scholarly journals Unraveling the System of Representation of the Colonizer in E. M. Forster’s A Passage to India (1924) and Louis Bertrand’s La Cina (1901)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary Studies ◽  
Fatima BENSIDHOUM
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Critical Theory ◽  
Postcolonial Theory ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Colonial Literature ◽  
British India ◽  
Racial Discourse ◽  
Ideological Discourse ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Louis Bertrand

The main focus of this research paper is to study one of the key concepts of postcolonial critical theory which is “Identity and Representation”. It is based upon a textual reading and analysis of two texts as representatives of colonial literature written about British-India and French-Algeria, namely A Passage to India by E.M. Forster and La Cina by Louis Bertrand. Relying on Albert Memmi’s foundational postcolonial theory developed in his The Colonizer and the Colonized, we assume that both texts obey and reflect a similar ideological discourse. The narratives are revealed to operate through a complex system which tends to (re)fashion and to (re)mold the identity of both the colonizer and the colonized. We demonstrate that Forster and Bertrand shape the main characters into two types which Memmi labels as: ‘the Colonizer who Accepts’ and ‘the Colonizer who Refuses’. We have also showed that the writers though belonging to different imperial powers and writing in two different languages, they could not but adhere and support the colonial practices of their countries. What comes also of this study is that Forster, though most often known for his Liberalism, vehicles a racial discourse which accounts for the superiority of the British colonizer. Bertrand is much more racist and jingoist, his attitudes are reminders of what Achebe said about Conrad; ‘a bloody racist’.

Problems of education in the post-industrial era

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-79
Author(s):  
Vladimir Artamonov ◽  
Elena Artamonova
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Distance Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
Corporate Education ◽  
Industrial Education ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Life Long Learning ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Changing Roles ◽  
Post Industrial

Considering the problems of education in the post-industrial era, the authors present the key concepts and make an attempt to describe the post-industrial reality as a volatile and complex system. Тhe authors discuss new approaches in technical and corporate education. A model of the development of «post-industrial education» is proposed, which helps to understand the main trends and challenges that await the education system in the future. The problems of «post-visual reality» and distance education are discussed, technical and organizational methods of its implementation are considered. In accordance with the concept of «life-long learning», conclusions are drawn about the changing roles of students and teachers.

scholarly journals Understandable Steganography

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indu Maurya ◽  
S K Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Representation ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Computational Power ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Secret Information ◽  
Confidential Data ◽  
Key Concepts

For hiding information in a digitalized object Steganography is an important technique. It is a special kind of scientific technique which involves the secret information communication inside suitable cover objects of multimedia like image files, audio or videos. The embedded data and its existence are hidden with the help of Steganography. It is a method of hiding data which has enormously improved the security level of confidential data with the help of special hiding mechanism and is considered as remarkable achievement in the computational power. The main aims of Steganography are; capacity of concealed data along with its robustness, lack of detection etc. These are some of the additional features which make it distinguishing from other older techniques like watermarking as well as cryptography. In this research paper, we have surveyed Steganography of digital images and cover the basic and key concepts. In spatial representation the development of image Steganographic methodology in the format of JPEG, along with that we will also debate on the modern developments as far as Steganography is concerned.For increasing Steganographic security, specifically used approaches are shortlisted and the developments made after investigations are also presented in this paper.  

Comparative Racialization: An Introduction

PMLA ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 1347-1362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Mei Shih
Keyword(s):  
Critical Theory ◽  
Postcolonial Theory ◽  
The United States ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
English Departments ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Henry Louis Gates ◽  
Metropolitan Universities ◽  
Comparative Racialization

In the Fall of 2004, members of the MLA committee on the Literatures of People of Color in the United States and Canada felt that it was time to assess the state of the study of race in literary studies as we approached the twenty-year anniversary of the publication of the seminal collection “Race,” Writing, and Difference (1986), edited by Henry Louis Gates, Jr., which contained contributions from some of the most important scholars of race. It may appear that studying race is now largely taken for granted in English departments and that we no longer need to place quotation marks around race to emphasize its constructedness. Many scholars, though, feel a deep sense of anxiety that the situation with regard to race may have been normativized and comfortably compartmentalized but not improved. Intellectual tokenism abounds, as do equivalences between phenotypes and fields of study, with notable exceptions in larger metropolitan universities. For those of us outside English departments, the situation has barely improved. Each discipline has its unique historical baggage, and some are more able to discard their baggage than others, while some have been placed under greater pressure to change. But the truth of the matter is that some are just plain unwilling to acknowledge the significance of race even as they strive to update their disciplines and expand into new areas. In the extensive field of literary studies, it is premature to state that race has arrived, and it is not at all certain that the relation between race and critical theory, so central to the Gates volume, is settled. To a large extent, critical theory continues to see race as exterior to it, transcendent of the theorizations and lived experiences of race. Even though South Asia-based postcolonial theory has geared us to the study of colonialism and its consequent postcolonial complexities, it has also long held a strongly ambivalent relation to race studies.

A Dictionary of Critical Theory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Critical Theory ◽  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Gender Studies ◽  
Literary Theory ◽  
Postcolonial Theory ◽  
Film Studies ◽  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Frankfurt School ◽  
Cultural Materialism ◽  
Internet Studies

Over 750 entriesThe most authoritative and up-to-date dictionary of critical theory available, covering the Frankfurt school, cultural materialism, cultural studies, gender studies, film studies, literary theory, hermeneutics, historical materialism, Internet studies, and sociopolitical critical theory. It explains complex theoretical discourses, such as Marxism, psychoanalysis, structuralism, deconstruction, and postmodernism clearly and provides biographies of figures who have influenced the discipline, such as Deleuze and Foucault.This new edition has been updated to extend coverage of diaspora, race, and postcolonial theory, and of queer and sexuality studies, ensuring that it remains invaluable for students of literary and cultural studies and anyone studying a humanities subject requiring a knowledge of theory.

Resistance, Rebellion, and the Subaltern

2021 ◽  
pp. 416-436
Author(s):  
Kim A. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
The Political ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
British India ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Empirical Case Studies

Often falling short of its putative aims, subaltern resistance has throughout history played a significant role in shaping the political landscape of states and empires. This chapter examines some of the more recent developments, as well as criticisms, of the broader study of subaltern resistance and rebellion within a global context. The empirical case studies are drawn primarily from the European imperial expansion during the long nineteenth century, and from British India in particular, and the discussion focusses on three central themes: violence, rumors, and religion. Considering the centrality of historiographical debates on the key concepts of “resistance” and “subalternity,” the discussion is framed by a critical reading of the work of Ranajit Guha and his classic 1983 book, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency.

scholarly journals ABU NAWAS AL-HASSAN BIN HANI, BETWEEN AL-AKKAD AND AL-NUWEHI, AN APPROACH TO THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL METHOD

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (05) ◽  
pp. 347-357
Author(s):  
Nassima BERRAG ◽  
Rima BERAGRAG
Keyword(s):  
Critical Theory ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Structural Approach ◽  
Psychological Approach ◽  
Critical View ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Psychological Method ◽  
The One ◽  
Poetic Work

Modern Arab theory is based on the evocation of contextual occidental approaches that are out of text. Here, signs of critical modernity began in the reading of traditional Arabic texts, and one of the most important texts around which the readings revolved was the text of Abu Nawas, symbol of textual modernity for Arabs, as demonstrated by Adonis. This research paper seeks to find the balance between the two Arab readings that invoked the psychological approach to enlighten the text of Abu Nawas, the reading of Abbas Mahmoud Al-Akkad marked "Abu Nawas Al-Hassan Bin Hani", which is famous for studying biography and genius in which the personality key was followed as a tool from which it can penetrate into its depth and thought, and the study of Muhammad Al-Nohi’s “The Psychology of Abu Nawas”, which is a unique modern critic in his critical view, began to define literature as «the supreme fruit of the experiences of human life», his study preceded Akkad’s study by nine months, and both were in the same year 1953, This justifies the legitimacy of the balance between them on the one hand, and calls for an examination of the effects of comparison within the Arab critical theory, which has been influenced by Western theories, and which are given by the Freudian incubator. The comparison that the intervention intends to make is descriptive speech (meta critical). As for the problem posed by the research paper, consists in: What are the paradoxes that a single psychological approach poses to the multiplicity of readers and to the unity of the method? Al-Akkad relied on the dictum of narcissism to decompose Abu Nawas’s personality, and psychologists took this word (narcissism) to denote the associated bodily discomfort and sexual lust, and to signify a person’s infatuation with his body and desire for sexual lust, he feels like an image of himself, which completes his composition and all the imperfections he feels, according to Shawqi Deif. Based on the complex of narcissism, Al-Akkad explained the manifestations of the complex in what was called Autoimmune and self-envy, while Al-Noaihi went to the complex of Oedipus and inferred it with textual evidence under the name: the sexual replacement of a mother with wine and the sublimation expressed in the poetic work. We note here that the Arab critical theory stopped with these two writers, and that it did not use the developments of the psychological structural approach as presented by Jacque Lacan, his works not yet being translated into Arabic ‎. Keywords: Abu Nawas, Al-Akkad, Al-Noaihi, Psychological Method, Critical Theory

Remediating the Social: Impacts of Historical Fascism on Academic Fascism

2020 ◽  
pp. 142-162
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Video Games ◽  
Critical Theory ◽  
New Media ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Smart Technology ◽  
Traditional Media ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Concepts

Remediation is the process whereby the new media (animation, virtual reality, video games, and the internet) define themselves by borrowing from and refashioning traditional media (print, film, video, and photography). This chapter explores how the remediation that is successfully deployed in forming new media contents and adds dynamics to media production can be applied to the understanding of academic fascism as a new field of research in contemporary social theory. Traditional fascism as the movement based on historic fascism (i.e., German, Italian, and Spanish) refashions academic fascism as a new manifestation of contemporary fascism; likewise, the academic fascism impacts the fascism as-we-know-it and contributes to many new devices and procedures that demand the attention of critical theory of society. The researcher as scapegoat Other, academic cleansing, privatization of knowledge, and smart technology (on the place of blood and soil) are the key concepts addressed and analyzed in this chapter.

Homi Bhabha and Communication Studies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Daniel Elam
Keyword(s):  
American Literature ◽  
Postcolonial Theory ◽  
Frantz Fanon ◽  
Communication Studies ◽  
Edward Said ◽  
Homi Bhabha ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Political Commitments ◽  
The U.S

Homi Bhabha (b. 1949) is among the founding generation of scholars of “postcolonial theory” as it emerged in the U.S. and U.K. academies in the 1980s and 1990s, and is currently the Anne F. Rothenberg Professor of English and American Literature and Language. Bhabha’s intellectual emergence coincided with the emergence of “postcolonial theory” in the 1980s and 1990s. Bhabha’s particular contribution to postcolonial critique is unique in successfully combining the fields of post-structuralism, history, and psychoanalysis, and in relationship to the texts and histories of British rule in South Asia. Bhabha is best situated within an often-overshadowed strain of postcolonial theory committed to the recovery of universality rather than the demand for particularity, a lineage that includes Frantz Fanon and Edward Said. Bhabha’s key concepts and terms, especially “ambivalence” and “hybridity,” have been taken up across many fields under the rubrics of postcolonial and/or diasporic intervention. Bhabha’s writing and theoretical arguments are based primarily in perpetual negotiation, in opposition to negation. Understanding this key intervention makes it possible to grasp the full scale of Bhabha’s driving concerns, theoretical conceptions, and political commitments.

Critical Theory and Cognitive Sociology

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-64
Author(s):  
Piet Strydom
Keyword(s):  
Critical Theory ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Cognitive Sociology ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Cognitive Revolution

This chapter proposes an integral cognitive sociology capable of mediating between the sociocultural and naturalistic approaches that had all along been latent in critical theory but in the wake of the cognitive revolution can now be made explicit. The conviction driving the argument is that critical theory requires this complementary kind of cognitive sociology in order to secure its penetrating multilevel type of analysis and defining action- and praxis-oriented critical capacity. Framed by an autobiographical perspective, the first part traces the emergence of this cognitive sociology by identifying some starting points and prompts, both positive and negative, in the extant writings of relevant critical theorists. The second part is then devoted to an outline of the proposed cognitive sociology in terms of two key concepts: “the cognitive order” of the human sociocultural form of life and “weak naturalism.” The former allows a presentation of what the analysis of the sociocultural form of life according to the flow, structuring effects and dynamics of cognitive properties would entail. The latter allows the identification of the constraints impinging on the sociocultural world that derive from its ontological rootedness in nature. In contrast to strong naturalism, however, the sociocultural dimension is acknowledged as having epistemological priority for social science rather than being demoted to an epiphenomenon. While the thrust of the chapter is that critical theory urgently requires an integral cognitive sociology, it is apparent that contemporary cognitive sociology is as much in need of being complemented by a critical theoretical approach.

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