The ontogeny of children's social emotions in response to (un)fairness
Humans have a deeply-rooted sense of fairness, but its emotional foundation in early ontogeny remains poorly understood. Here, we ask if and when children show negative social emotions, such as shame or guilt, in response to advantageous unfairness expressed through a lowered body posture (measured using a Kinect depth sensor imaging camera). We will present young children across the age range of 4 to 9 years with a scenario in which one child (the actor) chooses between two opaque boxes each containing rewards. We then manipulate whether the actor’s box contains 4 rewards or 1 reward (while the other box always contains 1) and measure children’s emotional expression. In a nonsocial context, i.e., when the resource distribution affects only the acting child, we expect that children will express a positive emotion (an elevated posture) after receiving 4 rewards and a negative emotion (a lowered posture) after receiving 1 reward. The crucial question we ask is if and when in ontogeny children express social emotions in response to (un)fairness. In a social context, i.e., when the reward distribution affects the acting child and a peer recipient, receiving 4 rewards while a peer receives 1 reward should result in a negative social emotion similar to shame or guilt (lowered posture), whereas a 1-1 fair split should result in a positive emotion similar to pride (elevated posture). The systematic study of children’s social emotions across a wide age range will shed new light on emotional foundation of the human sense of fairness.