scholarly journals Strategy and processing speed eclipse individual differences in control ability in conflict tasks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Hedge
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
General Control ◽  
Conflict Processing ◽  
Conflict Processes ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Control Construct

The construct of response control or response inhibition is one of the cornerstones of modern cognitive psychology, featuring prominently in theories of executive functioning and impulsive behaviour. However, repeated failures to observe correlations between commonly applied tasks have led some theorists to question whether common or overlapping response conflict processes even exist. A challenge to answering this question is that behaviour is multifaceted, with both conflict and non-conflict processes (e.g. strategy, processing speed) contributing to individual differences. Here, we use a cognitive model to dissociate these processes; the diffusion model for conflict tasks (Ulrich et al., 2015). In a meta-analysis of fits to 7 empirical datasets, we observed weak (rho<.05) correlations between tasks in parameters reflecting conflict processing, seemingly challenging a general control construct. However, we saw consistent positive correlations in parameters representing processing speed and strategy. We then use model simulations to evaluate whether correlations in behavioural costs are diagnostic of the presence or absence of common mechanisms of conflict processing. We compare correlations in simulated behaviour in scenarios where we impose correlations in conflict parameters to scenarios in which only non-conflict parameters are correlated. We find that correlations in behaviour are neither necessary nor sufficient evidence for correlations in conflict parameters. Our data provide converging evidence to claims that non-conflict processes contribute substantially to individual differences in conflict tasks and illustrate that correlations between conflict tasks are only weakly informative about common conflict mechanisms.

scholarly journals Association between Metabolic Syndrome Components and Cardiac Autonomic Modulation among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 699
Author(s):  
Rashmi Supriya ◽  
Fei-Fei Li ◽  
Yi-De Yang ◽  
Wei Liang ◽  
Julien S. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Young People ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Autonomic Modulation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Positive Correlations

Background: the clustering of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors is becoming more prevalent in children, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases in early adulthood. The impact of MetS risk factors on cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) or vice versa has been noted to track from childhood to pre-adolescence and adolescence. Understating associations in this age group may help to improve the clinical outcomes of the MetS, even when MetS symptoms are not visible. Potential damage from each individual MetS component and the ability to predict early cardiac damage or upcoming cardiovascular events is very important. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the associations between CAM and MetS risk factors individually to verify which of the MetS risk components were significantly correlated with heart rate variability (HRV) indices before or at the onset of the MetS among young people. The purpose of this review was to outline the importance of potentially screening HRV indices in young people even with only one MetS risk factor, as a pre-indicator for early cardiovascular risk stratification. Methods: cross-sectional studies that examined the relationship of MetS risk factors with HRV indices were searched using four databases including PubMed, the Cochrane clinical trials library, Medline and the Web of Science. Correlation coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), and random effects meta-analyses of the association between MetS risk factors with HRV indices were performed. Results: out of 14 cross-sectional studies and one case-control study, 8 studies (10 data sets) provided association data for the meta-analysis. Our results indicated significant positive correlations for systolic blood pressure (SBP) (correlation coefficient 0.13 (95%CI: 0.06; 0.19), I2 = 47.26%) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (correlation coefficient 0.09 (95%CI: −0.01; 0.18), I2 = 0%) with a Low Frequency/High Frequency ratio (LF/HF). Significant negative correlations for waist circumference (WC) (correlation coefficient −0.12 (95%CI: −0.19; −0.04), I2 = 51.50%), Triglycerides (TGs) (correlation coefficient −0.09 (95%CI: −0.15; −0.02), I2 = 0%) and ≥2 MetS risk factors (correlation coefficient −0.10 (95%CI: −0.16; −0.03), I2 = 0%); with high frequency (HF) were revealed. Significant positive correlations for high density lipoprotein (HDL) (correlation coefficient 0.08 (95%CI: 0.05; 0.11), I2 = 0%) and significant negative correlations of ≥2 MetS risk (correlation coefficient −0.04 (95%CI: −0.12; 0.03), I2 = 0.0%) with low frequency (LF) were revealed. Significant negative correlations for TGs (correlation coefficient −0.09 (95%CI: −0.23; 0.05), I2 = 2.01%) with a mean square root of the sum of differences between mean time between two successive intervals (rMSSD) and significant positive correlation of HDL (correlation coefficient 0.09 (95%CI: −0.01; 0.19), I2 = 0.33%) with standard deviation of the time between two successive intervals (SDNN) were also revealed. An Egger’s test indicated that there was no obvious publication bias for any of the above relationships except for TGs and rMSSD. The significance level stipulated for the meta-analysis was p < 0.05. Conclusions: lipid profiles (HDL and TGs), WC and BP were associated with CAM in young people up to the age of 19 years. The use of HRV indices to predict future MetS risk, and relationships with individual risk factors including HDL, BP, WC and TGs, were established. Future studies related to young people (up to the age of 19 years) are recommended to explore the associations reported here further.

Sequential Multiple-Assignment Randomized Trials: Developing and Evaluating Adaptive Interventions in Special Education

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason C. Chow ◽  
Lauren H. Hampton
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Educational Outcomes ◽  
Randomized Trials ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Adaptive Intervention ◽  
Meaningful Information ◽  
Adaptive Interventions ◽  
Multiple Assignment ◽  
Individual Variables

Interventions often require multiple decisions to improve outcomes for every student. Whether the decision to implement a practice, tailor an existing protocol, or change approaches, these decisions should be based on individual variables and outcomes via a sequence of treatment. To develop adaptive interventions that have sufficient evidence to support decisions, components, and sequences, they must be evaluated as they operate. The sequential multiple-assignment randomized trial is a design that experimentally assesses the efficacy of the decisions, components, and sequence of an adaptive intervention. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of this novel methodology and describe how this design can provide meaningful information about components and sequence based on individual differences and response to maximize educational outcomes in special education.

scholarly journals Changing our thinking about changing their thinking in older adulthood

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1405-1407
Author(s):  
Viviana M. Wuthrich
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Flexibility ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Older Adulthood ◽  
New Learning

It is well-established that as people age, deterioration in cognitive abilities including processing speed, memory, and cognitive flexibility occurs, although vast individual differences occur in the rate and consequences of this decline (Christensen, 2001). Anxiety and depression in late life are also associated with specific cognitive deficits in memory and executive functioning that may impact on new learning (Yochim et al., 2013). Therefore, it is possible that cognitive changes make it more difficult for older adults to learn how to change their thinking particularly in the context of psychological therapy.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Nimotuzumab for the treatment of head and neck cancer: Meta-analysis of controlled trials

Bionatura ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1056-1062
Author(s):  
Carmen Viada ◽  
Aliz M. Vega ◽  
Mayte Robaina ◽  
Aliuska Frías ◽  
Mabel Álvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Head And Neck Cancer ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Neck Cancer ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Forest Plot ◽  
Controlled Trials

Nimotuzumab, humanized monoclonal antibody, directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor: highly expressed protein in malignant tumors of epithelial origin. It has been registered for head and neck tumors since 2002. To determine the effectiveness of Nimotuzumab in head and neck cancer through the combined meta-analysis technique. A search was conducted in PubMed, in an indexed magazine with the words “Nimotuzumab”, “head and neck,” 48 articles published by Cuban and foreign authors were detected between April 1, 2005, and July 31, 2019, in which the results of clinical studies conducted with the monoclonal antibody Nimotuzumab are described. Seven clinical trials conducted in Cuba from 2005-2019 with Nimotuzumab are described; three Phase I / II (with 14, 10 and 10 patients respectively), a Phase II / III with 106 patients, a Phase II with 37 patients, two Phase IV (with 386 and 225 patients each) and a study promoted by the Researcher with 17 patients. From these studies, the three controlled trials were selected by the PRISMA flow chart. The meta-analysis consisted of the construction of the Forest Plot graph, the sensitivity analysis and the cumulative analysis. The meta-analysis shows favorable results for Nimotuzumab, without heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). The sensitivity analysis reveals that the test that differs most from the others is Phase II / III. The cumulative analysis indicates that after the second trial, there is already sufficient evidence.

Return to Play After Hip Arthroscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 2780-2788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela O’Connor ◽  
Anas A. Minkara ◽  
Robert W. Westermann ◽  
James Rosneck ◽  
T. Sean Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hip Arthroscopy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Harris Hip Score ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Rehabilitation Protocols ◽  
The Mean

Background: The use of arthroscopic treatment for intra-articular hip pathology has demonstrated improved patient-reported outcomes (PROs) with a lower rate of complications, reoperation, and patient morbidity as compared with traditional methods. Although the use of this minimally invasive approach has increased in prevalence, no evidence-based return-to-play (RTP) criteria have been developed to ensure an athlete’s preparedness for sporting activities. Purpose: To determine if there exists sufficient evidence in the literature to support an RTP protocol and functional assessment after hip arthroscopy, as well as to assess the mean rate and duration of RTP. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: The search terms “hip arthroscopy,” “return to play,” and 10 related terms were searched in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science, yielding 263 articles. After screening, 22 articles were included. RTP timeline, rehabilitation protocols, and conditional criteria measures were assessed with previously established criteria. Pooled estimates were calculated for RTP rate and duration, and weighted mean scores were determined for PROs. Results: A total of 1296 patients with 1442 total hips were identified. Although 54.5% (12 of 22) of studies did not provide a guideline for RTP duration after hip arthroscopy, 36.4% (8 of 22) recommended a duration of 4 months, while 9.1% (2 of 22) recommended 3 months. The most frequently described postoperative rehabilitation protocols were weightbearing guidelines (15 studies) and passive motion exercises (9 studies). Only 2 studies satisfied the criteria for a sufficient RTP protocol, and 3 provided a specific replicable test for RTP. The mean RTP duration was 7.4 months (95% CI, 6.1-8.8 months), and the return rate was 84.6% (95% CI, 80.4%-88.8%; P = .008) at a mean ± SD follow-up of 25.8 ± 2.4 months. Mean modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) improved from 63.1 to 84.1 postoperatively (+33.3%), while Non-arthritic Hip Score improved from 61.7 to 86.8 (+40.7%). A lower preoperative mHHS was significantly associated with a higher postoperative improvement ( r = −0.95, P = .0003). Conclusion: Significant variability exists in RTP protocols among institutions owing to a lack of standardization. Despite a high overall rate of RTP and improvement in PROs after hip arthroscopy, the majority of rehabilitation protocols are not evidence based and rely on expert opinion. No validated functional test currently exists to assess RTP.

scholarly journals Clinical Effects and Safety of Electroacupuncture for the Treatment of Poststroke Dysphagia: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jinke Huang ◽  
Yao Shi ◽  
Xiaohui Qin ◽  
Min Shen ◽  
Manli Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effective Rate ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Swallowing Rehabilitation ◽  
Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure

Objectives. Electroacupuncture (EA), an extension of acupuncture, which is based on traditional acupuncture combined with modern electrotherapy, is commonly used for poststroke dysphagia (PSD) in clinical treatment and research. However, there is still a lack of sufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of EA for PSD. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of EA in the treatment of PSD. Methods. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of EA on PSD were identified through a comprehensive literature search of the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Database, and VIP databases from their inception to July 2020. The quality assessment of the included trials was performed based on the guidance of the Cochrane Reviewers’ Handbook, and meta-analysis (MA) was performed by using the RevMan 5.3 software. Results. Sixteen trials were identified, and these included 1,216 patients with PSD. The results demonstrated that EA in combination with swallowing rehabilitation training (SRT) was significantly superior to SRT alone with regard to effective rate (OR 5.40, 95% CI [3.78, 7.72], P < 0.00001 , water swallow test (WST) (MD −0.78, 95% CI [−1.07, −0.50], P < 0.00001 ), the video fluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) (MD 1.47, 95% CI [1.11, 1.84], P < 0.00001 ), the Ichiro Fujishima Rating Scale (IFRS) (MD 1.94, 95% CI [1.67, 2.22], P < 0.00001 ), and the incidence of aspiration pneumonia (IAP) (OR 0.20, 95% CI [0.06, 0.61], P = 0.005 ). Conclusions. The results showed that EA was better than the control treatment in terms of the effective rate, WST, VFSS, IFRS, and IAP of dysphagia after stroke. Strict evaluation standards and high-quality RCT designs are necessary for further exploration.

scholarly journals How does decisional capacity evolve with normal cognitive aging: systematic review of the literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Tannou ◽  
Séverine Koeberlé ◽  
Régis Aubry ◽  
Emmanuel Haffen
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Decisional Capacity ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Motivation Profiles

Abstract Purpose Aging is associated with increased needs related to complex decisions, particularly in medical and social issues. However, the complexity of decision-making involves many neurological functions and structures which are potentially altered by cognitive aging. Methodology A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines to examine changes in decision-making occurring in normal cognitive aging. The keywords “decision making” and “normal aging” were used to find the clinical studies and literature reviews focused on these changes. Results A total of 97 articles were considered in the review, and ultimately 40 articles were selected, including 30 studies and 10 literature reviews. The data from these studies were of uneven quality and too disparate to allow meta-analysis according to PRISMA criteria. Nevertheless, a key result of the analysis is the decrease of processing speed with aging. In ambiguous decision-making situations, the alteration of the ventromedial system is associated with changes in motivation profiles. These changes can be compensated by experience. However, difficulties arise for older adults in the case of one-off decisions, which are very common in the medical or medico-social domains. Conclusions Cognitive aging is associated with a slowdown in processing speed of decision-making, especially in ambiguous situations. However, decision-making processes which are based on experience and cases in which sufficient time is available are less affected by aging. These results highlight the relativity of decision-making capacities in cognitive aging.

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