scholarly journals Personality Psychology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent Roberts ◽  
Heejun Roy Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Over Time

Personality psychology, which seeks to study individual differences in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persist over time and place, has experienced a renaissance in the last few decades. It has also not been reviewed as a field in the Annual Review since 2001 (Funder, 2001). In this chapter, we seek to provide an update, while also providing a meta-organizational structure to the field. In particular, personality psychology has a prescribed set of four responsibilities that it implicitly or explicitly tackles as a field: (a) describe what personality is—the units of analysis in the field; (b) document how it develops; (c) explain the processes of personality and why they affect functioning; and (d) provide a framework for understanding individuals and explaining their actions, feelings, and motivations. We review progress made over the last 20 years to address these four agendas and finish with a section highlighting future directions and ongoing challenges to the field.

Personality Psychology

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent W. Roberts ◽  
Hee J. Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Over Time

Personality psychology, which seeks to study individual differences in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persist over time and place, has experienced a renaissance in the last few decades. It has also not been reviewed as a field in the Annual Review of Psychology since 2001. In this article, we seek to provide an update as well as a meta-organizational structure to the field. In particular, personality psychology has a prescribed set of four responsibilities that it implicitly or explicitly tackles as a field: ( a) describing what personality is—i.e., what the units of analysis in the field are; ( b) documenting how it develops; ( c) explaining the processes of personality and why they affect functioning; and ( d) providing a framework for understanding individuals and explaining their actions, feelings, and motivations. We review progress made over the last 20 years to address these four agendas and conclude by highlighting future directions and ongoing challenges to the field. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Learning Efficiency

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 607-613
Author(s):  
Kathleen B. McDermott ◽  
Christopher L. Zerr
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Learning Efficiency ◽  
Rate Of Learning ◽  
Over Time

Most research on long-term memory uses an experimental approach whereby participants are assigned to different conditions, and condition means are the measures of interest. This approach has demonstrated repeatedly that conditions that slow the rate of learning tend to improve later retention. A neglected question is whether aggregate findings at the level of the group (i.e., slower learning tends to improve retention) translate to the level of individual people. We identify a discrepancy whereby—across people—slower learning tends to coincide with poorer memory. The positive relation between learning rate (speed of learning) and retention (amount remembered after a delay) across people is referred to as learning efficiency. A more efficient learner can acquire information faster and remember more of it over time. We discuss potential characteristics of efficient learners and consider future directions for research.

scholarly journals Publication Trends in Personality and Individual Differences, 1980–2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory D. Webster ◽  
Imani Turner ◽  
Joy Ellen Losee ◽  
Elizabeth Mahar ◽  
Val Wongsomboon
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Title Word ◽  
Trends Over Time ◽  
Emerging Topics ◽  
Over Time

An analysis including 679 articles from the journal Personality and Individual Differences (PAID) investigated trends from 1980 to 2018. Time periods were separated into three groups: 1980–1984, 2000, and 2018. First, the number of title words per article was examined, which showed a linear increase over time. Second, the most frequent words per PAID article were investigated over time. The most frequent title words across three time points were, predictably, “personality,” “individual,” and “differences.” Title word frequencies also unveiled trends such as the adoption of the Big Five and Dark Triad traits, and an increasing interest in latent modeling of personality traits. Third, we explored the number of authors per article, which showed a linear increase across the three time points. Lastly, we identified the most-cited articles from 1980 to 2018. Themes from some of the most influential articles included scale development, scale and construct comparisons, review articles, and innovative methods. Although personality psychology has some constant themes over time, these findings suggest that it continues to be an influential and dynamic field open to incorporating emerging topics and evolving trends over time.

scholarly journals Differences in the Between–Person and Within–Person Structures of Affect Are A Matter of Degree

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Brose ◽  
Manuel C. Voelkle ◽  
Martin Lövdén ◽  
Ulman Lindenberger ◽  
Florian Schmiedek
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
European Association ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Personality Psychology ◽  
Over Time

This study tested whether the structure of affect observed on the basis of between–person (BP) differences is equivalent to the affect structures that organize the variability of affective states within persons (WP) over time. Further aims were to identify individual differences in the degree of divergence between the WP and BP structure and examine its association to dispositional and contextual variables (neuroticism, extraversion, well–being and stress). In 100 daily sessions, 101 younger adults rated their mood on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Variability of five negative affect items across time was so low that they were excluded from the analyses. We thus worked with a modified negative affect subscale. WP affect structures diverged reliably from the BP structure, with individual differences in the degree of divergence. Differences in the WP structural characteristics and the degree of divergence could be predicted by well–being and stress. We conclude that BP and WP structures of affect are not equivalent and that BP and WP variation should be considered as distinct phenomena. It would be wrong, for example, to conceive of positive and negative affect as independent at the WP level, as suggested by BP findings. Yet, individual differences in WP structural characteristics are related to stable BP differences, and the degree to which individuals’ affect structures diverge from the BP structure can provide important insights into intraindividual functioning. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology

On the Individual

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Magnusson
Keyword(s):  
School Psychologist ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Developmental Research ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

A description of two cases from my time as a school psychologist in the middle of the 1950s forms the background to the following question: Has anything important happened since then in psychological research to help us to a better understanding of how and why individuals think, feel, act, and react as they do in real life and how they develop over time? The studies serve as a background for some general propositions about the nature of the phenomena that concerns us in developmental research, for a summary description of the developments in psychological research over the last 40 years as I see them, and for some suggestions about future directions.

Investment Traits and Intelligence in Adulthood

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie von Stumm
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Intelligence Tests ◽  
Crystallized Intelligence ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Intelligence-as-knowledge in adulthood is influenced by individual differences in intelligence-as-process (i.e., fluid intelligence) and in personality traits that determine when, where, and how people invest their intelligence over time. Here, the relationship between two investment traits (i.e., Openness to Experience and Need for Cognition), intelligence-as-process and intelligence-as-knowledge, as assessed by a battery of crystallized intelligence tests and a new knowledge measure, was examined. The results showed that (1) both investment traits were positively associated with intelligence-as-knowledge; (2) this effect was stronger for Openness to Experience than for Need for Cognition; and (3) associations between investment and intelligence-as-knowledge reduced when adjusting for intelligence-as-process but remained mostly significant.

On the Robustness of Solution Strategy Classifications

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
María José Contreras ◽  
Víctor J. Rubio ◽  
Daniel Peña ◽  
José Santacreu
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Study Strategies ◽  
Solution Strategy ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Spatial Tasks ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Strategy Changes ◽  
Over Time

Individual differences in performance when solving spatial tasks can be partly explained by differences in the strategies used. Two main difficulties arise when studying such strategies: the identification of the strategy itself and the stability of the strategy over time. In the present study strategies were separated into three categories: segmented (analytic), holistic-feedback dependent, and holistic-planned, according to the procedure described by Peña, Contreras, Shih, and Santacreu (2008) . A group of individuals were evaluated twice on a 1-year test-retest basis. During the 1-year interval between tests, the participants were not able to prepare for the specific test used in this study or similar ones. It was found that 60% of the individuals kept the same strategy throughout the tests. When strategy changes did occur, they were usually due to a better strategy. These results prove the robustness of using strategy-based procedures for studying individual differences in spatial tasks.

Within-Subject Variability in Ingratiation as a Function of Self-Esteem and Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Katharina Schmitte ◽  
Bert Schreurs ◽  
Mien Segers ◽  
I. M. “Jim” Jawahar
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Random Coefficient ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Authority Figure ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Within Subject Variability

Abstract. Adopting a within-person perspective, we theorize why ingratiation use directed toward an authority figure increases over time and for whom. We posit that as the appraisal event draws closer, the salience of achieving good evaluations increases, leading to an increasing use of ingratiation. We further propose that the increase will be stronger for individuals with low relative to high self-esteem. Participants were 349 students enrolled in a small-group, tutor-led management course. Data were collected in three bi-weekly waves and analyzed using random coefficient modeling. Results show that ingratiation use increased as time to the evaluation decreased, and low self-esteem students ingratiated more as time progressed. We conclude that ingratiation use varies as a function of contextual and inter-individual differences.

scholarly journals Personality dynamics at work: The effects of form, time, and context of variability

2021 ◽  
pp. 089020702110173
Author(s):  
Nadin Beckmann ◽  
Damian P Birney ◽  
Amirali Minbashian ◽  
Jens F Beckmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
State Data ◽  
The Status ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Trait Variability

The study aimed to investigate the status of within-person state variability in neuroticism and conscientiousness as individual differences constructs by exploring their (a) temporal stability, (b) cross-context consistency, (c) empirical links to selected antecedents, and (d) empirical links to longer term trait variability. Employing a sample of professionals ( N = 346) from Australian organisations, personality state data together with situation appraisals were collected using experience sampling methodology in field and repeatedly in lab-like settings. Data on personality traits, cognitive ability, and motivational mindsets were collected at baseline and after two years. Contingent (situation contingencies) and non-contingent (relative SD) state variability indices were relatively stable over time and across contexts. Only a small number of predictive effects of state variability were observed, and these differed across contexts. Cognitive ability appeared to be associated with state variability under lab-like conditions. There was limited evidence of links between short-term state and long-term trait variability, except for a small effect for neuroticism. Some evidence of positive manifold was found for non-contingent variability. Systematic efforts are required to further elucidate the complex pattern of results regarding the antecedents, correlates and outcomes of individual differences in state variability.

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