of value in the mature sward.The calves ate significantly more, and the cows tended to eat more, when grazing in mixed age groups. These differences could not be explained by differences in the time spent grazing.There were high simple correlations between LW and OMI, between social dominance rank and OMI, and between LW and rank, particularly in the mixed age groups. When variations in LW were excluded, dominance rank had little influence on OMI in the mixed age groups, but the independent effects of LW and social rank on OMI were of approximately equal importance in the single age groups.

scholarly journals Personal values in mental disorders: an exploratory analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Socci ◽  
Dalila Talevi ◽  
Paolo Stratta ◽  
Alessandro Rossi ◽  
Francesca Pacitti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Positive Affectivity ◽  
Conservation Values

AbstractPersonal values have increasingly become central in socio-psychological research. However, the relationships between values and psychopathological variables have been scarcely investigated, with mixed results. This study aimed to explore potential differences in value orientation in a sample of people with psychotic disorders and mood disorders compared to a non-clinical sample using the Schwarz’s values framework. A clinical sample of 162 subjects (92 subjects with psychotic disorders and 70 with mood disorders) and a non-clinical sample of 217 subjects completed the self-report measures of affective states (PANAS) and personal values (PVQ). Irrespective of the diagnostic group, the clinical sample showed higher expression of Conservation values (i.e., Tradition, Conformity, Security). Conservation and Self-enhancement values positively correlated with PANAS-positive affectivity in the clinical sample; in the non-clinical sample, Self-enhancement values only correlated with PANAS-positive affectivity. The expression of Conservation values in individuals with a mental disorder could reflect an orientation toward Conformity underlying fundamental affiliative goals. The complex relationship between personal values and clinical constructs should be further investigated, with important theoretical and clinical implications in mental health.

scholarly journals Feeding, Resting and Agonistic Behavior of Pregnant Boer Goats in Relation to Feeding Space Allowance

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 1133-1142
Author(s):  
Mesut Yıldırır ◽  
Gürbüz Daş ◽  
Christian Lambertz ◽  
Mathias Gauly
Keyword(s):  
Social Dominance ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Dominance Index ◽  
Continuous Sampling ◽  
Feeding Duration ◽  
Meat Goats ◽  
Boer Goats

AbstractThe aim of this study was to test the effect of the animal to feeding place ratio on behavior of meat goats during gestation. In one group (FP-1.0; n=10) every goat had a single feeding place while in the other group (FP-0.5; n=10) two goats had to share one feeding place. Behaviors were analyzed with the continuous sampling method for 24 h for each animal. Social dominance index was used by ranking individuals as low-, medium- and high-ranking according to withdrawal and displacement behaviors. Total daily feeding duration decreased (P=0.001) from 5.2 h to 4.2 h by reducing feeding place. Feeding duration was neither affected by social rank (P=0.362) nor its interaction with feeding place (P=0.159). Feeding frequency was higher in FP-0.5 than FP-1.0 (P=0.001). Low-ranking goats had a higher feeding frequency (P<0.001). Resting duration (lying and standing) decreased in medium- and low-ranking goats in FP-0.5 (P=0.001) while all rank categories were similar in FP-1.0. Competition behaviors increased (P=0.001) in medium- and low-ranked goats in FP-0.5 but were similar between rank categories in FP-1.0. Feeding place and social rank had an effect (P≤0.009) on some of the agonistic behaviors. Agonistic interactions such as displacement, butting and ignoring were affected by the interaction of feeding place and social rank (P≤0.005). In conclusion, the reduction of the number of feeding places from 1.0 to 0.5 per goat in pregnant hornless Boer goats negatively affected feeding, competition, resting and aggressive behaviors, whereas low-ranking animals suffered more from competition and aggression behaviors.

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