scholarly journals Rabbi Nachman of Breslev and Cognitive Therapy: A Short Comparison of Conceptual and Educational Similarities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaacov J Katz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Depth Psychology ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Spiritual Guidance ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
God's Will ◽  
The Past ◽  
Individual Needs ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Rabbi Nachman of Breslev, born in 1772, was the great-grandson of Rabbi Yisrael Baal Shem Tov (Master of the Good Name) and founder of the Chassidic movement. He grew up to be an outstanding and charismatic Chassidic master. During his lifetime he attracted a group of devoted followers who looked to him as their prime source of spiritual guidance in their quest for God. The teachings of Rabbi Nachman focused on a number of key concepts such as faith in God, simplicity, study of Jewish sources (bible, talmud, legal code) individual and private prayer, and joy. He taught his followers that deviant past actions result from perceiving illusions which contorted reality. In addition, these illusions which led in the past to transgressions and deviant religious and social behavior, need to be rationally understood in order to erase them. The individual needs to focus on the rational present in order to improve his or her perceptions and actions and to live according to God's will. Unlike classical depth psychology which dwells on problematic key personality issues linked to the individual's past and are usually embedded in the subconscious or the unconscious, cognitive therapy suggests that problematic issues affecting the individual can be dealt with by helping the individual to rationally overcome difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thinking, beliefs, behavior, and emotional responses. Cognitive therapy consists of testing the assumptions which one makes and identifying how some of one's usually unquestioned thoughts are distorted, unrealistic and unhelpful on the one hand and what the individual needs to do in order to view life rationally on the other.The conceptual definitions used by Rabbi Nachman in his theological model expounded in the latter part of the eighteenth century and by those espousing the model underlying cognitive therapy in the 20th and 21st centuries are remarkably similar and seem to have evolved from the same psychological assumptions. The similarities between the principles underlying two theories are analyzed and discussed in the present paper.

scholarly journals Evolution of the Concept of Citizenship in the Islamic Thought: An Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-141
Author(s):  
Osama Sami AL-Nsour
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship

The concept of citizenship is one of the pillars upon which the modern civil state was built. The concept of citizenship can be considered as the basic guarantee for both the government and individuals to clarify the relationship between them, since under this right individuals can acquire and apply their rights freely and also based on this right the state can regulate how society members perform the duties imposed on them, which will contributes to the development of the state and society .The term citizenship has been used in a wider perspective, itimplies the nationality of the State where the citizen obtains his civil, political, economic, social, cultural and religious rights and is free to exercise these rights in accordance with the Constitution of the State and the laws governing thereof and without prejudice to the interest. In return, he has an obligation to perform duties vis-à-vis the state so that the state can give him his rights that have been agreed and contracted.This paper seeks to explore firstly, the modern connotation of citizenship where it is based on the idea of rights and duties. Thus the modern ideal of citizenship is based on the relationship between the individual and the state. The Islamic civilization was spanned over fourteen centuries and there were certain laws and regulations governing the relationship between the citizens and the state, this research will try to discover the main differences between the classical concept of citizenship and the modern one, also this research will show us the results of this change in this concept . The research concludes that the new concept of citizenship is correct one and the one that can fit to our contemporary life and the past concept was appropriate for their time but the changes in the world force us to apply and to rethink again about this concept.

Sacrifice in Jewish Tradition

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Weddle
Keyword(s):  
Jewish People ◽  
Jewish Tradition ◽  
God's Will ◽  
Redemptive Suffering ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Tikkun Olam ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Temple

After Roman destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70CE, Jewish tradition reimagined animal sacrifices as devotional acts, such as prayer, fasting, and study of Torah, as well as giving up individual desires to fulfil God’s will. Rabbis interpreted the story of Abraham’s binding Isaac for sacrifice (the Akedah) as the model of absolute obedience to divine commands (mitzvoth) and as the basis for the election of the Jewish people to bear witness to the one God. Their commentary, however, included the horrified reaction of Sarah’s scream to the news of Abraham’s act, ending in her death, indicating dissent from sacrifice as religious ideal. Rabbinic tradition transferred the site of sacrifice from temple to synagogue in rituals of High Holy Days, to the family table in Passover and Sabbath rituals, and to the individual will in submission to Torah. In the mystical teaching of Kabbalah, God sacrifices to create the world and Jews are called to sacrifice to redeem the world (tikkun olam). Such vocation of redemptive suffering was called into question by the Holocaust, and some contemporary Israeli poets refer to the Akedah in expressing misgivings about calls to sacrifice in defense of Israel.

Biological Ideas and Their Cultural Uses

1984 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 111-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Benton
Keyword(s):  
Biological Evolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
Human Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Do So

The topic of my talk is a very ancient one indeed. It bears upon the place of humankind in nature, and upon the place of nature in ourselves. I shall, however, be discussing this range of questions in terms which have not always been available to the philosophers of the past when they have asked them. When we ask these questions today we do so with hindsight of some two centuries of endeavour in the ‘human sciences’, and some one and a half centuries of attempts to situate the human species within a theory of biological evolution. And these ways of thinking about ourselves and our relation to nature have not been confined to professional intellectuals, nor have they been without practical consequences. Social movements and political organizations have fought for and sometimes achieved the power to give practical shape to their theoretical visions. On the one hand, are diverse projects aimed at changing society through a planned modification of the social environment of the individual. On the other hand, are equally diverse projects for pulling society back into conformity with the requirements of race and heredity. At first sight, the two types of project appear to be, and often are, deeply opposed, both intellectually and politically.

scholarly journals Approaching Retirement

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 752A-752
Author(s):  
Bruno C. Moser
Keyword(s):  
Senior Citizen ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Department Head ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Faculty Careers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Retirement Incentives ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Career Direction

Society sends numerous signals to those of us who reach official senior citizen status at age 55. Both personal and professional decisions and goals begin to adapt to that inevitable retirement date, which may no longer be age 65. Our institutions send mixed signals of early retirement incentives to individuals on the one hand, but loss of position threats to departments on the other. Elimination of a required retirement age allows individuals to plan past 65, with a number of options available. This forces departments to consider the final career years more closely than in the past. Maintaining viability and aggressiveness of faculty members during this phase of an individual's career is a challenge. Issues of deadwood on the one hand, vs. aggressive productivity up to retirement, can affect a department's capabilities. Discussion of this phase in faculty careers will center around both the individual and his/her department head who, hopefully, are on the same track regarding career direction, but often have different plans for the final years, e.g. semi-retirement and disengagement versus productivity to the last day. Faculty in departments with competitive peers and strong professional development programs throughout the career path lead to the latter as individuals approach retirement.

Błok i Jung: inflacja ego („Wiersze o Przepięknej Pani”)

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-134
Author(s):  
Izabella Malej
Keyword(s):  
Depth Psychology ◽  
Carl Jung ◽  
Dual Effect ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Special Privilege ◽  
The Status ◽  
Psychic Energy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Eternal Feminine ◽  
Insight Into

According to depth psychology, whose pioneer is C.G. Jung, inflation is an emotional state, most often triggered by a dream, manifested by an increase in sexual urge, a feeling of higher energy, power and fascination. Ego inflation can have a dual effect on the individual who experiences it: positive, which is associated with the possibility of establishing contact with archetypes as elements of the collective unconscious, and negative, leading to a sense of possession. In both cases, which often occur together, the key to understanding this unique state of psychic energy is contact with symbols, previously latent in the psychic genotype. In the creative process, as well as in crucial moments of life, the ego acquires the special privilege of insight into the unrecognised realms of the unconscious, which leads to a kind of emotional explosion, a feeling of ecstasy. The ego of the creator, stunned by new possibilities and filled with psychic energy, undergoes excessive growth, “swelling”. Carl Jung calls this state being possessed by the unconscious complex. In the case of Alexander Blok, one can speak of being possessed by the archetype of the Eternal Feminine – Anima, which is proven in the cycle Verses About the Beautiful Lady (1901–1902). The symbol of the Beautiful Lady unites within its archetypal structure various kinds of psychological oppositions (consciousness and unconsciousness, inner woman and inner man, ecstasy and fear). The Beautiful Lady as the numinous element of the poet’s psychic structure acquires the status of an energetic dominant or the centre of the unconscious.

scholarly journals A comparison of the point scale and the group method of measuring mental ability

1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
George Everette Breece
Keyword(s):  
Group Method ◽  
Mental Ability ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Group Test ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University

Within the past decade great interest has arisen in the measurement of mental ability. As a result a vast deal of literatures has been written upon this subject. Psychologists have suggested and secured norms for many tests, most of which, or perhaps all of which, are based more or less upon the original Binet-Simon tests. However, this study does not propose either to list or review the history of such mental tests. The one problem of interest, and the problem to which we shall adhere strictly, is to discover the correlation which exists between the Group Test of Mental Ability as worked out and tested by W. H. Pyle of the University of Missouri, and the Individual Tests, otherwise known as The Point Scale Tests as worked out and tested by Robert M. Yerkes, James W. Bridges and Rose S. Hardwick, each of the Psychopathic Hospital, Boston. a thorough explanation of each of these two tests is given in Appendices I and II of this study.

scholarly journals A Non-classical Approach to the Study of the Unconscious in Adolescence and Youth

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-380
Author(s):  
A. Adykulov
Keyword(s):  
Personality Development ◽  
Classical Approach ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Psychological Determinants ◽  
Self Development ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

A non-classical approach to the development of personality in teenage years and adolescence presupposes a student’s self-development, where the individuality, initiative, identity of the student’s personality development is put at top of mind. The discovery of new opportunities and prospects in the study of unconscious psychological determinants, the relationship of consciousness and the unconscious and their manifestations in the youth personality in the educational environment, involves, on the one hand, the formation of the psychological foundations of the personality of young men and women as active subjects, creators, self-creating, self-determining personalities, on the other hand, involves the formation of unconscious psychological determinants (unconscious attitudes, personality archetypes: ego, self, persona, anima, animus, shadow), which are responsible not only for the content of the conscious part, but also the behavior of the individual.

scholarly journals Zoroastrianism

1912 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-226
Author(s):  
George Foot Moore
Keyword(s):  
European Origin ◽  
God's Will ◽  
Day Of The Lord ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
The World ◽  
Diverse Origin ◽  
Evil Spirits ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Nature And Society

The religion whose adherents call themselves “Worshippers of Mazda,” the Wise God, and which we commonly name after its founder Zoroastrianism, is in many ways of peculiar interest. It is the only monotheistic religion of Indo-European origin, as Judaism is the one independent Semitic monotheism. Zoroastrianism is, further, eminently an ethical religion, both in its idea of God and of what God requires of men. It presents itself as a revelation of God's will through his prophet. His will is that men, renouncing the false gods, should serve the Wise Lord alone, obey his word, and contend on his side for the defeat of evil and the triumph of all good in nature and society and in the character of the individual. The prophet warns men that the day of the Lord is at hand, an ordeal by fire in which God will separate between those who serve him and those who serve him not, and of the endless blessedness or the unfathomable misery beyond. God has his allies not only among men but among the hosts of spirits; to the hierarchy of good powers corresponds a hierarchy of evil. In the endeavor to clear God of the responsibility for evil, Zoroastrianism recognized a powerful head of the evil spirits, a devil. But it had firm faith in the final triumph of good and the end of all evil. When that day shall come, all the dead will be raised to stand at the bar of God in the grand assize and receive the just recompense of reward. The main features of this eschatology were adopted by the Jews and adapted to the premises of their own religion; through Judaism it passed to Christianity, where it was fused with elements of diverse origin; from Judaism and Christianity, and to some extent directly from later Zoroastrianism, Mohammedanism inherited it. The orthodox beliefs about the hereafter of the world and the individual entertained by the nations of Western Asia, Europe, and America, are thus ultimately derived in no small part from Zoroastrianism; only in the farther East, in India, China, and Japan, does another system prevail.

What We Should Do About Korea

Worldview ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
Donald L. Ranard
Keyword(s):  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
The Other ◽  
American Power ◽  
The Past ◽  
Land War ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Asian Mainland ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Power And Influence

With the end of the U.S. involvement in Vietnam and Indochina attention has turned to the Korean Peninsula. For the past two decades an uneasy peace has been maintained between two Korean governments—the one Communist, totalitarian, and revolutionary; the other non-Communist, yet authoritarian, undemocratic, and indeed almost as totalitarian in its lack of regard for opposition political voices and the rights of the individual. Probably nowhere else is American power and influence so greatly exposed as on the Korean Peninsula—with all the attendant risks for involving the U.S. in a land war on the Asian mainland.Any sensible discussion of alternatives to U.S. policy in Korea should begin with consideration of the commitment of the U.S. to the defense of Korea, as embodied in the treaty between the U.S. and Korea that entered into force in November, 1954.

Setting the Standard

2020 ◽  
pp. 339-359
Author(s):  
Kimberly White
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Choices

The individual and collective contributions and professional activities of singers had a significant effect on the programming, circulation, and status of operatic works in nineteenth-century France. In the past three decades, scholars engaged in research on performers have made significant strides in revealing, on the one hand, the collaboration of singers and their contributions to the works they performed and, on the other, the structure and dynamics of the operatic marketplace. This chapter explores the various ways in which singers influenced the shape of repertory through their individual choices, the institutional structures under which they worked, and the shifting patterns and places of performance. Indeed, nostalgia for the singers who “created” a role had an important function in the canonization process: the French expression créer un rôle (“create a role”) consciously elevated this activity and imbued it with authorial force. This chapter is paired with Hilary Poriss’s “Redefining the standard: Pauline Viardot and Gluck’s Orphée.”

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