scholarly journals Research equity: Incentivizing high-risk basic research with market mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford Ellgen ◽  
Dominique Kang
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Funding Model ◽  
Numerical Rating ◽  
Rating Method ◽  
Equity Model

Innovation in basic research is vital to scientific progress and technological development; however, such research finds insufficient support in the current research environment. To stimulate high-risk, high-reward basic research, this paper proposes a “research equity” funding model in which funders—such as government agencies and philanthropies—would pay researchers and institutions for completed research: The more valuable the research, the greater the reward. The valuation of completed research could be done with a novel “chess rating” method: A peer reviewer would be presented with a pair of research papers and would decide which of the two is of greater value, and a large number of comparisons would produce a numerical rating to inform payment. Payment based on research value would enable many of the qualities found in healthy markets. Initial capital for basic research would be provided by research institutions, which would be financially incentivized to invest in a diverse body of basic research that includes both low-risk, conservative research and high-risk, innovative research. Institutions would be motivated to demonstrate the value of completed research in their portfolios, which may accelerate recognition of important results. By motivating researchers and institutions to produce and promote valuable research, the research equity model could stimulate more rapid scientific discovery and progress. Notably, the research equity model could coexist with grant funding.

Fostering technology transfer in industrial biotechnology by academic spin-offs

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunter Festel ◽  
Philipp Rittershaus
Keyword(s):  
Technology Transfer ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Commercial Application ◽  
Industrial Biotechnology ◽  
Research Institutions

Industrial biotechnology is the commercial application of biotechnology using cells or components of cells, like enzymes, for industrial production processes including consumer goods, bioenergy and biomaterials. In the last years this area has gone through a fast technological development resulting in a high number of basic technologies based on research efforts at universities and research institutions. But a technology transfer gap exists between basic research and the commercialisation of the results. This gap can be closed by academic spin-offs which manage the technology transfer from universities and research institutions to industrial companies. After the spin-off process, the technology is further developed within the new venture normally using additional resources from external investors. As soon as the technology reaches a certain grade of maturity, the spin-offs can co-operate with an established company and work for them as a service provider or be acquired. The chosen approach of technology transfer depends on the type of company. Whereas multinational enterprises (MNEs) are very active in making new technologies available both by acquiring spin-offs or engaging them as service providers, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are focused on partnering with spin-offs, due to limited financial and management resources.

SUBSTANTIATION OF THE CONCEPT OF REFORMING THE SYSTEM OF ORGANIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDUSTRY

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-109
Author(s):  
Olga V. Krasnyanskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Academic Science ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Development Costs ◽  
Production Organization ◽  
Scientific And Technological Development

Despite the fact that Russia remained among the ten leading countries by the share of costs for technological innovations in the total volume of delivered products, the gap in the level of innovation performance remained serious. In terms of the specific weight of technological innovation costs in the total volume of the delivered goods, performed works and rendered services (2,1%), Russia in 2018 ranked 9 th among European countries. In terms of its share of the research and development costs in the total cost of technological innovations (45,2%) – 14th place and in terms of the specific weight of the innovative goods, works, services in the total volume of goods delivered, works performed, services rendered (6,5%) – 24th place out of 30. An analysis of the foreign and Russian experience of the innovation organization showed that in order to multiply the share of innovative industrial products in the total production, it was necessary to create such a system of organization and management of scientific and tech- nological development, which, unlike current practice and by analogy with the key principle of modern concepts of the production organization – the principle of “pulling” – would be able to form a real paid demand for applied R & D and subsequently for basic research. At the same time, in addition to the existing stream of ideas from academic science to production, it is necessary to organize a back-stream of demand – from the factory science, which is at the forefront of understanding the current needs of industry – to the applied one and then to academic science within the range of issues really essential for production.

Aeroacoustic Analysis of a UAV Propeller Operable at Various Altitudes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Hun Song ◽  
Seungsoo Jang ◽  
Youn-Jea Kim
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Turbulence Model ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Maximum Error ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Application Range ◽  
Noise Characteristics

Abstract With technological development and the wide application range of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), the regulation of UAV altitude limits in many countries is further alleviated, and the problem of UAV noise pollution has emerged with the recent advent of urban air mobility (UAM) and personal air vehicle (PAV) markets. In this study, one typical propeller, the T-motor 15 × 5 propeller, was analyzed by use of the commercial CFD software, ANSYS FLUENT V19.3. The effects of gravity and convection were analyzed to determine the noise characteristics at altitude using the FW-H equation. A high-altitude drone, which operates at heights from 0 to 10 km with 1,000 to 5,000 revolutions per minute, was analyzed using the steady-state k-ω SST turbulence model. And using the steady-state data to initialize values, an unsteady analysis was performed with the LES turbulence model. The time step was divided based on the 1-degree rotational time, and the velocity residual on each axis was calculated until a value of 10−7 or less was achieved and there was no fluctuation of thrust, at which point it was considered converged. The CFD results were validated with the experimental results for thrust and their results show that the maximum error was 8.64%. The overall sound pressure level was calculated, and noise characteristics in the audible frequency range according to receiver points were also compared. Through this study, thrust and noise data according to altitude were provided. The aerodynamic and aeroacoustic characteristics at high-altitudes, which are generally difficult to measure by experiment, are also presented. Therefore, the appropriate operating altitudes and rotational speeds will be presented through the aeroacoustics analysis corresponding to operational altitude, and the basic research data can then be applied to upcoming unmanned aircraft system (UAS) market.

scholarly journals The Science DMZ: A Network Design Pattern for Data-Intensive Science

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Dart ◽  
Lauren Rotman ◽  
Brian Tierney ◽  
Mary Hester ◽  
Jason Zurawski
Keyword(s):  
Network Design ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Design Patterns ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Data Intensive ◽  
And Performance

The ever-increasing scale of scientific data has become a significant challenge for researchers that rely on networks to interact with remote computing systems and transfer results to collaborators worldwide. Despite the availability of high-capacity connections, scientists struggle with inadequate cyberinfrastructure that cripples data transfer performance, and impedes scientific progress. The ScienceDMZparadigm comprises a proven set of network design patterns that collectively address these problems for scientists. We explain the Science DMZ model, including network architecture, system configuration, cybersecurity, and performance tools, that creates an optimized network environment for science. We describe use cases from universities, supercomputing centers and research laboratories, highlighting the effectiveness of the Science DMZ model in diverse operational settings. In all, the Science DMZ model is a solid platform that supports any science workflow, and flexibly accommodates emerging network technologies. As a result, the Science DMZ vastly improves collaboration, accelerating scientific discovery.

ECONOMIC RIGHTS TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS OBJECTS, CREATED ON THE BASIS OF RESEARCH AGREEMENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF UKRAINE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Юлія Осипова
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Higher Educational Institutions ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
The Right

The article deals with the features of the distribution of economic rights between customers of basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD) and higher educational institutions, as executors of such researches.During the study the author has analyzed general provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine regarding the distribution of rights to the results of basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD) between the customer and the executor of such researches. In addition, the author has analyzed provisions of special legislation regarding the distribution of economic rights to scientific and scientific-technical (applied) results, which are IPR objects.Based on this analysis, it has been found that the distribution of economic rights to IPR objects, which are the results of basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD), at the level of «customer — executor of such researches» will depend on: 1) the type IPR objects that will be created and 2) the sources of fundingof such researches. In relation to such IPR objects as inventions, utility models, industrial designs, copyright, layout designs (topographies) of integrated circuits, plant varieties, animal breeds and performances the following options for distribution of economic rights are possible:1) in case of non-budgetary financing of basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD) — rights belong jointly to the customer and the higher educational institution-executor of such researches. This may be changed by a contract between the customer and the executor.2) in case of budgetary financing of researches — rights belong to the higher educational institutions-executor of such researches. In addition, the legislator does not provide for the possibility to change the said provision by contractually. At the same time, the customer of such research should be assigned the right to use IPR objects for free.3) in the case of budgetary financing of the researches, while the obtained IPR objects are state secrets or objects obtained under a state defence order — rights belong to the customer of such research. This cannot be changed contractually either;4) in the case of mixed financing (own funds of the higher educational institution and budgetary funds) – rights belong to the party that will be determined contractually by the customer and the executor of the basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD).In the case of a scientific discovery, we can only talk about moral rights, namely – the right of attribution. Thus, the indicated object is outside of the scope of the rules regarding the distribution of economic rights.As to phonograms and videograms, the economic rights to these objects will belong to that party to research agreements that will actually “create” those objects. This can be either the customer or the executor of such researches.As to trade secrets, the economic rights will, as a general rule, belong to both the customer and higher educational institution — the executor of basic and applied researches, research and technological development (RTD). In this case, disposing of these rights will be carried out jointly. This can be changed contractually. Also, suggestions to improve the legislation of Ukraine have been made.  

“Smash Temples, Build Schools”: Comparing Secularism in India and China

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter van der Veer
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
Societal Development ◽  
Political Project ◽  
India And China

This chapter discusses secularism as a political project with its own utopian elements. Secularism refers to the growing importance of scientific knowledge that is not constrained by religious authority. Religion is sometimes taken to be an obstacle for scientific progress and secularism demands its removal for the benefit of societal development that is guided by scientific discovery and technological innovation. Secularization was seen by sociologists as an intrinsic and inescapable part of the modernization of Western society, with the assumption that this was something all societies had to go through. An alternative to post-Weberian arguments in sociology about religion and secularity is offered by theories that emphasize individual, rational choice in religious markets.

Acoustic Detection of Distressed Freight Car Roller Bearings

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald B. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
North America ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Roller Bearing ◽  
Acoustic Emissions ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Acoustic Detection ◽  
Internal Damage ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Freight Car

Trackside Acoustic Detection System (TADS®) development spearheaded implementation of an acoustic freight car roller bearing detector whose purpose is to prevent in-service bearing failures (burned off journals and hot bearing detector train stops). The means of accomplishing this goal is by providing the user with a warning of internal bearing defects or degradation with component involvement and severity information. The Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) began the TADS® development process in 1994 with basic research into bearing defect acoustic emissions. Subsequently, TTCI conducted prototype testing on a North American railroad, constructed and installed of several international beta test systems, and finally has sold production systems in North America and internationally. There are currently about 40 TADS® sites in operation world-wide with 2.0 or more systems scheduled for installation in 2007. The original mission for TADS® in North America was an early warning of bearing degradation to allow for scheduled maintenance, but after initial evaluation, this mission enlarged to include notification of potentially high risk bearings. The high risk bearing is defined as one with fairly large areas of internal damage and at an increased risk of overheating or failing in service. The high risk bearing has a different acoustic signature, dissimilar to that of smaller defects. This paper will outline the change in mission for this detector and describe the development of an improved capability for detecting these high risk bearings.

scholarly journals The emergence of heterogeneous scaling in research institutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith A. Burghardt ◽  
Zihao He ◽  
Allon G. Percus ◽  
Kristina Lerman
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Emergent Behavior ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Zipf's Law ◽  
Production Of Knowledge ◽  
Economy Of Scale ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
New Institutions

AbstractResearch institutions provide the infrastructure for scientific discovery, yet their role in the production of knowledge is not well characterized. To address this gap, we analyze interactions of researchers within and between institutions from millions of scientific papers. Our analysis reveals that collaborations densify as each institution grows, but at different rates (heterogeneous densification). We also find that the number of institutions scales with the number of researchers as a power law (Heaps’ law) and institution sizes approximate Zipf’s law. These patterns can be reproduced by a simple model in which researchers are preferentially hired by large institutions, while new institutions complimentarily generate more new institutions. Finally, new researchers form triadic closures with collaborators. This model reveals an economy of scale in research: larger institutions grow faster and amplify collaborations. Our work deepens the understanding of emergent behavior in research institutions and their role in facilitating collaborations.

THE BUSINESS MODEL OF “INNOVATION BROKER” – THEORETICAL ASPECTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 115-131
Author(s):  
Edyta Bielińska-Dusza
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Business Incubators ◽  
Professional Literature ◽  
New Concepts

Technological development forces companies, economies, to actively participate in the process of creating and using knowledge. It results in continuous pursuit of new concepts, which allow better adjustment to new conditions. A growing role is played by innovation centers and business incubators. Business environment institutions, which support companies and enhance the flow of knowledge and technology between companies, scientific units, scientific-research institutions, public administration. We will find numerous examples in the professional literature of the studies in the scope of the business model, assumtions of the system aspect, cooperation, networks, however, relatively little is devoted to this issue in relation to innovation brokers. In connection with the above, the purpose of this publication is to present theoretical indications regarding the business model of the “Innovation Broker” and to characterize the elements of this model.

scholarly journals Animal Models of Uveal Melanoma: Methods, Applicability, and Limitations

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta M. Stei ◽  
Karin U. Loeffler ◽  
Frank G. Holz ◽  
Martina C. Herwig
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Uveal Melanoma ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Models ◽  
Tumor Patients ◽  
Xenograft Models

Animal models serve as powerful tools for investigating the pathobiology of cancer, identifying relevant pathways, and developing novel therapeutic agents. They have facilitated rapid scientific progress in many tumor entities. However, for establishing a powerful animal model of uveal melanoma fundamental challenges remain. To date, no animal model offers specific genetic attributes as well as histologic, immunologic, and metastatic features of uveal melanoma. Syngeneic models with intraocular injection of cutaneous melanoma cells may suit best for investigating immunologic/tumor biology aspects. However, differences between cutaneous and uveal melanoma regarding genetics and metastasis remain problematic. Human xenograft models are widely used for evaluating novel therapeutics but require immunosuppression to allow tumor growth. New approaches aim to establish transgenic mouse models of spontaneous uveal melanoma which recently provided preliminary promising results. Each model provides certain benefits and may render them suitable for answering a respective scientific question. However, all existing models also exhibit relevant limitations which may have led to delayed research progress. Despite refined therapeutic options for the primary ocular tumor, patients’ prognosis has not improved since the 1970s. Basic research needs to further focus on a refinement of a potent animal model which mimics uveal melanoma specific mechanisms of progression and metastasis. This review will summarise and interpret existing animal models of uveal melanoma including recent advances in the field.

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