scholarly journals Has fertility increased at very high levels of development?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hampton Gray Gaddy
Keyword(s):  
Human Development Index ◽  
National Level ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Clear Relationship ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Past ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High

Increasing development is historically associated with fertility declines. However, demographic paradigms disagree about whether that relationship should hold at very high levels of development. Using national-level data through 2005, Myrskylä, Kohler, and Billari (2009) found that very high levels of the Human Development Index (HDI) were associated with increasing total fertility rates (TFR). This paper updates that finding with data up to 2017. It investigates whether the observed association has continued to hold for the countries originally studied and whether it holds for countries that have more recently reached very high HDI. For countries that reached HDI ≥ 0.8 in 2000 or before (n=27), the data indicate no clear relationship between changes in HDI and TFR at HDI ≥ 0.8. There is also no clear relationship for countries that reached HDI ≥ 0.8 between 2001 and 2010 (n=13). For countries that reached HDI ≥ 0.8 in 2000 or before, there appear to have been notable increases in TFR between 2000 and 2010, but those gains appear to have completely reversed between 2010 and 2017. The past finding of TFR increases at very high levels of development has not borne out in recent years. In fact, TFRs declined markedly in very high development countries between 2010 and 2017. This paper contributes to the debate over the relationship between development and fertility. That debate has an important bearing on how low fertility is conceived by social scientists and policymakers.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Assessment Beliefs of Science and Education Lecturers in a University

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S Davies ◽  
Maddalena Taras
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
National Level ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
The Past ◽  
Science And Education ◽  
Assessment Beliefs ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Assessment processes and products are important at all levels of education, from the micro context of the classroom to national level. Expertise in assessment is assumed to be a basic attribute of lecturers.  However, given the developments of the past 20-30 years a panoply of ideals and ideas have permeated discourses so as to camouflage the basics of theoretical understanding. This study examines the beliefs of 50 science and 50 education lecturers at an English university, focusing on data collected via a questionnaire to clarify the beliefs and understanding of assessment terms and the relationship between them. The results demonstrate that there is a great variety of understanding both between and within subject disciplines. This spread, though to be expected in a thinking, developing sector, has implications for learning and teaching and for quality assurance. </p>

The Influence of Globalization and Ethnic Fractionalization on Cooperation and Trust in Kenya

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy R. Buchan ◽  
Robert Rolfe
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
National Level ◽  
Heterogeneous Population ◽  
National Account ◽  
Public Goods Game ◽  
Ethnic Inequality ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ethnic Fractionalization ◽  
The Relationship

This research examines the effects of ethnic fractionalization and globalization on individual-level propensities toward generalized trust and cooperation at the national level. Conclusions regarding both ethnic-fractionalization and globalization remain mixed as to their influence on prosocial behavior. This chapter explores the relationship between these variables in Kenya, a country with an extremely heterogeneous population that has increased integration with the global economy over the past decade. Literate Kenyan male and female adults, ages 18 to 60, from two of Kenya’s largest ethnic groups, the Luo and Kikuyu, participated in an experimental public goods game in which players contribute to, and benefit from, a national account. Results are consistent with the argument that it is not ethnic fractionalization per se that is associated with lower cooperation but increased ethnic inequality. The implications of these findings are that trust and cooperation are highly contextually based and influenced by social and environmental factors.

scholarly journals Fear, Institutionalized Racism, and Empathy: The Underlying Dimensions of Whites’ Racial Attitudes

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. DeSante ◽  
Candis Watts Smith
Keyword(s):  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Congressional Election ◽  
Election Study ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Institutionalized Racism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cognitive Beliefs ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTFor nearly 75 years, scholars of American public opinion have sought to measure whites’ attitudes toward blacks: social scientists have invented and revised ways to measure what we could refer to as “racial prejudice.” With each revision, scholars who believe they have captured new forms of racial animus are met with opposition from those who believe that old-fashioned anti-black affect is a thing of the past. We directly answer these claims by collecting a surfeit of attitudinal measures to simultaneously estimate the relationship between cognitive beliefs about the racial status quo and emotional reactions to racism. First, we uncover that two higher-order dimensions undergird whites’ racial attitudes. Second, we validate a four-item version of our new battery using the 2016 Cooperative Congressional Election Study.

A Reorientation of Niche Theory in Human Ecology

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Broussard ◽  
Gerald L. Young
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Human Ecology ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Niche Theory ◽  
Species Problem ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Symptomatic of social forces is the character of the relationship between the individual and society; study of that relationship is central to sociology, a part-whole problem shared with other social sciences. A number of sociological concepts have been developed at least in part to examine this relationship. In the past couple of decades, sociologists and other social scientists have borrowed from niche theory in biological ecology, applying niche in a number of ways. In this article, the Hutchinsonian revolution in niche theory is stressed to establish that adaptations of niche into sociological human ecology are based on misleading analogies and are derived from a failure to recognize the implications of changes in niche theory. The difficulties issue in part from “the species problem” and from unclear differentiation between niche and more established sociological concepts, particularly role and status. These differences are specified and clarified prior to a radical reorientation of niche in human ecology. The reorientation resolves the species problem, updates and reinforces ties with biological ecology, and enlarges the potential for study of the linkages between individual and society and between micro and macro in complex systems.

scholarly journals Tendrils of Memory: A Journey through Vietnam’s Landscape

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Les Horvat
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Creative Practice ◽  
The Past ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Cultural Construct ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Relationship

While the interdisciplinary field of memory studies is burgeoning, the relationship between creative practice, memory, and landscape, remains open to debate, especially when considered in terms of its validity as anthropological data for ethnographers and social scientists. This article calls for a new approach to landscape and memory that remains sensitive to the notion that photography is able to provide a relevant platform for the re-examination of lived experience. Landscape is positioned as a site for memory and forgetting, and as a cultural construct resonant with the fabric of who we are, who we have been in the past, and offering an indication of who we may be in the future. The importance of creative practice through its many forms is suggested as a well-credentialed means of interpreting lived experience, leading to the proposition that photography has an important role to play in furthering our understanding of cultural history.

Drugs, Violence, and Development in Colombia: A Department-Level Analysis

2006 ◽  
Vol 48 (03) ◽  
pp. 157-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer S. Holmes ◽  
Sheila Amin Gutiérrez de Piñeres ◽  
Kevin M. Curtin
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
National Level ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Fixed Effects Model ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Level Analysis

Abstract Observers say that drug production fuels violence in Colombia, but does coca production explain different levels of violence? This article examines the relationship between coca production and guerrilla violence by reviewing national-level data over time and studying Colombia by department, exploring the interactions among guerrilla violence, exports, development, and displacement. It uses historical analysis, cartographic visualization, and analysis of the trends in four high coca-producing and four violent Colombian departments, along with a department-level fixed effects model. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, the department-level analysis suggests that coca production is not the driving force of contemporary Colombian guerrilla violence. Instead, economic factors and coca eradication emerge as prominent explanatory factors.

scholarly journals Can market structure explain cross-country differences in health?

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Kate Rybczynski ◽  
Lori Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Insufficient Physical Activity ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Relationship

There is a well documented health disparity between several European countries and the United States. This health gap remains even after controlling for socioeconomic status and risk factors. At the same time, we note that the U.S. market structure is characterized by significantly more large corporations and "super-sized" retail outlets than Europe. Because big business is hierarchical in nature and has been reported to engender urban sprawl, inferior work environments, and loss of social capital, all identified as correlates of poor health, we suggest that differences in market structure may help account for some of the unexplained differences in health across Europe and North America. Using national level data, this study explores the relationship between market structure and health. We investigate whether individuals who live in countries with proportionately more small business are healthier than those who do not. We use two measures of national health: life expectancy at birth, and age-standardized estimates of diabetes rates. Results from ordinary least squares regressions suggest that, there is a large and statistically significant association between market structure (the ratio of small to total businesses) and health, even after controlling income, public percent of health expenditure, and obesity rates. This association is robust to additional controls such as insufficient physical activity, smoking, alcohol disease, and air pollution.

History, Villagers, and the Social Scientists: Wrestling with the Past in the Present

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 149-162
Author(s):  
Tracy McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Rural Life ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Historical Ethnography ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

What is the relationship between the historical Soviet countryside and the post-Soviet present both for the scholars who study them and for the population that inhabits them? Together Margaret Paxson, Solovyovo: The Story of Memory in a Russian Village; Jessica Allina-Pisano, The Post-Soviet Potemkin Village: Politics and Property Rights in the Black Earth; and Douglas Rogers, The Old Faith and the Russian Land: A Historical Ethnography of Ethics in the Urals create a rich, nuanced portrait of contemporary rural life in parts of the former Soviet Union. When one reads the three books together, one finds evidence of interesting continuity alongside dynamism and change that varies depending on the region and on the questions that motivated the researcher. The three works ask in varied ways how individuals in post-Soviet society perceive their world and attempt to live in it. The three studies extend far and wide across the territory of the former Soviet Union: Solovyovo, three hundred miles north of Moscow; the Black Earth, more than four hundred miles to the south; and Sepych, about one thousand miles to the east.

Historians and Sociologists Debate Transnationalism

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kivisto
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Developmental Phase ◽  
The Past ◽  
Methodological Nationalism ◽  
Immigrant Studies ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the role played by the idea of transnationalism in immigrant studies during the past quarter of a century. It does so by first reviewing its developmental phase, which was influenced by a postnational perspective that contended that the salience of the nation-state was declining and by an epistemological critique of methodological nationalism. This is followed by an overview of the main claims of the critics, followed by subsequent revisions, which include a rethinking of the relationship between transnationalism and assimilation and a consideration of assertions that what is at stake is actually bi-localism or translocalism, rather than connections made at the national level. The article concludes by revising slightly Waldinger’s contention that nations remain powerful agents in determining who gets to cross borders and which individuals will be permitted to become citizens via a process of “political resocialization.”

scholarly journals Studies in the dynamics of disinfection. X. The effect of lethal temperatures on standard cultures of Bact. coli. III. on the variation of the rate of disinfection with temperature at pH 7·0, including the calculation of a new and constant temperature coefficient

1947 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-341
Author(s):  
R. C. Jordan ◽  
S. E. Jacobs ◽  
H. E. F. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Logistic Equation ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Temperature Coefficients ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lethal Temperatures ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High

1. The 99·99 % mortality time (t) has been used as a measure of the rate of disinfection of standard cultures of Bact. coli by heat under carefully controlled conditions, and the relationship between this rate and temperature (T) over the range 47–55° C. has been examined.2. From the form of the relationship a minimum temperature of about 44° C. for the reaction was indicated, but the formula t (T — α)b = a, which has been used for the calculation of biological temperature coefficients in the past, was quite inadequate to express the relationship when an acceptable value for the maximum temperature (α) was employed.3. The formula t × θT = A more usually employed in bacteriological work, fitted the data reasonably well except at the highest temperature. The very high value of 897 for Q10 was obtained.4. On theoretical grounds, the above formula could not apply at temperatures near the minimum, and also it appeared likely to break down when high temperatures were used.5. It was shown that the full graph of log (t — 10) against temperature should be sigmoid and asymptotic to two temperatures, a minimum and a maximum, the latter being defined as the temperature at which 99·99 % mortality would be produced in 10 min.6. The graph of the Pearl-Verhulst logistic equation is of this type and, with 44 and 56° C. as the minimum and maximum temperatures, it provided an excellent fit to the data, especially at the highest temperature used.

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