scholarly journals Social disadvantage, economic inequality, and life expectancy in nine Indian states

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangita Vyas ◽  
Payal Hathi ◽  
Aashish Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Absolute Magnitude ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Indian States ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Mortality Estimation ◽  
Fundamental Causes

An extensive literature documents the contributions of discrimination and social exclusion to health disparities. This study investigates life expectancy differentials along lines of caste, religion, and indigenous identity in India, home to some of the largest populations of marginalized social groups in the world. Using a large, high-quality survey that measured mortality, social group, and economic status, we are the first to estimate and decompose life expectancy differences between higher-caste Hindus and three of India's most disadvantaged social groups: Adivasis, Dalits, and Muslims. Relative to higher-caste Hindus, Adivasi life expectancy is more than four years lower, Dalit life expectancy is more than three years lower, and Muslim life expectancy is about one year lower. Economic status explains less than half of these gaps. The differences between the life expectancy of higher-caste Hindus and the life expectancies of Adivasis and Dalits are comparable to the Black-White gap in the US in absolute magnitude. The differences are larger in relative terms because overall life expectancy in India is lower. Our findings extend the literature on fundamental causes of global health disparities. Methodologically, we contribute to the literature on mortality estimation and demographic decomposition using survey data from low- and middle-income contexts.

scholarly journals Future Mortality in Low Mortality Countries

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziella Caselli ◽  
Sven Drefahl
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Mortality Estimation ◽  
Advanced Phase

This chapter provides an overview of past and expected future trends in life expectancy in populations with low levels of mortality. High and low mortality populations were separated on the basis of the level of child mortality in the year 2010 according to the revised estimates of the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2011), with the threshold being 40 deaths per 1,000 children below the age of 5 years. The low mortality population is comprised of 132 countries including Europe, North America, most of Oceania and Latin America, large parts of Asia (excluding the high mortality area in Central and Southern Asia), and Northern Africa. The populations of these countries are already engaged in an advanced phase of the demographic and ‘epidemiologic transition’. Because they previously experienced strong decreases in infant mortality, the future mortality trends are driven mainly by mortality in adult ages, primarily the old and oldest-old. Although the data sources on which the existing estimates of life expectancy for these populations are based vary considerably (owing to differences in the death registration systems and the estimation techniques, see, e.g., Luy, 2010), we have relatively good knowledge of past and current mortality levels and trends and their causes. Despite the similar general trends, today’s low mortality countries are very heterogeneous in various aspects, including medical standards, access to health care, and behavioural risk factors, such as smoking prevalence. These diversities are strongly related to the populations’ stages of economic development and contribute to a broad variance of life expectancy levels. Among men, life expectancy at birth for the years 2005–10 ranges between 60.2 in Kazakhstan and 79.5 in Iceland. Among women, the range is between 67.8 in the Solomon Islands and 86.1 in Japan. To demonstrate this relationship between economic development and life expectancy we classified countries according to their current per capita income as an indicator of the economic development level of the populations. We used the World Bank classification, which groups countries into high income (≥$12,276 annually), upper middle income ($3,976–$12,275), lower middle income ($1,006–$3,975), and low income (≤$1,005).

Humanism and Aging

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Derkx ◽  
Hanne Laceulle
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Life Extension ◽  
Cultural Narratives ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Socio Economic Status

Humanism, as a meaning frame, is defined by four characteristics: human agency; human dignity; self-realization; and love of vulnerable, unique, and irreplaceable persons. A humanist view of aging is in favor of healthy aging and life extension, but human life is and remains inherently vulnerable (not just medically), and in a humanist view other aims are regarded as deserving a higher priority than life extension for privileged social groups with already a high (healthy) life expectancy. Humanist priorities are (1) a better social organization of a person’s life course with a better balance among learning, working, caring, and enjoying; (2) more social justice—for too long differences in socio-economic status have been determinants of shocking differences in health and longevity; (3) development and dissemination of cultural narratives that better accommodate the fulfillment of essential meaning-needs of the elderly than the stereotyping decline- and age-defying narratives); (4) less loneliness and social isolation.

Abstract P108: Race and Socioeconomic Status Are Strongly Associated With Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Health and Outcomes in Chicago

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia D Ofori-Marfoh ◽  
Caroline Volgman ◽  
Annabelle Volgman ◽  
Sarah Alexander ◽  
Kim Williams
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Health Disparities ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
National Level ◽  
Racial Minorities ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Contributing Factors

Introduction: Cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in Chicago according to the most recent data gathered by the Chicago Department of Public Health (DPH). This is also true at the state and national level. The unique distribution of the population in Chicago along racial/ethnic lines promotes disparity in CVD prevalence and, consequently, higher mortality in certain racial minorities and neighborhoods. We sought to identify the factors contributing to racial disparities in CV health, interventions that have been initiated to address these risk factors and lastly, solutions to decrease this gap in Chicago. Hypothesis: We hypothesize that unique risk factors put certain racial minorities, especially African Americans (AAs), at greater risk for CVD and mortality. Methods: An extensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus and the Chicago DPH Epidemiological database with the search terms/phrases health disparities, CVD, mortality, longevity, life expectancy and Chicago in order to identify contributing factors to racial disparities in CV health and outcomes in Chicago. Results: Many CV risk factors identified at the national level held true for Chicago. Race and socioeconomic status (SES) were repeatedly found to be significantly associated with increased prevalence of CV risk factors with one study finding no association between residence in a primary care health provider-deprived area and increased prevalence of CV risk factors after adjusting for SES and race. AAs, persisting into old age, had poorer control of hypertension (45% vs 51%, p <0.001) relative to their Non-Hispanic White counterparts regardless of their Medicare eligibility status and after adjusting for potential confounders such as SES and obesity. Life expectancy for AA Chicagoans was the lowest at 71.7 with Hispanics having the highest life expectancy at 84.6, and Non-Hispanic Whites at 78.8 years. CVD claims the most lives in Chicago with AAs at greatest risk for CV mortality greatly contributing to longevity being the lowest in this racial subgroup. Interventions identified include city-level efforts such as the Healthy Chicago 2.0 initiative and partnerships involving public, community and healthcare organizations striving to narrow the health disparities gap. Recognition that race and SES are strongly associated with adverse CV health outcomes to a greater extent in certain racial subgroups is a huge step in increasing effective strategies to combat the disproportionate burden of CVD in this subgroup. Conclusion: African Americans in Chicago suffer the greatest burden of CVD and mortality with studies strongly suggesting that race, itself, and SES are leading culprits in this racial disparity.

Health Disparities and the Social Determinants of Health: Ethical and Social Justice Issues

2019 ◽  
pp. 265-276
Author(s):  
Sridhar Venkatapuram
Keyword(s):  
Health Disparities ◽  
Social Determinants Of Health ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Social Epidemiology ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Early Infant ◽  
The Social

The term health disparities (also called health inequalities) refers to the differences in health outcomes and related events across individuals and social groups. Social determinants of health, meanwhile, refers to certain types of causes of ill health in individuals, including lack of early infant care and stimulation, lack of safe and secure employment, poor housing conditions, discrimination, lack of self-respect, poor personal relationships, low community cohesion, and income inequality. These social determinants stand in contrast to others, such as individual biology, behaviors, and proximate exposures to harmful agents. This chapter presents some of the revolutionary findings of social epidemiology and the science of social determinants of health, and shows how health disparities and social determinants raise profound questions in public health ethics and social/global justice philosophy.

scholarly journals Adherence to Food-Based Dietary Guidelines: A Systemic Review of High-Income and Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1038
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina B. Leme ◽  
Sophia Hou ◽  
Regina Mara Fisberg ◽  
Mauro Fisberg ◽  
Jess Haines
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
High Income ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Research comparing the adherence to food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) across countries with different socio-economic status is lacking, which may be a concern for developing nutrition policies. The aim was to report on the adherence to FBDGs in high-income (HIC) and low-and-middle-income countries (LMIC). A systematic review with searches in six databases was performed up to June 2020. English language articles were included if they investigated a population of healthy children and adults (7–65 years), using an observational or experimental design evaluating adherence to national FBDGs. Findings indicate that almost 40% of populations in both HIC and LMIC do not adhere to their national FBDGs. Fruit and vegetables (FV) were most adhered to and the prevalence of adhering FV guidelines was between 7% to 67.3%. HIC have higher consumption of discretionary foods, while results were mixed for LMIC. Grains and dairy were consumed below recommendations in both HIC and LMIC. Consumption of animal proteins (>30%), particularly red meat, exceeded the recommendations. Individuals from HIC and LMIC may be falling short of at least one dietary recommendation from their country’s guidelines. Future health policies, behavioral-change strategies, and dietary guidelines may consider these results in their development.

scholarly journals A Study of Anthropometric and Socio-economic Factors Associated with Delayed Menarche in a Bengali Indian Population with Special Reference to BMI and 2D:4D Ratio

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 24-31
Author(s):  
Suddhasatta Ghosh ◽  
Dilip Mukherjee ◽  
Riddhi Dasgupta
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
P Value ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Parental Height ◽  
Age Of Menarche ◽  
Delayed Menarche ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Introduction: The average age of menarche has declined over the last century but the magnitude of the decline and the factors responsible remain subjects of contention. Aims and Objectives: To study a group with delayed menarche in a cohort of Bengali Indian females with low to normal body weight. To investigate anthropometric characteristics (height, mid-parental height, weight, BMI), Socio-economic Status, Sexual Maturity Rating (SMR) stages and 2D: 4D ratio ( ratio of lengths of second and fourth digits of both hands) in those with delayed menarche. To analyse the correlation of these factors with delayed age of menarche. Materials and Methods: A total of 614 children , aged 11- 16 completed years, of low to middle income family groups and attending suburban schools, were evaluated on the basis of predetermined questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Correlation of factors with delayed age of menarche was done by appropriate statistical methods Results and Analysis: Out of 190 children having delayed menarche (cases) and 424 children with normal age of menarche (controls) , the height percentile (p value: 0.642), BMI ( p value: 0.091), weight (p value: 0.12)and Mid-Parental Height (p value: 0.26) had no significant correlation , while SMR ( p value:0.00), 2D:4D ratio (p value:0.002) and low Socio-economic Status (p value: 0.00) had a significant correlation with delayed menarche. Conclusion: This study is the first to examine such a wide variety of anthropometric and socio-economic factors at a time in a single cohort of females with delayed menarche. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v3i4.5902 Asian Journal of Medical Science Vol.3(4) 2012 pp.24-31

scholarly journals Classification of stillbirth by relative condition at death (Re Co De) at various trimesters of pregnancy: a rural tertiary teaching hospital based study

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 3550 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Meera Rajagopal ◽  
Kalpana Betha ◽  
Satya Priya G.
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Gestational Hypertension ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries ◽  
Tertiary Teaching ◽  
Tertiary Teaching Hospital

Background: New global health figures show India to have the highest rates of stillbirth in the world. While maternal and under 5 child mortality rates have halved, stillbirth remains a neglected global endemic. To reduce stillbirths, the prevalence, risk factors and causes must be known. The aim of the present study is to know the prevalence and classify stillbirths by ReCoDe classification system at different trimesters of pregnancy.Methods: This was a retrospective study done between January 2013 to March 2017 at MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, a rural tertiary teaching hospital, Telangana, India. A total of 112 cases of stillbirths were included. Data was obtained on demographic variables, risk factors such as preeclampsia, etc. Data regarding mode of delivery, fetal asphyxia, were recorded.Results: Stillbirth rate was 12.1/1000 births. Fifty four percent of the women were unbooked. Preterm stillbirths were a majority (67%). The intra-partum still birth rate was low (15.1%) contrary to what is seen in low middle-income countries. Gestational hypertension/Pre-eclampsia, abruptio placenta, fetal growth restriction and oligohydramnios were the leading causes of stillbirths.Conclusions: Pregnant women from rural background with low socio-economic status are prone for stillbirths. As stillbirths were more among unbooked cases, the study highlights the importance of counselling, creating awareness in the rural areas regarding the importance of regular antenatal checkups. Identifying risk factors like pre-eclampsia, anemia etc., at early weeks will enable us to initiate appropriate strategies to improve pregnancy outcome.

Suicide among refugees

2021 ◽  
pp. 543-552
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Vijayakumar ◽  
Sujit John ◽  
A.T. Jotheeswaran
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Exposure To Trauma ◽  
Global Public Health Problem

Suicide is a global public health problem, with the majority of suicides occurring in low- and middle-income countries. The UNHCR reported that in 2017 there were 25.4 million refugees, with the majority (85%) being hosted by developing countries, which have limited infrastructure, healthcare systems, and are often politically and economically unstable. A review of suicidal behaviour among refugees reveals a prevalence of 3.4–40%. Female sex, higher education and socio-economic status, exposure to trauma, presence of psychological disorders, long stay in detention centres, and rejection of asylum status are associated with increased suicidal risk. Globally, data for rates of suicide among refugee groups are not available and any interventions to reduce suicide among refugees have received scant attention. A theoretical model for understanding suicide risk in refugees is proposed in this chapter and the possible interventions discussed.

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