Memory rehabilitation: Restorative, specific knowledge acquisition, and compensatory approaches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yashoda Gopi ◽  
Ed Wilding ◽  
Christopher R Madan
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Memory Rehabilitation

Memory impairment following an acquired brain injury can negatively impact daily living, quality of life, and progression to dementia—but can be reduced by memory rehabilitation. Here we review the literature on three approaches for memory rehabilitation and their associated strategies: (1) the restorative approach, aimed at a return to pre-morbid functioning, (2) the knowledge acquisition approach, involving training on specific information relevant to daily life, and (3) the compensatory approach, targeted at improving daily functioning. Each memory rehabilitation approach includes specific strategies such as drill and practice (restorative), spaced retrieval (knowledge acquisition), and memory aids (compensatory). Past research has demonstrated little support for the use of restorative strategies to improve memory function whereas knowledge acquisition strategies show promising results on trained tasks but require intensive and time-consuming training. Finally, compensatory strategies remain widely used but there is limited information on training individuals to use them effectively. Considerations for future research to improve the applicability of strategies for memory rehabilitation include assessing memory impairment severity, examining memory needs in daily life, and exploring the long-term effects of memory rehabilitation.

scholarly journals GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ANXIETY: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SYMPTOMS, COGNITIONS, AND SENSITIVITY TOWARDS ANXIETY IN A NONCLINICAL POPULATION

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry A. Armstrong ◽  
Nigar G. Khawaja
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Anxiety Sensitivity ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Future Research ◽  
General Level ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Mental Health Concern ◽  
Physiological Hyperarousal

Past research has demonstrated that anxiety disorders represent a significant mental health concern. A review of the literature in the area indicates that there is limited information regarding gender differences on the basis of cognitions in clinical or nonclinical samples. The current investigation sought to determine whether any observable gender differences existed in the expression of symptoms, cognitions, and anxiety sensitivity for a nonclinical sample of 48 males and 49 females. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed support for gender differences in the expression of physiological hyperarousal, catastrophic cognitions and a general level of anxiety sensitivity in a nonclinical population. The strengths, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.

A review of the effectiveness of memory interventions in mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

2010 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 526-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Stott ◽  
Aimee Spector
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Memory Impairment ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Memory Training ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Memory Rehabilitation ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTBackground: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is commonly associated with memory impairment. There have been a number of studies attempting to ameliorate this through memory interventions including memory rehabilitation and training. The current paper reviews the evidence for the effectiveness of such interventions in enhancing learning of specific information, their impact on untrained material, compensation for memory impairment and improving everyday functioning.Methods: The literature was systematically searched for studies focusing on interventions targeting memory impairment in MCI using relevant search terms. Studies were screened for inclusion or exclusion using a priori criteria and, once identified, studies were examined for quality using pre-specified criteria.Results: A total of 226 studies were identified in the search, ten of which were included in the final review. Only one study was an RCT of “adequate” methodology. It was tentatively suggested that people with MCI can learn specific information, although there was little evidence to suggest that memory training can generalize. There was some limited evidence of ability to learn to compensate for memory difficulties and contradictory findings regarding improvement in everyday life.Conclusions: The poor methodological quality of the included studies implies that the ability to draw conclusions is limited. MCI is a controversial concept and there is a need for good quality trials examining the efficacy of memory interventions. There are some indications that memory impairment in MCI might best be targeted by interventions developing compensatory strategies and targeting the learning of specific information relevant to the individual.

scholarly journals Rehabilitation organisch bedingter Gedächtnisstörungen: Was, wann, für welche Betroffenen?

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-254
Author(s):  
N. Turgut ◽  
H. Hildebrandt
Keyword(s):  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Current Version ◽  
Memory Aids ◽  
Memory Disorder ◽  
Affected Person ◽  
Memory Rehabilitation ◽  
Broad Overview

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of treatment strategies and methods as well as a practical decision support, based on the current version of the guideline on memory rehabilitation [55] and the authorsʼ views. We show that the choice of a method for efficient neuropsychological treatment depends on the type and severity of the memory disorder as well as on the previous therapy experience of the affected person and the defined therapy goal: e.g., what it means to work with implicit »errorless learning« methods; which form of external memory aids can be used with which patients; that methods for improving memory performance are available for persons with moderate to mild memory disorders; and that PC therapy is also likely to help younger and more mildly affected persons. The aim is also to provide a broad overview of current studies on memory rehabilitation, some with very promising results. However, many questions remain unanswered to date, some of which have been highlighted in this paper with the aim of stimulating future research to enable those affected by memory impairment to achieve the best possible rehabilitation and the greatest possible independence

Collaborative Remembering in Dementia: A Focus on Joint Activities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars-Christer Hydén ◽  
Mattias Forsblad
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Joint Activities ◽  
Do So ◽  
Dementia Diseases

In this chapter we consider collaborative remembering and joint activates in everyday life in the case of people living with dementia. First, we review past research of practices that scaffolds the participation of persons with dementia in everyday chores under different stages of dementia diseases. We do so by suggesting three analytical types of scaffolding: when the scaffolding practices (i) frame the activity, (ii) guide actions, or (iii) are part of repair activities. Second, we review two aspects of collaborative remembering that are especially important in the case of dementia: training of scaffolding practices, and the sustaining and presentation of identities through collaborative storytelling. Finally, theoretical and methodological tendencies of the research field are summarized and future research needs are formulated.

Explanatory pluralism across cultures and development

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristine H Legare ◽  
Andrew Shtulman
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Acquisition ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Origins ◽  
Explanatory Pluralism ◽  
Transitional Phenomenon ◽  
Cognition And Culture ◽  
Supernatural Explanations

Humans use natural and supernatural explanations for phenomena such as illness, death, and human origins. These explanations are available not just to different individuals within a society, but to the same individual, coexisting within a single mind. This chapter proposes that understanding the coexistence of qualitatively different explanations is fundamentally a cognitive–developmental endeavor, speaking to general questions of knowledge acquisition, socialization, and the interaction of cognition and culture. The chapter first reviews research demonstrating that coexistence of natural and supernatural explanations is not a short-lived, transitional phenomenon that wanes in the course of development, but is instead evident (and widespread) among adults. It then speculates on the psychological origins of coexistence and discusses implications for metacognition. Finally, directions are proposed for future research to inform understanding of how individuals incorporate natural and supernatural explanations across content domains, development, and cultures.

Dating Violence, Protection Orders, and Gender Inequality: A Cross-state Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110283
Author(s):  
Katherine Brandt ◽  
Michelle Johnson-Motoyama
Keyword(s):  
Dating Violence ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Teen Dating Violence ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Teen Dating

Teen dating violence (TDV) is a public health crisis that organizations and individuals in several fields are working to prevent and address. State lawmakers are a group with substantial power to address TDV and intimate partner violence (IPV) through policies including Civil Protection Order (CPO) statutes. Understanding the factors that influence how state legislators craft TDV and IPV policies and how those policies are implemented can lead to policy processes that better serve survivors. Past research suggests the level of gender inequality in a state may be an important influence on TDV policies. This study used a case study approach to compare the processes of adding individuals in dating relationships to CPO statutes in a subset of states ( n = 3) with high, middle, and low levels of gender inequality. Results did not suggest that gender inequality was related to variation between states but rather that it was a larger factor that creates the need for TDV policies at all. Relationships between the state IPV coalitions and lawmakers and the historical moment that laws were considered emerged as important factors in interstate variation. Future research can build on these results by further exploring the role of gender inequality in policy processes with additional states or policies and by examining the factors identified here in greater depth. Implications for practice are also discussed.

A Survey of Faculty Advisers at Student-Run Agencies: Can Organizational Theory Help to Guide Future Research?

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-53
Author(s):  
Brooke Borgognoni ◽  
Jan LeBlanc Wicks
Keyword(s):  
Student Performance ◽  
Organizational Theory ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Faculty Advisers

This survey of faculty advisers examined major variables and findings of past research on student-run agencies using organizational theory. Larger agencies appeared to offer training in more formalized business procedures among a more diverse client base, found in previous research to be helpful to student-run agency graduates now on the job. Hopefully, results will help future researchers identify which factors may best facilitate specific student performance outcomes at agencies of all types and sizes.

scholarly journals The psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adults with autism: a survey study across three countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Danna Oomen ◽  
Annabel D. Nijhof ◽  
Jan R. Wiersema
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Stress ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adults With Autism ◽  
Psychological Burden ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Previous studies have reported a negative psychological and mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. This impact is likely to be stronger for people with autism as they are at heightened risk of mental health problems and because the pandemic directly affects social functioning and everyday routines. We therefore examined COVID-19 pandemic-related changes in mental health, the impact of the pandemic on their social life and routines, satisfaction with pandemic-related information and tips, and participants’ wishes for guidance. Methods We used a mixed-method approach, collecting quantitative and qualitative survey data from adults with and without autism across three European countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, and the UK (N = 1044). Results We found an increase in depression and anxiety symptoms in response to the pandemic for both the non-autism and the autism group, which was greater for adults with autism. Furthermore, adults with autism showed a greater increase in worries about their pets, work, getting medication and food, and their own safety/security. They felt more relieved from social stress, yet experienced the loss of social contact as difficult. Adults with autism also felt more stressed about the loss of routines. Pleasant changes noted by adults with autism were the increase in solidarity and reduced sensory and social overload. Adults with autism frequently reported problems with cancellation of guidance due to the pandemic and expressed their wish for (more) autism-specific information and advice. Limitations Our sample is likely to reflect some degree of selection bias, and longitudinal studies are needed to determine long-term effects. Conclusions Results highlight the psychological burden of the pandemic on adults with autism and shed light on how to support them during this COVID-19 pandemic, which is especially important now that the pandemic is likely to have a prolonged course. There is a need for accessible, affordable (continued) support from health services. Guidance may focus on the maintenance of a social network, and adjusting routines to the rapid ongoing changes. Finally, we may learn from the COVID-19 pandemic-related changes experienced as pleasant by adults with autism to build a more autism-friendly society post-pandemic.

scholarly journals Self-rated health among undocumented and newly regularized migrants in Geneva: a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Fakhoury ◽  
Claudine Burton-Jeangros ◽  
Idris Guessous ◽  
Liala Consoli ◽  
Aline Duvoisin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Undocumented Migrants ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Residence Permit ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Self Rated Health

Abstract Background In Europe, knowledge about the social determinants of health among undocumented migrants is scarce. The canton of Geneva, Switzerland, implemented in 2017–2018 a pilot public policy aiming at regularizing undocumented migrants. We sought to test for associations between self-rated health, proven eligibility for residence status regularization and social and economic integration. Methods This paper reports data from the first wave of the Parchemins Study, a prospective study whose aim is to investigate the effect of residence status regularization on undocumented migrants’ living conditions and health. The convenience sample included undocumented migrants living in Geneva for at least 3 years. We categorized them into those who were in the process of receiving or had just been granted a residence permit (eligible or newly regularized) and those who had not applied or were ineligible for regularization (undocumented). We conducted multivariate regression analyses to determine factors associated with better self-rated health, i.e., with excellent/very good vs. good/fair/poor self-rated health. Among these factors, measures of integration, social support and economic resources were included. Results Of the 437 participants, 202 (46%) belonged to the eligible or newly regularized group. This group reported better health more frequently than the undocumented group (44.6% versus 28.9%, p-value < .001), but the association was no longer significant after adjustment for social support and economic factors (odds ratio (OR): 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67–1.87). Overall, better health was associated with larger social networks (OR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.04–2.64). This association remained significant even after adjusting for health-related variables. Conclusion At the onset of the regularization program, access to regularization was not associated with better self-rated health. Policies aiming at favouring undocumented migrants’ inclusion and engagement in social networks may promote better health. Future research should investigate long-term effects of residence status regularization on self-rated health.

scholarly journals Defining a research agenda for youth sport specialisation in the USA: the AMSSM Youth Early Sport Specialization Summit

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-143
Author(s):  
Stephanie A Kliethermes ◽  
Stephen W Marshall ◽  
Cynthia R LaBella ◽  
Andrew M Watson ◽  
Joel S Brenner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Youth Sport ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Usa

Sport specialisation is becoming increasingly common among youth and adolescent athletes in the USA and many have raised concern about this trend. Although research on sport specialisation has grown significantly, numerous pressing questions remain pertaining to short-term and long-term effects of specialisation on the health and well-being of youth, including the increased risk of overuse injury and burnout. Many current elite athletes did not specialise at an early age. Methodological and study design limitations impact the quality of current literature, and researchers need to prioritise pressing research questions to promote safe and healthy youth sport participation. The American Medical Society for Sports Medicine hosted a Youth Early Sport Specialization Summit in April 2019 with the goal of synthesising and reviewing current scientific knowledge and developing a research agenda to guide future research in the field based on the identified gaps in knowledge. This statement provides a broad summary of the existing literature, gaps and limitations in current evidence and identifies key research priorities to help guide researchers conducting research on youth sport specialisation. Our goals are to help improve the quality and relevance of research on youth sport specialisation and to ultimately assure that opportunities for healthy and safe sport participation continue for all youth.

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