scholarly journals The Effect of Legislature Size on Public Spending: A Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huzeyfe Alptekin ◽  
Danilo Freire ◽  
Umberto Guarnier Mignozzetti ◽  
Catarina Roman
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legislature Size ◽  
Seminal Article ◽  
Inference Methods ◽  
The Relationship

In a seminal article, Weingast et al. (1981) argue that there is a positive relationship between legislature size and inefficiency in public expenditures. Their proposition is currently known as the "law of 1/n" and has been widely debated in political science and public administration. However, recent studies have questioned the validity of the theory. In this letter, we estimate the first meta-analysis of the relationship between the number of legislators and public spending. Based on a sample of 29 articles, we find no robust evidence for the effect of legislature size on government budgets. Yet the aggregate results show significant heterogeneity. While earlier studies provide moderate support for the "law of 1/n", papers using causal inference methods consistently find a negative relationship between seats and spending. The available evidence also indicates that proportional representation and mixed voting systems are no more likely to overspend than majoritarian ones.

A Meta-Analytic Review of the Relationship Between Learning Organization and Organizational Performance and Employee Attitudes: Using the Dimensions of Learning Organization Questionnaire

2021 ◽  
pp. 153448432098736
Author(s):  
Boreum Ju ◽  
Yunsoo Lee ◽  
Sunyoung Park ◽  
Seung Won Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Learning Organization ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Employee Attitudes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Dimensions Of Learning ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this meta-analysis study is to examine the correlations between the Dimensions of Learning Organization Questionnaire (DLOQ) and frequently examined outcomes including organizational performance and employee attitudes. Positive relationships were found between the DLOQ and organizational performance (e.g., financial, knowledge, and innovative performance) and employee attitudes (e.g., organizational commitment and job satisfaction) and the sub-dimensions (e.g., affective, continuance, and normative commitment), with a notable exception of a negative relationship between the DLOQ and turnover. Because the DLOQ has been used in many countries over the years, this study also examined the influence of national culture on the outcomes. Power distance moderated the relationship between the learning organization and overall organizational performance. Our meta-analytic review makes substantive contributions to the literature on the learning organization concept and the study of national culture as a significant moderator. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals PSII-17 Program Chair Poster Pick: Effect of ruminal protozoa on methane emissions in ruminants – a meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 397-398
Author(s):  
Xiaoxia Dai ◽  
Kenneth Kalscheur ◽  
Pekka Huhtanen ◽  
Antonio Faciola
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Methane Emissions ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Positive Relationships ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The effects of ruminal protozoa (RP) concentration on methane emissions from ruminants were evaluated in a meta-analysis using 67 publications reporting data from 85 in vivo experiments. Experiments included in the database reported methane emissions (g/kg DMI) and RP (log10 cells/mL) from the same group of animals. Quantitative data including diet chemical composition, ruminal fermentation, total tract digestibility, and milk production; and qualitative information including methane mitigation strategies, animal type, and methane measurement methods were also collected. The studies were conducted in dairy cows (51%), beef steers (32%) and small ruminants (32%). 70% of the studies reported a reduction in methane emissions. Supplemental lipids reduced methane emissions 95% of the time. The relationship between methane emissions and RP concentration was evaluated as a random coefficient model with the experiment as a random effect and weighted by the inverse pooled SEM squared, including the possibility of covariance between the slope and the intercept. A quadratic effect of RP concentration on methane emissions was detected: CH4= -28.8 + 12.2 × RP-0.64 × RP2. To detect potential interfering factors in the relationship, the influence of several qualitative and quantitative factors were separately tested. Acetate, butyrate, and isobutyrate molar proportions had positive relationships with methane emissions and influenced the relationship between RP concentration and methane emissions, where the presence of ruminal fermentation variables reduced the effects of RP concentration in methane emissions. Total tract digestibility of DM, OM, and CP had negative relationships while NDF digestibility had a positive relationship with methane emissions; however, they only changed the magnitude of intercept and slope of RP and RP2 for the relationship. For dairy cows, milk fat and protein concentrations had positive relationships and milk yield had a negative relationship with methane emissions and changed the magnitude of intercept and slope of RP and RP2 for the relationship.

The impact of time to adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) on survival in colorectal cancer (CRC): A systematic review and meta-analysis.

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 364-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Biagi ◽  
M. Raphael ◽  
W. D. King ◽  
W. Kong ◽  
W. J. Mackillop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

364 Background: The optimal timing from CRC surgery to initiation of AC is unknown. We report a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the relationship between time to adjuvant chemotherapy (TTAC) and survival. Methods: A systematic review of literature was done to identify studies that described the relationship between TTAC and survival. Studies were only included if the distribution of relevant prognostic factors was adequately described, and either comparative groups were balanced or results adjusted for the prognostic factors. Hazard ratio (HR) and TTAC for overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) from each study were converted to a regression coefficient (β) and standard error (SE) corresponding to a continuous representation per 4 weeks of TTAC. The adjusted β from individual studies were combined using a fixed-effect model. Inverse-variance (1/SE2) was used to weight individual studies. The possible effect of publication bias was investigated using the trim and fill approach. Results: We identified 9 eligible studies involving 14,357 patients (4 published articles, 5 abstracts). Two studies were randomized trials and 7 were cohort studies. Six studies reported TTAC as a binary variable and 3 reported TTAC as ≥3 categories. An estimate of HR for OS was derived from all 9 studies and estimate for DFS was derived from 5 studies. Meta-analysis demonstrated that a 4-week increase in TTAC was associated with a significant decrease in both OS (HR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.09-1.15), and DFS (HR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.11-1.20). The analysis showed no significant heterogeneity among studies. These TTAC associations remained significant after analysis for potential publication bias, and when the analysis was repeated excluding the two studies of largest weight. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a 12% increase in the risk of death for each 4 week of delay in the start of AC for CRC. These findings indicate the need for clinicians and health systems managers to take the steps necessary to keep TTAC as short as reasonably achievable. In addition, our results suggest there may be some benefit to AC after a 3-month TTAC delay. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Relationship between Smoking and Acute Mountain Sickness: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Masuet-Aumatell ◽  
Alba Sánchez-Mascuñano ◽  
Fernando Agüero Santangelo ◽  
Sergio Morchón Ramos ◽  
Josep Maria Ramon-Torrell
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Acute Mountain Sickness ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Mountain Sickness ◽  
The Relationship

Aims. Previous epidemiological investigations of the relationship between smoking and acute mountain sickness (AMS) risk yielded inconsistent findings. Therefore, a meta-analysis of observational studies was performed to determine whether smoking is related to the development of AMS. Methods. Searches were performed on PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science for relevant studies that were published before November 2016 reporting smoking prevalence and AMS. Two evaluators independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed study quality. The pooled relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were performed according to the type of participant, altitude, and study design. Results. A total of 11 observational studies involving 7,106 participants, 2,408 of which had AMS, were eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis. The summary RR for AMS comparing smokers to nonsmokers was 1.02 (95% CI: 0.83 to 1.26). Specific analyses for altitude, type of participant, and study design yielded similar results. There was significant heterogeneity for all studies (Q=37.43; P<0.001; I2=73%, 95% CI: 51% to 85%). No publication bias was observed (Egger’s test: P=0.548, Begg’s test: P=0.418). Conclusions. The meta-analysis indicates that no difference was found in AMS risk with regard to smoking status.

scholarly journals Metabolic Syndrome Increases the Risk for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Meta-Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huajun Wang ◽  
Yanmei Cheng ◽  
Decheng Shao ◽  
Junyuan Chen ◽  
Yuan Sang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Metabolic Factors ◽  
Knee Oa ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
The Cochrane Library ◽  
The Relationship

Background. Studies revealed that metabolic factors might contribute substantially to osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. There has been an increasing interest to understand the relationship between knee OA and the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The purpose of this study was to explore the association between metabolic syndrome and knee osteoarthritis using meta-analysis.Methods. Databases, including PUBMED, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, were searched to get relevant studies. Data were extracted separately by two authors and pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated.Results. The meta-analysis was finished with 8 studies with a total of 3202 cases and 20968 controls finally retrieved from the database search. The crude pooled OR is 2.24 (95% CI = 1.38–3.64). Although there was significant heterogeneity among these studies, which was largely accounted for by a single study, the increase in risk was still significant after exclusion of that study. The pooled adjusted OR remained significant with pooled adjusted OR 1.05 (95% CI = 1.03–1.07,p<0.00001). No publication bias was found in the present meta-analysis.Conclusions. The synthesis of available evidence supports that metabolic syndrome increases the risk for knee osteoarthritis, even after adjustment for many risk factors.

scholarly journals Meta-Analysis on the Association of Neuropeptide Y rs16139 Variant With the Risk of Alcoholism

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biqing Chen ◽  
Manish Yadav ◽  
Madhubala Mulkalwar ◽  
Lakkakula Saikrishna ◽  
Henu Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Web Tool ◽  
Alcoholism Risk ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: The neuropeptide-Y (NPY) is involved in the development of alcoholism through NPY receptors. A T&gt;C mutation causes substitution of leucine to proline at codon 7 (L7P; rs16139) in the signal peptide of neuropeptide Y is known to cause a 42% increase in plasma NPY levels. Studies that analyzed the association between NPY rs16139 and alcoholism risk did not demonstrate conclusive evidence for this relationship. The present study aims to evaluate the association between NPY gene rs16139 variant and alcohol dependence.Method: An electronic search of databases including PubMed and Google Scholar was performed to retrieve studies investigating the association between NPY rs16139 and alcoholism. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated in allelic and dominant genetic models. Sensitivity analyses and publication bias were assessed in our meta-analysis. The meta-analysis was conducted using the MetaGenyo web tool.Result: Significant heterogeneity was observed across studies (p &lt; 0.001). Our results have shown that there is no significant association between NPY rs16139 variant and the risk of alcoholism in allelic (OR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.70–1.38, p = 0.921) and dominant models (OR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.69–1.40, p = 0.919). Begg's funnel plot and Egger's test have not shown publication bias (p = 0.332).Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis that evaluates the relationship between the NPY rs16139 polymorphism and the risk of alcoholism. Our large-scale meta-analysis suggests that NPY rs16139 polymorphism is not associated with alcoholism. However, further studies are needed to increase our understanding of the relationship between NPY variants in alcoholism.

Impact of risk perception on customer purchase behavior: a meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-96
Author(s):  
Zhihong Li ◽  
Yongzhong Sha ◽  
Xuping Song ◽  
Kehu Yang ◽  
Kun ZHao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Effect Estimate ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Risk perception is an essential factor affecting how individuals evaluate risk, make decisions and behave. The impact of risk perception on customer purchase behavior has been widely studied; however, the association has been debated. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between risk perception and customer purchase behavior and to examine factors that could moderate it. Design/methodology/approach This study conducted a meta-analysis of this relationship and examined factors that could moderate it. Six databases were comprehensively searched. Two reviewers independently selected the studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed quality. Pearson's r was used as the effect estimate. A total of 33 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Findings The results revealed a negative relationship between risk perception and customer purchase behavior. The geographical region, purchase channel and country development level affected the relationship. The correlation between perceived risk and purchase behavior in European consumers was the highest, followed by the correlation in American consumers; the weakest correlation was found in Asian consumers. For consumers in developed countries, perceived risk had a stronger negative influence on customer purchase behavior than that for consumers in developing countries. The perceived risk of online purchase channels had a stronger negative impact on customer purchase behavior than that of offline purchase channels. Research limitations/implications Risk perception is a useful context in which to explain barriers to customer purchase behavior. In addition, reducing consumers’ risk perception and perfecting the market transaction process with respect to buying behavior should be further studied. Originality/value The findings of this review indicate a direct negative relationship between risk perception and customer purchase behavior. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this review is the first to meta-analytically summarize the impact of risk perception on customer purchase behavior in social sciences research, and it also illuminates new perspectives for future studies.

A meta-analytic examination of the relationship between family firm generational involvement and performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 971-987
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Kosmidou
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Family Firm ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Universal Family ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between family firm generational involvement and performance. Although researchers have studied this relationship extensively, a complete understanding of its true magnitude and sign is still lacking. Design/methodology/approach This meta-analysis sheds new light on this relationship, integrating the findings of 43 studies with 51 independent samples and 18,802 family firms. Findings The results reveal a small and negative relationship indicating that later-generation family firms perform worse compared to first-generation ones. The authors also show that the relationship is stronger for younger than older and for private than public firms. Finally, the measurements of both variables influence the relationship yielding critical research implications. Research limitations/implications This study suggests that future researchers examining the effects of generational involvement on family firm performance should conduct their analysis using multiple measures of both variables to ensure the accuracy of their results. It also highlights the need of family business scholars to converge to the use of a universal family firm definition, as findings differ significantly in strength and direction depending on which definition is used. Practical implications From a practitioners’ perspective, the findings imply that owners of young and private family firms should consider professionalizing and adopting a balanced top management team composition consisting of both family and non-family members as a way to mitigate the negative effects of “familiness” on performance. Originality/value This study empirically demonstrates the importance of adopting a generational perspective when examining differences in family firm performance.

Examining the relationship between organizational commitment and turnover intention via a meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-120
Author(s):  
Cem Oktay Guzeller ◽  
Nuri Celiker
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Turnover Intention ◽  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Turnover Intentions ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality Industry ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this study is expected to reveal the relationship between organizational commitment and turnover intention in the tourism and hospitality literature with more generalizable results, and thus, provide researchers with a new perspective for future studies. In this context, Individual studies that examined the relationship between organizational commitment and turnover intention in the tourism and hospitality industry were systematically identified by a comprehensive literature review. Design/methodology/approach Individual studies were synthesized and analyzed via a meta-analysis method to reveal whether any relationship exists between organizational commitment and turnover intention and to estimate the direction and intensity of the relationship in a more reliable and comprehensive manner. The analyses were carried out on 13 scientific papers that met the inclusion criteria. Findings Results showed that a moderate negative relationship exists between organizational commitment and turnover intention of employees in the tourism and hospitality industry. In this context, individuals who have emotional commitments to their institutions will have lower turnover intentions than others. The right personal selection, performance evaluation techniques, promotion, training and development opportunities, career opportunities and talent management and functional virtues such as strong communication, trust and justice will not only reinforce organizational commitment but also attract talented individuals to an organization and ensure employee retention. Originality/value In the current study, individual studies focusing on the relationship between organizational commitment and turnover were cumulatively collected, synthesized and analyzed. By way of providing a review of individual studies, the study provides cumulative and reliable evidence to the literature regarding the relationship between organizational commitment and turnover, and hence, contributes to the further progression of the field. The study is also the first meta-analysis carried out on the subject in question.

scholarly journals Physical activity and sense of coherence: A meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susette Alanna Moyers ◽  
Martin S Hagger
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Sense Of Coherence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Preventive Health ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Activity Intensity ◽  
The Relationship

The salutogenic model of health proposes that sense of coherence, a multi-dimensional construct representing individuals’ perceptions that their environment is comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful, is a key determinant of stress management and well-being. Generalized resistance resources such as preventive health orientation, material resources, and social support are proposed as determinants of sense of coherence. Health behaviors, particularly physical activity, are proposed as indicators of a preventive health orientation and predictors of sense of coherence. We synthesized research on the relationship between physical activity and sense of coherence using three-level meta-analysis, and tested effects of key moderators of the relationship. Database and manual searches identified 52 studies meeting inclusion criteria with 73 effect sizes testing the relationship. The analysis revealed a small non-zero physical activity-sense of coherence correlation with significant heterogeneity. Demographic variables, version of sense of coherence scale, physical activity measure, study design and quality, physical activity intensity, and time lag did not moderate the correlation. Findings suggest a robust but small correlation between physical activity participation and sense of coherence across studies. Studies that test the relationship using experimental or intervention designs, adopt more precise measures, and include measures of other health behaviors and generalized resistance resources are needed.

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