scholarly journals Evaluation of Inequality Constrained Hypotheses Using a Generalization of the AIC

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasin Altinisik ◽  
Caspar J. Van Lissa ◽  
Herbert Hoijtink

In the social and behavioral sciences, it is often not interesting to evaluate the null hypothesis by means of a p-value. Researchers are often more interested in quantifying the evidence in the data (as opposed to using p-values) with respect to their own expectationsrepresented by equality and/or inequality constrained hypotheses (as opposed to the null hypothesis). This article proposes an Akaike-type information criterion (AIC; Akaike, 1973, 1974) called the generalized order-restricted information criterion approximation (GORICA) that evaluates (in)equality constrained hypotheses under a very broad range of statistical models. The results of five simulation studies provide empirical evidence showing that the performance of the GORICA on selecting the best hypothesis out of a set of (in)equality constrained hypotheses is convincing. To illustrate the use of the GORICA, the expectations of researchers are investigated in a logistic regression, multilevel regression, and structural equation model.

Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Serang ◽  
James Sears

Understanding causal effects of a treatment is often of interest in the social sciences. When treatments cannot be randomly assigned, researchers must ensure that treated and untreated participants are balanced on covariates before estimating treatment effects. Conventional practices are useful in matching such that treated and untreated participants have similar average values on their covariates. However, situations arise in which a researcher may instead want to match on model parameters. We propose an algorithm, Causal Mplus Trees, which uses decision trees to match on structural equation model parameters and estimates conditional average treatment effects in each node. We provide a proof of concept using two small simulation studies and demonstrate its application using COVID-19 data.


Retos ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 653-663
Author(s):  
Andrés Gómez-Acosta ◽  
Constanza Londoño

Hace falta evidencia acerca de la sinergia entre los factores psicológicos y contextuales que subyacen a la práctica simultánea de las conductas del balance energético corporal [BEC] (actividad física [AF], alimentación saludable [AS] y sueño de calidad [SC]). Por ello, se busca identificar si el optimismo disposicional [OD], flexibilidad en regulación emocional [RE], las creencias compensatorias en salud [CCS] y factores ambientales – socioculturales, predicen los dominios conductuales señalados en adultos, a través de un Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales [MEE]. Para ello, se dispuso de una investigación explicativa trasversal con una muestra de 300 participantes, que diligenciaron un cuadernillo compuesto por instrumentos psicométricos validados (uno por cada variable indagada). Los resultados establecieron que la tendencia a la realización de las conductas el BEC es predicha por los factores contextuales referidos y las variables psicológicas evaluadas (R=.54, valor p < .05). Se valida un modelo hipotético que incorpora el agregado conductual del sueño en la ecuación del BEC, susceptible de modificación e inclusión de nuevas variables.  Abstract. There is a lack of evidence about the synergy between the psychological and contextual factors that underlie the simultaneous practice of the behavioral domains of the Body Energy Balance [BEB] (Physical Activity [PA], Healthy Eating [HE] & Quality Sleep [QS]). Therefore, we seek to identify whether dispositional optimism [DO], emotion regulation [ER] flexibility, compensatory health beliefs [CHB], and environmental-sociocultural factors, predict behaviors of the body energy balance [BEB] in adults, through a Structural Equation Model [SEM]. To do this, cross-sectional explanatory research was available with a sample of 300 participants, who completed a booklet made up of validated psychometric instruments (one for each variable investigated). The results established that the tendency to perform the BEB behaviors is predicted by the contextual factors referred to, and the psychological variables were evaluated (R=.54, p-value < .05). A hypothetical model that incorporates the behavioral aggregate of sleep in the BEB equation is validated, subject to modification and inclusion of new variables.


Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Green Howard ◽  
Penny Gordon-Larsen ◽  
Amy Herring ◽  
Shufa Du ◽  
Barry Popkin

Background: Urbanization is associated with a decline in physical activity and an increase in CVD, particularly hypertension in lower and middle income countries. We investigate the impact of modernization-related declines in physical activity and pathways through body mass to hypertension in Chinese adults. Methods: Data come from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), a household-based study that covers 9 diverse Chinese provinces from 1991 to 2009 across eight waves of data (n=12,018 adults; aged 18-66). We used detailed activity recall across multiple domains (leisure, work, and home), 3 repeated 24-hour-dietary-recalls, measured anthropometry and blood pressure at each exam. We created a multi-level structural equation model in Mplus to estimate direct pathways from specific domains of physical activity to hypertension and indirect paths through BMI. All pathways, including pathways to physical activity domains, were adjusted for gender, age, socioeconomic factors, urbanicity and region. Hypertension-related dietary factors were included in all pathways to BMI and hypertension. Results: The impact of physical activity on hypertension was most notable in the direct pathway to hypertension. Occupational and leisure activity were significantly associated with hypertension (p-value < 0.001), and individuals who were more active were less likely to have hypertension. Estimated from this model, a typical active, highly-educated, high-income middle aged female has a 12% probability of having hypertension, compared to a 43% probability for a similar non-active woman. There was however no direct association between physical activity and BMI. Conclusions: In China, declining physical activity over 18 years of modernization is strongly and directly related to increasing hypertension prevalence, with little evidence for effects along the pathway through BMI. Given continued declines in leisure and occupational activity, it is unlikely that hypertension will decline without additional intervention.


2021 ◽  
pp. 107699862110565
Author(s):  
Steffen Nestler ◽  
Oliver Lüdtke ◽  
Alexander Robitzsch

The social relations model (SRM) is very often used in psychology to examine the components, determinants, and consequences of interpersonal judgments and behaviors that arise in social groups. The standard SRM was developed to analyze cross-sectional data. Based on a recently suggested integration of the SRM with structural equation models (SEM) framework, we show here how longitudinal SRM data can be analyzed using the SR-SEM. Two examples are presented to illustrate the model, and we also present the results of a small simulation study comparing the SR-SEM approach to a two-step approach. Altogether, the SR-SEM has a number of advantages compared to earlier suggestions for analyzing longitudinal SRM data, making it extremely useful for applied research.


Author(s):  
Pinghao Ye ◽  
Liqiong Liu ◽  
Linxia Gao ◽  
Quanjun Mei

Customer satisfaction (CS) is an important factor determining the success of online clothing shopping. This document tries to analyze factors affecting CS towards online clothing shopping through a systematic study, in a bid to help online clothing retailers improve CS for higher sales. Based on the social support theory, the authors created a model of factors affecting CS towards online clothing shopping and conducted a questionnaire survey to obtain customer feedback, which was then analyzed through a structural equation model. The analysis results indicate that sensory experience (SE), quality experience (QE), trust (TR), and recommendation (RE) exerted favorable effects on CS towards online clothing shopping, and CS, as a mediating variable, affected customer loyalty (CL), and purchase intention (PI) positively.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 9889
Author(s):  
Md. Alamgir Hossain ◽  
Nusrat Jahan ◽  
Minho Kim

This study examines the antecedents of social commerce intention by conceptualizing a model that includes two exogenous variables; relationship quality and social support, and an endogenous variable; social commerce, along with a mediation effect of relationship quality and moderation effect of cultures. This research model is tested by survey data collected in the United States and Korea, analyzed by a structural equation model. The results reveal that relationship quality generates the social commerce intention through commitment, satisfaction and trust, and becomes a maiden study with its mediating effect on social commerce intention. Social commerce intention is highly representative of social sharing and social shopping on social media. The social support is measured through emotional and informational support, proving to be a stronger predictor of relationship quality and social commerce intention. In addition, social support articulates differences in respect to the cultural differences. The model offers valuable insights to researchers and practitioners that aims to improve social commerce intention.


2005 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Algesheimer ◽  
Utpal M. Dholakia ◽  
Andreas Herrmann

The authors develop and estimate a conceptual model of how different aspects of customers’ relationships with the brand community influence their intentions and behaviors. The authors describe how identification with the brand community leads to positive consequences, such as greater community engagement, and negative consequences, such as normative community pressure and (ultimately) reactance. They examine the moderating effects of customers’ brand knowledge and the brand community's size and test their hypotheses by estimating a structural equation model with survey data from a sample of European car club members.


Author(s):  
C. Catur Widayati ◽  
Agus Arijanto ◽  
Purnamawati Helen Widjaja ◽  
Magito Magito ◽  
Wahyu Anggraini

This study aims to determine the effect of education and training, motivation, and knowledge sharing on employee performance at PT Telkom Akses BSD. This study was conducted on 127 respondents using a quantitative descriptive approach with the non-probability sampling method of the Slovin formula. The data analysis used is the Component or Variance Based Structural Equation Model and processed with the Partial Least Square (Smart-PLS) version 3.0 PLS program. The results of this study indicate that Education and Training, Motivation and Knowledge Sharing have a simultaneous and partial effect on employee performance at PT Telkom Akses BSD because it has a T-Statistic value>1.96 and a P-value <0.05. Knowledge Sharing has the greatest influence with the amount of influence of 0.372


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (06) ◽  
pp. 837-845
Author(s):  
Udin Suadma ◽  
◽  
Sutjipto a ◽  
Suratno b ◽  
Mattjik c ◽  
...  

BUM Desa in Banten Province has not been maximized in improving the economy of the Village community as shown by the many inactive BUM Desa. BUM Desa has not been able to create business diversification that comes from financial performance in this study, namely Return on Investment (ROI). A total of 80 BUM Desa were studied as a result of purposive sampling from a population of 688 BUM Desa in Banten Province. The criteria for selecting samples were (1) registered BUM Desa (2) BUM Desa is active, and (3) active Village BUM that has capital ≥ Rp. 30,000,000. This study uses explanatory and descriptive methods using data analysis tools Partial Least Square Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM). The results showed that financial performance had a positive effect on the Village-Owned Enterprise Diversification stage with t-value = 4.527, p-value = 0.000 <0.05, meaning that Ha was not enough data to accept Ho and data supporting Ho was rejected. Based on the description of the results and the study shows that good financial performance means being able to generate profits from sales and total assets, as well as capital. Meanwhile, diversification can be created if the turnover of working capital occurs quickly. The faster the working capital rotates, the better the BUM Desas financial performance will be. Therefore, BUM Desa has high financial performance can diversify investment.


Author(s):  
Ni Luh Komang Try Widyantari ◽  
Ida Bagus Teddy Prianthara

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memotret keberhasilan SIMRS terhadap kualitas pelayanan selama Pandemi Covid-19 di Rumah Sakit Swasta di Bali. Penelitian ini telah dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Swasta di Bali yang memiliki dan menerapkan SIMRS dengan memberikan kuisioner kepada 100 responden. Data penelitian dianalisis dengan metode SEM (Structural Equation Model) menggunakan SmartPLS 3.3. Hasil penelitian ini adalah Safety Quality, System Quality, dan Information Quality dari SIMRS terbukti berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kualitas pelayanan Kesehatan selama pandemi covid-19 di RS Swasta di Bali (t-statistic > 1,96 dan p value < 0,05).  Service Quality dari SIMRS tidak terbukti berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kualitas pelayanan kesehatan selama pandemi covid-19 di RS Swasta di Bali (t-statistic < 1,96 dan p value > 0,05). System Quality dari SIMRS merupakan faktor yang paling dominan yang mempengaruhi kualitas pelayanan Kesehatan yang memiliki koefisien path 0,526.


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