scholarly journals Dimensões da estratificação social: status e classe no Brasil contemporâneo

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weverthon Barbosa Machado
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Master's Thesis ◽  
The Status ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Class And Status ◽  
The Individual

(Dissertação de Mestrado / Master's thesis) Classe e status são os conceitos básicos adotados pela maioria das pesquisas sociológicas sobre desigualdades, estratificação e mobilidade social. Na formulação clássica de Max Weber, eles representam dimensões analiticamente distintas, ainda que correlacionadas, da estratificação, que podem influenciar diferentes esferas da vida social. Este trabalho explora a distinção entre as dimensões de classe e status no Brasil contemporâneo, dedicando especial atenção à questão da operacionalização desses conceitos de forma apropriada à pesquisa empírica. Mais especificamente, utilizo dados da Pesquisa das Dimensões Sociais das Desigualdades (PDSD) de 2008 para analisar, pela primeira vez, a estrutura ocupacional das amizades no Brasil e estimar, a partir dela, uma hierarquia ocupacional que interpreto como um indicador de status. Dessa forma, adoto a estratégia de construir uma escala de status que tem em seu centro a noção de distância social, em detrimento de atributos socioeconômicos ou avaliações subjetivas de prestígio. Essa escala de status está associada, sobretudo, com a educação, tanto no nível individual quanto no dos grupos ocupacionais. Ela também é altamente correlacionada a escalas de status mais tradicionais, mas apresenta discrepâncias compatíveis com sua interpretação substantiva. Além disso, a distinção entre trabalho manual e não manual parece determinante tanto na disposição dos grupos sociais ao longo da dimensão de status quanto na relação desta com as classes sociais. De forma geral, os resultados reforçam a ideia de que classe e status capturam diferentes aspectos da estrutura das desigualdades. /// Class and status are the basic concepts underlying most sociological research on inequality, stratification and social mobility. In Max Weber’s classic definition, they represent distinct, although correlated, dimensions of social stratification, that may have effects in different aspects of social life. This work explores the distinction between the class and status dimensions in contemporary Brazil, paying special attention to matters of operationalization of these concepts for purposes of empirical research. I use data from the Social Dimensions of Inequality survey (2008) to analyze, for the first time, the occupational structure of friendship in Brazil and estimate from it an occupational hierarchy that we regard as an indicator of status. Therefore, I take an approach of constructing a status scale that relies on the notion of social distance, rather than socioeconomic features of occupations or subjective evaluations of prestige. This scale is mainly associated with education, both on the individual and occupational levels. It is also highly correlated with more traditional status scales, but shows some discrepancies that are compatible with its substantive interpretation. The distinction between manual and non manual work seems to play a key role both on the rank ordering of occupational groups on the status scale and the relationship between status and social classes. The results generally support the idea that class and status grasp different aspects of the structure of inequality.

Victorian Pain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Ablow
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Victorian Literature ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Harriet Martineau ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Philosophers ◽  
First Time

The nineteenth century introduced developments in science and medicine that made the eradication of pain conceivable for the first time. This new understanding of pain brought with it a complex set of moral and philosophical dilemmas. If pain serves no obvious purpose, how do we reconcile its existence with a well-ordered universe? Examining how writers of the day engaged with such questions, this book offers a compelling new literary and philosophical history of modern pain. The book provides close readings of novelists Charlotte Brontë and Thomas Hardy and political and natural philosophers John Stuart Mill, Harriet Martineau, and Charles Darwin, as well as a variety of medical, scientific, and popular writers of the Victorian age. The book explores how discussions of pain served as investigations into the status of persons and the nature and parameters of social life. No longer conceivable as divine trial or punishment, pain in the nineteenth century came to seem instead like a historical accident suggesting little or nothing about the individual who suffers. A landmark study of Victorian literature and the history of pain, the book shows how these writers came to see pain as a social as well as a personal problem. Rather than simply self-evident to the sufferer and unknowable to anyone else, pain was also understood to be produced between persons—and even, perhaps, by the fictions they read.

Free Agent or ‘Conscious Automaton’? Contrasting Interpretations of the Individual in Spencer's Writing on Social and Moral Life

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Offer
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Philosophical Debate ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
Freedom Of The Will ◽  
Policy Sociology ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Individual

Herbert Spencer remains an important and intriguing figure in thinking about political, social and moral matters. At present his writings in relation to idealist thought, social policy, sociology and ethics are undergoing reassessment. This article is concerned with some recent interpretations of Spencer on individuals in social life. It looks in some detail at Spencer's work on psychology and sociology as well as on ethics, seeking to establish how Spencer understood people as social individuals. In particular the neglect of Spencer's denial of freedom of the will is identified as a problem in some recent interpretations. One of his contemporary critics, J.E. Cairnes, charged that Spencer's own theory of social evolution left even Spencer himself the status of only a ‘conscious automaton’. This article, drawing on a range of past and present interpretative discussions of Spencer, seeks to show that Spencerian individuals are psychically and socially so constituted as to be only indirectly responsive to moral suasion, even to that of his own Principles of Ethics as he himself acknowledged. Whilst overtly reconstructionist projects to develop a liberal utilitarianism out of Spencer to enliven political and philosophical debate for today are worthwhile – dead theorists have uses – care needs to be taken that the original context and its concerns with the processes associated with innovation (and decay) in social life are not thereby eclipsed, the more so since in some important respects they have recently received little systematic attention even though the issues have contemporary relevance in sociology.

scholarly journals A city as an emotional space: theoretical-sociological analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Nadiya Mikhno
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Experience Economy ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Total Consumption ◽  
Modern City ◽  
The Individual

The focus of this article is focused on the study of peculiarities of the contemporary aestheticization of urban space as a product of emotional capitalism. Noted that the concepts "society experiences" and "experience economy" fixed vector of cultural changes of modern society, and suggest new theoretical trajectory of sociological research. Control for the "experience" in this case can be considered a new form of public influence in which not last role is played by the mass media, which is a kind of mediator for the active promotion of a variety of emotions, first and foremost sensual pleasure. Pointed out that the aestheticization of the contemporary urban space is connected with the logic of the functioning of emotional capitalism. The modern city is forced to form their own "alphabet of feelings", which prescribes rules for their feelings in different situations. Entertainment in the city acquires the features of a universal model, it is a particular code value in U. Eco, that is, a symbolic system that can reveal the contents of the message depending on the purpose and conditions of the functioning of the spectacle. Life in a modern city full of wealth of their own unrest, and the aestheticization of urban space is associated with replication "markets experiences" that focus on the commercialization of human feelings. The emotional richness of urban design has become a part of an overall program of total consumption. The theatricality, iconization and glamor can be considered as the main strategy "emotionalization" of urban space that aims at the reproduction of the effects of the "experience economy". Stressed that the idea glamorizes urban space can be traced in the concepts of the theoreticians of the "creative city", appealing to psychologically and design analysis of the urban environment, and the militarization of urban space through the creation of militaristic icons that form the therapeutically-emotional space. Respectively iconic images serve as points of reference, the individual ascribes to them a special importance as images that represent something significant for social life.

scholarly journals Realisation of Social Needs of Students in the Field of Education in Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
T. G. Yermakova
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Personal Qualities ◽  
The Individual

Education of students in today’s conditions requires new ideas and concepts that are related to the peculiarities of the socio-economic situation in society, namely: revaluation of values, changes in priorities of prestigious professions, contradictory attitude to education in the labor market, lack of a clear youth policy, adequate to modern conditions.Today’s education should become not just one of the subsystems of the social sphere, which satisfies a number of personal needs, but also a specific domain of social life, in which the future is modeled, resources of development are formed, and the negative effects of the functioning of other social institutions are compensated. As a result, the education system essentially extends its sphere of influence. One of the most important characteristics of student youth is its social needs, a large proportion of which is implemented in the field of education. Concerning higher education, certain requirements are put forward regarding the implementation of social needs of student youth; at the same time it is the institutional environment that mostly influences the formation of student social.Defining the development vectors of the education system requires the search for answers to questions relating to contemporary students, its social needs and expectations in relation to higher education, as well as the clarification of the conditions correspondence that education creates to realize its demands. The article highlights the peculiarities of student social needs in the field of education and their implementation; the content of such concepts as «needs», «social needs», «educational needs» were clarified.It was emphasized that social needs are connected with the inclusion of the individual in the family, in various social groups and communities, in the various spheres of production and non-production activities, in the life of society as a whole. These are the needs for work, social and economic activity, as well as spiritual culture, that is, everything that is a product of social life. They are needs of a special kind, the satisfaction of which is necessary to support the life of the social person, social groups and society as a whole.Social needs are met by the organizational efforts of society members through social institutions. Satisfying needs ensures social stability and social progress, dissatisfaction generates social conflicts. Social institutions are the leading components of the social structure of society, which integrate and coordinate the actions of society members, social groups and regulate social relations in various spheres of public life. Four groups of social needs were defined:- Vital for the social person needs, whose dissatisfaction leads to the elimination of a social person or the revolutionary transformation of social institutions, within which this satisfaction occurs;- Needs, the satisfaction of which ensures the functioning of the social person at the level of social norms, as well as allows the evolution of social institutions to be realized;- Needs, the satisfaction of which occurs at the level of minimum social norms, which ensures the preservation of the social person, but not its development; - Needs, the satisfaction of which provides comfortable (for data of socio-cultural area and social time) conditions of operation and development.The article gives attention to the relation between the concepts of «social needs» and «educational needs» and shows where they overlap. The existence of educational needs is an essential feature of students. Educational need is a need arising from the contradiction between the existing and necessary (desired) level of education and encourages the person to eliminate this contradiction.Educational needs were defined as the needs for the formation of the education means of those personal qualities that contribute to personal self-realization and the formation of personal qualities in the field of education that will enable them to obtain the desired social benefits and improve the social well-being of the individual. Such qualities are: high level of intellectual development; theoretical knowledge and practical skills necessary for professional activity; communicative skills and a high level of culture; personal qualities (integrity, workability, creativity, etc.). Education itself is a factor that allows the formation and accumulation of socially significant qualities in an individual’s arsenal that enable them to receive the benefits, satisfy the urgent needs and be realized as an active and active-oriented member of society.It was emphasized that in today’s conditions, students according to their characteristics are quite different from all other sections of the population, first of all ideological formation, influence mobility and their kinds of needs, which to a great extent determine its social well-being.Social needs of students are considered in connection with the functions of education, primarily with the functions of intelligence reproduction of society, vocational, economic and social. The article used data from nationwide surveys of students «Higher Education in Ukraine: Students’ Public Opinion» and «Higher Education in Reform Conditions: Changes in Public Opinion» conducted by Ilko Kucheriv Democratic Initiatives Foundation in 2015 and 2017 respectively; the data of a sociological survey «Values of Ukrainian Youth», conducted in 2016 by the Center for Independent Sociological Research «OMEGA», by request of Ministry of Youth and Sport of Ukraine.Based on the data of sociological research, we concluded that the level of social needs satisfaction of students in the field of higher education is not high. We need more detailed analysis of students who are studying at various educational institutions, as well as to identify the trends that are characteristic for education sections in different areas of study.

Robert K. Merton et al.,

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward C. Page
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Ideal Type ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Class And Status ◽  
Bureaucratic Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Ideal

This article offers a critique ofA Reader in Bureaucracy, by Robert K. Merton et al. It examines four themes in the papers and debates in the book, many of which were central to the study of bureaucracy in the 1950s and 1960s: the debate with Max Weber over his historical-comparative ambitions of the ‘ideal type’ of bureaucracy, formality and informality, the relationship between social stratification and bureaucracy, and the problematization of authority. The discussion outlines Weber’s perspectives on bureaucracy, particularly the ideal type of bureaucracy, his preconditions of bureaucracy, and the bureaucratizing tendencies in modern society. The chapter then turns to the problematic link between social class and status and bureaucracy, together with the role of formal rules and hierarchy in explaining bureaucratic behavior. It concludes by assessing the influence of sociology in general, and of theReaderin particular, on contemporary public policy studies.

scholarly journals Etno-confessional features of Ukraines integration into the united Europe

2017 ◽  
pp. 107-119
Author(s):  
Serhiy Zdioruk
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Status ◽  
Art Philosophy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

In all societies, at least prior to the Enlightenment, religion served as a basis for formation of ideology determining the existence of culture. All important areas of society and its institutions were determined by the religious legitimacy this way or the other. Today they are separated from the order of life and culture specified for the society as a whole by the religion and have the status of independent subsystems. However, in fact, religion has become one of the spheres of social life. Now it coexists with the art, philosophy, science, politics, economics and so on. According to the differentiation and specialization of society the individual acquires the status of free and autonomous entity: he is not required to submit to the power of the religious tradition. He is free to use the opportunities to choose any branch of knowledge opening prospects for his capacities. Man has the right to profess any religion or profess none being limited to purely secular activities.

Class and Status: The Conceptual Distinction and its Empirical Relevance

2007 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 512-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tak Wing Chan ◽  
John H. Goldthorpe
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Labour Party ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Cultural Consumption ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Conceptual Distinction ◽  
Class And Status ◽  
Party Voting

In this article, we return to Max Weber's distinction between class and status as related but different forms of social stratification. We argue that this distinction is not only conceptually cogent, but empirically important as well. Indeed, class and status do have distinct explanatory power when it comes to studying varying areas of social life. Consistent with Weber's assertions, we show that economic security and prospects are stratified more by class than by status, while the opposite is true for outcomes in the domain of cultural consumption. Within politics, class rather than status predicts Conservative versus Labour Party voting in British general elections and also Left-Right political attitudes. But it is status rather than class that predicts Libertarian-Authoritarian attitudes.

scholarly journals STRATIFIKASI SOSIAL DAN KESADARAN KELAS

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizqon H Syah
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Activities ◽  
The Status ◽  
National Life

Abstract: Social Stratification and Class-Conscience. Human’s life is stratified. The status itself is determined by some factors, such as inheritance, education and religion. Even though divided into different status, people should not be treated based on their status which can lead in to disharmony in their social life and national life as a whole. It is a fact that social stratification is fruits of people’s life reflected by the ideas, values, norms, social activities and things. This phenomenon is always present in people’s life in every level of the society.Key Words: Society, Status, Dichotomy and Harmony  Abstrak: Stratifikasi Sosial dan Kesadaran Kelas. Kehidupan dalam bermasyarakat tidak dapat dipisahkan dari jenjang status kehidupan yang bertingkat-tingkat. Status tersebut diakibatkan oleh banyak faktor seperti karena keturunan, pendidikan, dan agama. Meskipun realitanya status manusia yang berbeda-beda, manusia tidak boleh terdikotomi dengan status tersebut sehingga mengganggu keharmonisan dalam kehidupan berbangsa dan bernegara. Satu bentuk variasi kehidupan dari hasil perbedaan adalah fenomena stratifikasi (tingkatan-tingkatan) sosial yang terjadi melalui proses suatu bentuk kehidupan baik berupa gagasan, nilai, norma, aktifitas sosial, maupun benda-benda, Fenomena dari stratifikasi sosial akan selalu ada dalam kehidupan manusia, sesederhana apapun kehidupan, berbeda satu sama lain, tergantung bagaimana mereka menempatkannya. Kata Kunci: Masyarakat, Status, Dikotomi dan Harmoni DOI: 10.15408/sjsbs.v2i1.2239  

scholarly journals Case studies towards the analysis of total social construction

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-493
Author(s):  
Jingdong Qu
Keyword(s):  
Social Construction ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Cultural Elements ◽  
Different Dimensions

Case study is an irreplaceable sociological strategy for research on social construction. Different from either hypothesis tests or descriptive accounts of social life, case study aims to make a long chain of interpretations from a typical case to the construction of the whole society, by linkages of concrete people, conditions, and situations in a case with other related social, political, and cultural elements all the way through. In other words, the case is not only influenced by the policies made by central or local governments at different levels, but also located in grassroots customs and mores at the bottom. To find these multiple relations horizontally and vertically clustered in a case study, various methods of -graphy must be used, such as geography, cartography, demography, historiography, biography, autobiography, lexicography, and, finally, ethnography. At the same time, however, all these elements and their relations should be activated by eventalization having happened in daily life. Through the types of stimulation of abnormal processes or sublimation of normal rituals in eventalization, the complicated, correlative, and sustainable relationships among social elements are presented as many social mechanisms in different dimensions. On all accounts, the whole scene of society will be opened out as a solid structure by the various points (events), lines (linkages), and plane (mechanism) in three dimensions. As Max Weber said, ‘The causal relations in sociological research would be satisfied as a special explanatory demonstration’.

scholarly journals The Place and Role of a Social Status in the Mechanism of Intentional Criminal Behaviour

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-105
Author(s):  
Yu. S. Karavayeva
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Life Situation ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual

Elements of some crimes suggest that the subject has special features specified in the disposition of the relevant article of the Special Part of the Criminal Law. The analysis of these features allows to attribute them to the status and role characteristics of the personality, which causes the possibility of using the sociological theory of social statuses and roles in order to carry out a criminological study of the mechanism of intentional criminal behavior and the place characteristics under consideration take. Taking into account the existing idea concerning the elements of the mechanism of criminal behavior, the author substantiates the influence of social status and role of the individual on its moral formation, emergence and development of criminal motivation, significance for the particular life situation and the process of committing the crime. At the same time, the author refrains from concluding that there is a causal link between the status and role of a person and the commission of a crime, and, relying on the results of sociological research, comes to the conclusion that the social status and role determine, on the one hand, the content and nature of interactions between the individual and the society, and, on the other hand, make an impact on personal characteristics of the individual, his needs and the system of values adjusting them to each other. In other words, with regard to the mechanism of intentional criminal conduct, the social status and role are of dual importance, as they amount to both internal conditions and external factors. Thus, as internal conditions, they cause the emergence of the personality of such features, which are implemented as the features of social perception, motivation and goal-setting. Acting as external factors, the social status and role characterize the specific life situation in which the crime is committed and which, as the offender is aware of them, also affect the motivation and goal-setting processes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document