scholarly journals Truth by Repetition … without repetition: Testing the effect of instructed repetition on truth judgments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Mattavelli ◽  
Olivier Corneille ◽  
Christian Unkelbach
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Processing Fluency ◽  
Repetition Condition ◽  
Truth Effect ◽  
The Impact

Past research indicates that people judge repeated statements as more true than new ones. An experiential consequence of repetition that may underly this “truth effect” is processing fluency: processing statements feels easier following their repetition. Here, we examine the effect of merely instructed (i.e., not experienced) repetition on truth judgments, which we compared to the effect of factual repetition. In two preregistered experiments (N=468), we found a larger truth effect for factual repetition compared to instructed repetition. However, we also found a non-experiential contribution to truth judgments: statements instructed to be repeated were judged more true than those instructed to be new. Experiment 2 further clarified that adding a repetition status tag in the factual repetition condition did not impact truth judgments. Moreover, for both experienced and instructed repetition, the effect on truth was qualified by subjective recognition. We discuss the mechanisms that can explain the impact of instructed repetition on truth and its implications for a better understanding of the truth effect.

“I think Canadians look like all sorts of people”: ethnicity, political leadership, and the case of Jagmeet Singh

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Joanie Bouchard
Keyword(s):  
Political Behavior ◽  
Political Leadership ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
Party Leader ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Party Leaders ◽  
Sociodemographic Profile ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Voting Intentions

Abstract Research into the impact of a politician's sociodemographic profile on vote choice in Westminster-style systems has been hindered by the relative sociodemographic homogeneity of party leaders. Past research has focused mainly on the evaluation of local candidates in the American context, but given that elections in plurality systems are far less candidate-oriented , the evaluation of local candidates tells us little about the prevalence of affinity or discrimination in other contexts. This article investigates the effect of political leaders' ethnicity on political behavior by looking at the case of Jagmeet Singh in Canada, the first federal party leader of color in the country's history. While the literature has shown that the gender of leaders in Canada can matter, little is known about the attitudes of Canadians toward party leaders of color specifically. We are interested in the evaluations of Singh and his party, as well as the shifts in voting intentions between elections in 2015 and 2019. We uncover affinity-based behaviors from individuals who identify as Sikh, as well as a negative reception of Singh's candidacy in Quebec.

scholarly journals Meaning Matters: Self-Perceived Meaning in Life, Its Predictors and Psychological Stressors Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Ashley Humphrey ◽  
Olivia Vari
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Negative Life Events ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Coping Resources ◽  
Life Meaning ◽  
Life Orientation ◽  
Psychological Stressors ◽  
The Impact

Past research has found that a perceived meaning in life can act as a protective factor against adverse mental health symptomology, while also providing coping resources to buffer against the impact of negative life events. The current research investigated how the impact of self-perceived meaning in life as well as its predictors interact with stressors and worry related to the COVID-19 pandemic. We collected survey based data (n = 260) from Australian participants during the pandemic, measuring their meaning in life, orientation to differing life goals and COVID-19 related stressors via the impact of events scale. We found that meaning in life predicted less stress and worry associated with COVID-19. We also found that intrinsic based aspirations related positively to meaning in life within this context whereas extrinsic based goals related negatively to it, although these aspirations were not significant in reducing the stressors associated with COVID-19. These results reinforce past findings that meaning in life can effectively buffer against the impact of negative life events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. They also suggest that intrinsic based aspirations centred on relationships and self-acceptance may be an important mechanism in how people choose to pursue life meaning during uncertain life events.

scholarly journals The impact of late-career job loss and genetic risk on body mass index: Evidence from variance polygenic scores

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren L. Schmitz ◽  
Julia Goodwin ◽  
Jiacheng Miao ◽  
Qiongshi Lu ◽  
Dalton Conley
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Polygenic Scores ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

AbstractUnemployment shocks from the COVID-19 pandemic have reignited concerns over the long-term effects of job loss on population health. Past research has highlighted the corrosive effects of unemployment on health and health behaviors. This study examines whether the effects of job loss on changes in body mass index (BMI) are moderated by genetic predisposition using data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study (HRS). To improve detection of gene-by-environment (G × E) interplay, we interacted layoffs from business closures—a plausibly exogenous environmental exposure—with whole-genome polygenic scores (PGSs) that capture genetic contributions to both the population mean (mPGS) and variance (vPGS) of BMI. Results show evidence of genetic moderation using a vPGS (as opposed to an mPGS) and indicate genome-wide summary measures of phenotypic plasticity may further our understanding of how environmental stimuli modify the distribution of complex traits in a population.

The Effect of Vocal Alarms on Operator Mistrust

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (22) ◽  
pp. 694-697
Author(s):  
James P. Bliss ◽  
Freida Kilpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Duty To Warn ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Operator Workload

The use of alarms has increased in many operational areas because of increased reliance on automation and the duty to warn about system anomalies. Past research has supported the use of verbal alarms for relaying complex information. However, researchers have not considered the impact of vocal alarms on operator trust. In this research, 56 participants reacted to auditory alarms while performing a complex primary task. Half of the participants experienced vocal alarms, and the others experienced nonvocal alarms. Contrary to expectations, we noted that participants reacted to nonverbal alarms more quickly than verbal alarms. Furthermore, participants responded to verbal alarms more often than verbal alarms. We also noted that verbal alarms interfered with the primary task more than nonverbal alarms. We suggest that alarm designers alter verbal alarm onset algorithms during high operator workload.

Judgments of truth are independently modulated by affect and repetition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Garrido-Vásquez ◽  
Tanja Rock
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Processing Fluency ◽  
Neutral Picture ◽  
Truth Effect ◽  
New Information ◽  
Affective Processes ◽  
Main Effect

People believe repeated statements more than new ones—the repetition-induced truth effect. It is prominently explained with processing fluency: The subjective ease of processing repeated versus new information. To date, the role of affective processes for the truth effect is rather unclear. From a theoretical perspective, people should rely more on fluency under positive than under negative affect. Here, we tested whether an affective picture presented before a statement influences the repetition-induced truth effect. Thirty-five participants took part in two sessions that were a week apart. In both sessions, they rated the truth status of statements. In session 2, repeated and new statements were intermixed, and each statement was preceded by a positive, negative, or neutral picture. We expected participants to rely more on fluency as a cue to truth in the positive than in the negative affective condition. However, although we replicated the repetition-induced truth effect, the interaction between affect and repetition was insignificant, but we observed a significant main effect of affect—statements were rated as truer after a positive rather than a negative or neutral picture. Our results suggest two independent mechanisms that enhance the subjective truth of statements: repetition and positive affect.

The Role of Major Depressive Disorder and its Moderating Effect on the Impact of Exposure to Violence for Predicting Recidivism among Juvenile Offenders: A Survival Analysis Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 003288552110481
Author(s):  
Thomas Wojciechowski
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Survival Analysis ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
The Impact

Past research has indicated that Major Depressive Disorder and exposure to violence are risk factors for offending. However, researchers have yet to examine how this disorder may predict recidivism risk among juvenile offenders and how the disorder moderates the effect of exposure to violence. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to determine the impact of Major Depressive Disorder on time to recidivism. Cox proportional hazard modeling was applied to examine Major Depressive Disorder as a moderator of exposure to violence. Results indicated that participants with Major Depressive Disorder demonstrate greater risk for recidivism post-adjudication. The proposed moderation effect was not supported.

scholarly journals Batswana female managers’ career experiences and perspectives on corporate mobility and success

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mpho M. Pheko
Keyword(s):  
Past Research ◽  
Women In Leadership ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Management Level ◽  
Female Managers ◽  
Management Positions ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Managerial Positions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Corporate Mobility

Orientation: Corporate mobility remains elusive for female managers.Research purpose: To investigate Batswana female managers’ strategies for entering and succeeding in managerial positions, the challenges they face and the consequences of success.Motivation for the study: There is a lack of research into the way Batswana female managers obtain management positions, as well as their experiences as female managers.Research approach, design and method: An interpretive approach using a case study strategy was employed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted which were shaped by the objectives of the study. A sample of female employees (n = 10), representing different organisations and professions, was obtained from various organisations in Botswana.Main findings: Findings revealed that female managers do experience a number of challenges. Various factors were identified that accounted for their career advancement as well as the consequences of success. The consequences of success were identified as being both positive and negative.Practical/managerial implications: The current study is important as the strategies for success that were identified can be used to assist interested women to obtain management-level positions. Furthermore, the challenges identified may assist both researchers and practitioners to design interventions that help to mitigate the challenges, in turn enabling the inclusion and advancement of women in leadership or managerial positions.Contributions: The current study may contribute new knowledge as past research conducted in Botswana seems to have focused mainly on the impact of regulatory and legislative challenges on women’s advancement. Such a focus ignores the other aspects of female managers’ experiences, which are addressed by the current study.

Personality and victimization in the Americas

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Cawvey ◽  
Matthew Hayes ◽  
Damarys Canache ◽  
Jeffery J Mondak
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The Impact

Victimization is associated with traumatic harm, bringing inherent importance to efforts to understand why victimization occurs. Past research has shown that economic and demographic factors affect the probability that individuals will experience bribery, crime, and discrimination. We build on this foundation by arguing that a fuller account of victimization must include the impact of differences in personality. To test our hypotheses, we utilize survey data from 22 nations in the Americas. Results show that openness and extraversion increase the probability of victimization and agreeableness decreases it.

scholarly journals What Happens When Trained Graduate Student Instructors Switch to an Open Textbook? A Controlled Study of the Impact on Student Learning Outcomes

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin E. Hardin ◽  
Bret Eschman ◽  
Elliot S. Spengler ◽  
J. Alex Grizzell ◽  
Anahvia Taiyib Moody ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Graduate Student ◽  
Underserved Populations ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Open Educational Resources ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Instructor Characteristics ◽  
The Impact

Open educational resources (OER) are increasingly attractive options for reducing educational costs, yet controlled studies of their efficacy are lacking. The current study addressed many criticisms of past research by accounting for course and instructor characteristics in comparing objective student learning outcomes across multiple sections of General Psychology taught by trained graduate student instructors at a large research-intensive university. We found no evidence that use of the OER text impeded students' critical thinking compared to use of a traditional textbook, even after accounting for instructor characteristics. To the contrary, we found evidence of a slight increase in content knowledge when using an OER text. Importantly, this effect was driven by improvements from both our lowest-performing students and our highest-performing students. Moreover, student learning outcomes were not influenced by instructor experience, suggesting even novice instructors fared well with OER materials. Finally, students from traditionally underserved populations reported the lower cost of the book had a significantly higher impact on their decision to enroll in and remain enrolled in the course.

scholarly journals A Markov model of urban evolution: Neighbourhood change as a complex process

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0245357
Author(s):  
Daniel Silver ◽  
Thiago H. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Markov Model ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Hierarchical Approach ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Trajectories Of Change ◽  
Neighbourhood Change ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Complexity Theories

This paper seeks to advance neighbourhood change research and complexity theories of cities by developing and exploring a Markov model of socio-spatial neighbourhood evolution in Toronto, Canada. First, we classify Toronto neighbourhoods into distinct groups using established geodemographic segmentation techniques, a relatively novel application in this geographic setting. Extending previous studies, we pursue a hierarchical approach to classifying neighbourhoods that situates many neighbourhood types within the city’s broader structure. Our hierarchical approach is able to incorporate a richer set of types than most past research and allows us to study how neighbourhoods’ positions within this hierarchy shape their trajectories of change. Second, we use Markov models to identify generative processes that produce patterns of change in the city’s distribution of neighbourhood types. Moreover, we add a spatial component to the Markov process to uncover the extent to which change in one type of neighbourhood depends on the character of nearby neighbourhoods. In contrast to the few studies that have explored Markov models in this research tradition, we validate the model’s predictive power. Third, we demonstrate how to use such models in theoretical scenarios considering the impact on the city’s predicted evolutionary trajectory when existing probabilities of neighbourhood transitions or distributions of neighbourhood types would hypothetically change. Markov models of transition patterns prove to be highly accurate in predicting the final distribution of neighbourhood types. Counterfactual scenarios empirically demonstrate urban complexity: small initial changes reverberate throughout the system, and unfold differently depending on their initial geographic distribution. These scenarios show the value of complexity as a framework for interpreting data and guiding scenario-based planning exercises.

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