scholarly journals Insta-learn: Face Stereotypes Emerge and Persist through Insufficient Statistical Learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuechunzi Bai ◽  
Stefan Uddenberg ◽  
Brandon P. Labbree ◽  
Alexander Todorov
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Initial Sample ◽  
Social Stereotypes ◽  
Cognitive Limitations ◽  
Level Statistics ◽  
The Face

Social stereotypes are prevalent and consequential, yet sometimes inaccurate. How do people learn these inaccurate beliefs in the first place and why do these beliefs persist in the face of counter evidence? Building on past research on cognitive limitations and environmental sample biases, we propose an integrative perspective: Insufficient statistical learning (Insta-learn). Instalearn posits that humans are active learners of the environment. Starting from a small sample, people are able to extract statistical patterns within the sample accurately and quickly. However, people do not continue sampling sufficiently. If they decide not to collect more samples once they are (prematurely) satisfied, inaccurate stereotypes can emerge even when more data would show otherwise. We investigated this hypothesis across six online experiments (N = 1565), using novel pairs of computer-generated faces and social behaviors. Fixing the population level statistics of face-behavior associations to zero and varying the initial sample statistics, we found that participants quickly learned the initial sample statistics (from as few as three examples) and persisted in using such spurious associations in their final decisions. Granting the sampling power to participants — samples were endogenously generated by participants and not defined by the experimenters — we found insufficient sampling caused spurious associations to persist. Insta-learn provides a domain-general framework for a mechanistic explanation of the emergence and persistence of social stereotypes.

scholarly journals Face Stereotypes from Insufficient Statistical Learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuechunzi Bai ◽  
Stefan Uddenberg ◽  
Brandon P. Labbree ◽  
Alexander Todorov
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Initial Sample ◽  
Social Stereotypes ◽  
Cognitive Limitations ◽  
Level Statistics ◽  
The Face

Social stereotypes are prevalent and consequential, yet sometimes inaccurate. How do people learn these inaccurate beliefs in the first place and why do these beliefs persist in the face of counter evidence? Building on past research on cognitive limitations and environmental sample biases, we propose an integrative perspective: Insufficient statistical learning (Insta-learn). Instalearn posits that humans are active learners of the environment. Starting from a small sample, people are able to extract statistical patterns within the sample accurately and quickly. However, people do not continue sampling sufficiently. If they decide not to collect more samples once they are (prematurely) satisfied, inaccurate stereotypes can emerge even when more data would show otherwise. We investigated this hypothesis across six online experiments (N = 1565), using novel pairs of computer-generated faces and social behaviors. Fixing the population level statistics of face-behavior associations to zero and varying the initial sample statistics, we found that participants quickly learned the initial sample statistics (from as few as three examples) and persisted in using such spurious associations in their final decisions. Granting the sampling power to participants — samples were endogenously generated by participants and not defined by the experimenters — we found insufficient sampling caused spurious associations to persist. Insta-learn provides a domain-general framework for a mechanistic explanation of the emergence and persistence of social stereotypes.

Using a simple direct-to-consumer marketing strategy to increase participation in parenting programs

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
R Salari ◽  
A Dahlberg ◽  
A Sarkadi ◽  
K Fängström
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Parenting Programs ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Direct To Consumer ◽  
Child Behavioural Problems ◽  
Consumer Marketing

Abstract Low participation in evidence-based parenting programs not only presents a major challenge for population trials where a minimum level of intervention exposure is necessary to detect population-level impact, but also undermines the incorporation of these programs into routine practice settings. As part of a large population trial, we aimed to increase participation in a series of parenting seminars by using a simple direct-to-consumer marketing strategy, i.e., redesigning the program flyer. We captured parents' attention by affirming that “parenting is not always easy”, highlighted the potential benefits of participation, clarified what participation entailed, and addressed some of the common barriers such as the stigma associated with participation in parenting programs. Because fathers and mothers were shown to have different needs, we tailored the flyers to mothers and fathers separately. Testing the flyers on a small sample of parents showed that both mothers and fathers perceived the flyers as relevant. As expected, mothers were more likely to express interest in the program when they saw the flyer which focused on benefits related to dealing with child behavioural problems and featured a mother-child dyad, while fathers preferred the flyer which highlighted the benefits related to dealing with emotional problems, and featured a father-child dyad. Next, following the same procedure that was used to deliver the original flyers over the first 18 months of the project, we used the new flyers to inform parents about the upcoming seminars over the next 24 months. The preliminary results showed that although the average number of parents participating in each seminar had initially decreased from about seven to four, after the introduction of the new flyers, the number increased consistently and reached an average of nine parents during the last 6-month period. The results shows that program uptake can be increased using simple direct-to-consumer marketing strategies.

scholarly journals A Connectome-Wide Functional Signature of Trait Anger

2021 ◽  
pp. 216770262110302
Author(s):  
M. Justin Kim ◽  
Maxwell L. Elliott ◽  
Annchen R. Knodt ◽  
Ahmad R. Hariri
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Trait Anger ◽  
Frontal Pole ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
The Right

Past research on the brain correlates of trait anger has been limited by small sample sizes, a focus on relatively few regions of interest, and poor test–retest reliability of functional brain measures. To address these limitations, we conducted a data-driven analysis of variability in connectome-wide functional connectivity in a sample of 1,048 young adult volunteers. Multidimensional matrix regression analysis showed that self-reported trait anger maps onto variability in the whole-brain functional connectivity patterns of three brain regions that serve action-related functions: bilateral supplementary motor areas and the right lateral frontal pole. We then demonstrate that trait anger modulates the functional connectivity of these regions with canonical brain networks supporting somatomotor, affective, self-referential, and visual information processes. Our findings offer novel neuroimaging evidence for interpreting trait anger as a greater propensity to provoked action, which supports ongoing efforts to understand its utility as a potential transdiagnostic marker for disordered states characterized by aggressive behavior.

scholarly journals Healthy ageing, resilience and wellbeing

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Cosco ◽  
K. Howse ◽  
C. Brayne
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Healthy Ageing ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Environmental Resources ◽  
Great Achievement ◽  
Health Concept ◽  
Ageing Model ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

The extension of life does not appear to be slowing, representing a great achievement for mankind as well as a challenge for ageing populations. As we move towards an increasingly older population we will need to find novel ways for individuals to make the best of the challenges they face, as the likelihood of encountering some form of adversity increases with age. Resilience theories share a common idea that individuals who manage to navigate adversity and maintain high levels of functioning demonstrate resilience. Traditional models of healthy ageing suggest that having a high level of functioning across a number of domains is a requirement. The addition of adversity to the healthy ageing model via resilience makes this concept much more accessible and more amenable to the ageing population. Through asset-based approaches, such as the invoking of individual, social and environmental resources, it is hoped that greater resilience can be fostered at a population level. Interventions aimed at fostering greater resilience may take many forms; however, there is great potential to increase social and environmental resources through public policy interventions. The wellbeing of the individual must be the focus of these efforts; quality of life is an integral component to the enjoyment of additional years and should not be overlooked. Therefore, it will become increasingly important to use resilience as a public health concept and to intervene through policy to foster greater resilience by increasing resources available to older people. Fostering wellbeing in the face of increasing adversity has significant implications for ageing individuals and society as a whole.

scholarly journals Changes in Urologic Operative Practice at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Large, National Cohort

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Lewicki ◽  
Camilo Arenas-Gallo ◽  
Spyridon P. Basourakos ◽  
Nahid Punjani ◽  
Siv Venkat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Reference Region ◽  
Hospital Level ◽  
Urologic Oncology ◽  
Average Change ◽  
The Face ◽  
National Cohort ◽  
Using Data

ObjectiveTo analyze population-level changes in operative practice since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic to contextualize observations made by individual practices and optimize future responses.Materials and MethodsThis US retrospective analysis used the Premier Perspectives Database. We investigated changes in operative volume through March 2020. Baseline operative volume for urologic surgery was calculated using data from the preceding 12 months and compared on a total and by procedure basis. Multivariable linear regression was used to identify hospital-level predictors of change in response to the pandemic.ResultsAt baseline, we captured 23,788 urologic procedural encounters per month as compared with 19,071 during March 2020– a 19.9% decrease. Urologic oncology-related cases were relatively preserved as compared to others (average change in March 2020: +1.1% versus -32.2%). Northeastern (β = -5.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -10.2 to -1.18, p = 0.013) and Midwestern hospitals (β = -4.17, 95% CI: -7.89 to -0.45, p = 0.027; both with South as reference region), and those with an increasing percentage of patients insured by Medicaid (β= -0.17 per percentage point, 95% CI: -0.33 to -0.01, p = 0.04) experienced a significantly larger decrease in volume.ConclusionsThere was a 20% decline in urologic operative volume in March 2020, compared with baseline, that preferentially affected hospitals serving Medicaid patients, and those in Northeast and Midwest. In the face of varying mandates on elective surgery, widespread declines in operative volume may also represent hesitancy on behalf of patients to interface with healthcare during the pandemic.

scholarly journals Representational drift in the mouse visual cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Deitch ◽  
Alon Rubin ◽  
Yaniv Ziv
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
The Face ◽  
Visual Cortical ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex ◽  
Over Time

AbstractNeuronal representations in the hippocampus and related structures gradually change over time despite no changes in the environment or behavior. The extent to which such ‘representational drift’ occurs in sensory cortical areas and whether the hierarchy of information flow across areas affects neural-code stability have remained elusive. Here, we address these questions by analyzing large-scale optical and electrophysiological recordings from six visual cortical areas in behaving mice that were repeatedly presented with the same natural movies. We found representational drift over timescales spanning minutes to days across multiple visual areas. The drift was driven mostly by changes in individual cells’ activity rates, while their tuning changed to a lesser extent. Despite these changes, the structure of relationships between the population activity patterns remained stable and stereotypic, allowing robust maintenance of information over time. Such population-level organization may underlie stable visual perception in the face of continuous changes in neuronal responses.

scholarly journals “Third-Wave” Coffeehouses as Venues for Sociality: On Encounters between Employees and Customers

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Manzo
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Public Meeting ◽  
Work World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Commercial Landscape

Contemporary social life is often depicted, in and out of the social sciences, as an ever-worsening subterfuge of alienation, ennui, and the systematic destruction of traditional, human-scaled, publicly-accessible, “organic” sociality that people once enjoyed. In this paper I do not contend that these trends in our social and commercial landscape are not happening. I will instead contend that conventional face-to-face sociability thrives even in the face of the loss of many traditional public meeting places. My focus in this piece is on social interaction in independent cafes that are known, and that self-identify, as what coffee connoisseurs term “third-wave” coffeehouses. Deploying the analytic perspective of ethnomethodology, which prioritizes and problematizes the observed and reported lived experiences of research subjects, I argue not only that “authentic” sociality flourishes in these spaces but I also consider the role of shop employees—baristas—in them and uncover their perceptions concerning social interaction between themselves and customers. As such I not only question prevailing understandings about the “death” of traditional sociability but also add to past research on the coffeehouse as social form by problematizing, for the first time, the work world of the baristas and their interactions with customers.

Moral Empiricism

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-163
Author(s):  
Shaun Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Systematic Account ◽  
The Face

Is morality prewired into our minds? The idea that morality is built into us is an old one in philosophy, and it has seen a resurgence of late. Indeed, the prevailing systematic account of how we acquire complex moral representations is a nativist view inspired by arguments in Chomskyan linguistics. If the statistical learning accounts I’ve defended in Part II of this book are right, we have the beginnings of an empiricist account of important aspects of human morality. This chapter offers a sustained defense of a moral empiricist view in the face of the Chomskyan challenge.

Optimizing Supply Chains Through System Dynamics Modelling and Simulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-56
Author(s):  
Pedro B. Agua ◽  
Anacleto C. Correia ◽  
Armindo Frias
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Organizational Systems ◽  
Complex Behaviour ◽  
Cognitive Limitations ◽  
The Face ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Dynamics Modelling ◽  
Technical Systems ◽  
Parameters Of Interest

In critical activities and organizations, decision making in the face of complexity has been a growing normal. Complexity troubles humans due to cognitive limitations. Moreover, humans are merely able to understand cause-and-effect relationships that are close in time and space, not the paradigm of many complex socio-technical systems. Decision-making processes shall rely on models that help harness a problem´s associated complexity – among them the dynamics of supply chains. Models typically fall into two broad categories: mental and formal models. Supply chains are complex systems, which may exhibit complex behaviour patterns. Decisions and policies within organizational systems are the causes of many problems, among them undesirable oscillations and other problematic patterns of the parameters of interest. A system is a grouping of parts that work together for a purpose. Hence, the systems dynamics methodology is an adequate approach to deal with fuel supply chain management. A model was developed that helps manage marine gasoil supply chains in the context of the navy.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 infection in London, England: changes to community point prevalence around lockdown time, March–May 2020

2020 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-214730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Edelstein ◽  
Chinelo Obi ◽  
Meera Chand ◽  
Susan Hopkins ◽  
Kevin Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Point Prevalence ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThe UK has been one of the European countries most affected by COVID-19 pandemic. The UK implemented a lockdown in March 2020, when testing policy at the time was focusing on hospitalised cases. Limited information is therefore available on the impact of the lockdown on point prevalence in the community. We assessed COVID-19 point prevalence in London between early April and early May 2020, which approximately reflect infection around the time of the lockdown and 3–5 weeks into lockdown.MethodsWe tested 1064 participants of a community surveillance cohort for acute COVID-19 infection using PCR in London in April and May 2020 and described positivity as well as characteristics and symptoms of the participants.ResultsPoint prevalence decreased from 2.2% (95% CI 1.4 to 3.5) in early April to 0.2% (95% CI 0.03 to 1.6) in early May. 22% of those who tested positive in April were asymptomatic. Extrapolation from reports of confirmed cases suggest that 5–7.6% of total infections were confirmed by testing during this period.ConclusionCOVID-19 point prevalence in the community sharply decreased after lockdown was implemented. This study is based on a small sample and regular seroprevalence studies are needed to better characterise population-level immunity.

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