scholarly journals The Role of Metamemory in Eyewitness Testimony

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renan Benigno Saraiva
Keyword(s):  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Eyewitness Memory ◽  
Eyewitness Testimony ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Eyewitness Accuracy ◽  
New Information ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The Relationship

Estimating eyewitness memory accuracy is crucial in forensic settings, given the need for efficient investigations and the negative consequences of erroneous testimony. In fact, mistaken identifications of innocent suspects have contributed to numerous miscarriages of justice, which often results in many years of innocent lives spent in prison. Eyewitness psychology research has established that eyewitness memory is not a permanent record of perceived events and may be tainted by a number of different factors. Witnesses recollections of important facts not only deteriorate over time but can also be negatively distorted by new information introduced after the original experience. In this thesis, the overarching goal of the research was to test the utility of metamemory assessments as postdictors of eyewitness performance. Metamemory research is essential for a comprehensive understanding of how people use and perceive their own memory, but it has not yet been thoroughly explored in eyewitness settings. Six experiments were conducted, providing new findings that help elucidate the relationship between metamemory and eyewitness accuracy, confidence, and over/underconfidence in forensic settings. More specifically, I investigate how self-ratings of memory ability relate to eyewitness performance in the identification and free recall contexts. These experiments provided initial evidence that some metamemory factors may be important indicators of eyewitness identification accuracy and confidence. It has also been found that eyewitness-specific metamemory factors are predictive of identification accuracy for both biased and unbiased lineups. In this thesis, I summarize the main findings of this novel line of research, presenting the challenges and prospects facing future eyewitness metamemory research.

Factors That Can Interact with Familiarity

2019 ◽  
pp. 77-88
Author(s):  
Joanna Pozzulo
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Eyewitness Memory ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Personality Variables ◽  
Race Effect ◽  
The Impact

This chapter examines the role of estimator variables within eyewitness memory. Estimator variables are factors that occur during the time of the crime that may affect eyewitness identification accuracy. Various estimator variables are discussed, in conjunction with familiarity, to highlight how eyewitness recall and identification may be impacted. The chapter first discusses witness variables such as the role of the eyewitness (i.e., whether the witness is a bystander or a victim), the role of arousal during the time of the crime, the age of the witness, the cross-race effect, and personality variables that may impact identification accuracy. The chapter then discusses the challenges the criminal justice system faces when determining the impact of estimator variables on eyewitness identification accuracy and the need to consider these variables in conjunction with familiarity.

Eyewitness Descriptions and Identifications of Familiar Perpetrators

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Joanna Pozzulo
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Eyewitness Testimony ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Innocent Suspect

This chapter discusses the role of an eyewitness, the importance of eyewitness testimony, and the different identification decisions that an eyewitness can make when the police have apprehended the guilty suspect or an innocent suspect of the crime in question. The chapter then discusses eyewitness recall of strangers, highlighting recent research focusing on an eyewitnesses’ ability to recall details about a perpetrator who is familiar to them. Furthermore, this chapter provides a description of other situations within the legal system in which familiarity recall may be required (e.g., the recall of familiar and unfamiliar events). The chapter also discusses familiarity in relation to how it may impact eyewitness identification accuracy by describing recent research that has utilized an eyewitness paradigm.

The effects of following celebrities’ lives via SNSs on life satisfaction: The palliative function of system justification and the moderating role of materialism

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 3479-3497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihye Seo ◽  
Ki Deuk Hyun
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
System Justification ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Materialistic Values ◽  
The Relationship

Social media increases opportunities to glimpse celebrities’ glamorous lifestyles and to interact with celebrities. This study examines how the use of social networking sites (SNSs) for celebrity-related information and interactions influences users’ life satisfaction. Data analysis demonstrates that celebrity-related SNS activities decrease users’ life satisfaction by increasing relative deprivation through comparison with celebrities. However, the comparison also leads to system justification, serving a palliative function to cope with the potentially negative consequences of such comparisons, which in turn increases life satisfaction. Interestingly, materialism moderates the relationship such that the effects of comparison with celebrities on system justification are observed only among SNS users who hold high materialism values. Also, the direct positive effects of celebrity-related SNS use on life satisfaction are stronger for those with high materialistic values than for those with low materialistic values. The multifaceted functions of celebrity-related SNS activities for life satisfaction are discussed.

scholarly journals Matteo Vergani: How is Terrorism Changing Us? Threat Perception and Political Attitudes in the Age of Terror.

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
José De Arimatéia da Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Social Mechanisms ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Original Analysis ◽  
Terrorism Threat ◽  
Geographical Scope ◽  
The Relationship

This book examines how the perception of terrorism threat erodes civil liberties, sows doubt about the loyalties of immigrants, and heightens the left-right ideological divide. The book presents original analysis of survey data and experiments conducted in Australia, Europe and the United States.Research in the book posits questions that others have largely avoided: How does the threat of terrorist violence undermine multicultural democracies? What are the psychological and social mechanisms that explain how the threat of terrorism can change political attitudes? What is the relationship between terrorism and death threats? What is the role of media in shaping the perception of terrorism threat? And what are the ethical responsibilities of journalists? This book will help readers distinguish between groundless speculation and solid scientific knowledge of the topic. Moreover, it provides concrete recommendations on how to prevent the most negative consequences of the polarization of political attitudes, such as social divisions, exclusivism and conflict. Given the broad geographical scope of the research presented in the book, specifically North America, Europe and Australia, this book will appeal to broad scope of readers.

The value of philosophical analysis of history for ecological education

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
N.V. Popkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Man And Nature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Evolutionary Role ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Discussed is the need for a historical analysis of the relationship between man and nature for the formation of the theoretical basis of environmental education is considered. It is shown that a holistic picture of the historical interaction between mankind and the Earth’s biosphere is necessary for understanding modern global processes: the disclosure of the causes of the ecological crisis will help to create programs for the greening of human activity. Traditional historical approaches developed by the philosophy of history are not suitable for solving this problem, since they do not take into account the natural limitations of technological progress and the evolutionary role of humanity in the biosphere. The article discusses new concepts proposed for a comprehensive study of historical processes and the biosphere transformations caused by them. It is concluded that the level of their development does not yet allow using them for educational purposes. Nevertheless, the analysis of the consequences of technical development made with their help in the context of historical reality makes it possible to reflect the trend of technologization of man and nature. The main regularities of the relationship between mankind and the biosphere can be distinguished on the basis of the ratio of biological and technological factors, on which the life of people depended in different eras. Understanding the nature of the modern ecological crisis is necessary for the development of scientifically grounded programs to neutralize the negative consequences of the formation and expansion of technical reality.

Personality and boredom at work: the mediating role of job crafting

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-330
Author(s):  
Bogdan Oprea ◽  
Dragos Iliescu ◽  
Vlad Burtăverde ◽  
Miruna Dumitrache
Keyword(s):  
Job Crafting ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Boredom at work is associated with negative consequences, therefore it is important to investigate whether employees engage in job crafting behaviors that reduce boredom and what are the individual differences associated with these behaviors. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach A questionnaire study was designed to examine the mediating role of job crafting in the relationship between conscientiousness and emotional stability and boredom among 252 employees (Study 1) and in the relationship between Machiavellianism and psychopathy and boredom among 216 employees (Study 2). Findings The results showed that conscientiousness is negatively related to work-related boredom. This relationship is mediated by job crafting. Neuroticism and psychopathy are positively associated with boredom at work, but these relationships are not mediated by job crafting behaviors. Research limitations/implications The study was based on self-reported measures, which might raise questions of common-method bias, and the research samples contained mostly women and young employees, which raises questions about generalizability of our findings. At the same time, the cross-sectional design does not allow causal inferences. Practical implications Organizations can select employees based on their personality for jobs that predispose to boredom and give them enough autonomy to be able to craft them. Moreover, they can identify employees who need support to manage their boredom and include them in job crafting interventions. Originality/value Traditionally, boredom at work has been considered as resulting from characteristics of tasks and jobs. The findings indicate that some employees can make self-initiated changes to their work in order to reduce their boredom and possibly its negative consequences.

scholarly journals The relationship between financial distress and well-being: Exploring the role of self-employment

2020 ◽  
pp. 026624262096538
Author(s):  
Jenny Berrill ◽  
Damien Cassells ◽  
Martha O’Hagan-Luff ◽  
André van Stel
Keyword(s):  
Financial Distress ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Econometric Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The Relationship

This article investigate the relationship between financial distress, well-being and employment status. Using several indicators of financial distress and of well-being, our econometric analysis shows that the negative association between financial distress and well-being is moderated by employment status in the sense that financial problems are more strongly associated with poor well-being for the self-employed compared to the wage-employed. Hence, when self-employed workers find themselves in a situation of financial distress, the negative consequences for their well-being are more severe. This is found to hold both for the self-employed with and without employees.

scholarly journals Social Exclusion and Impulsive Buying among Chinese College Students: The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem and The Moderating Role of Risk Preference

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haocheng Luo ◽  
Jiarong Chen ◽  
Shengnan Li ◽  
Yangang Nie ◽  
Guodong Wang
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Risk Preference ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Impulsive Buying ◽  
The Relationship

With the development of science and technology, buying has become much easier. At the same time, however, impulsive buying has many negative consequences for college students, and the causes of impulsive buying should therefore be explored. To explore the relationship between social exclusion and impulsive buying and its underlying mechanism, this study used the Social Exclusion Scale, Self-Esteem Scale, Risk Preference Scale, and Impulsive Buying Scale to investigate the roles of self-esteem and risk preference in the relationship between social exclusion and impulsive buying among 768 college students (387 were female, Mage = 20.25 years). The results were as follows: (1) when controlling for gender, age, family monthly income, and monthly living expenses, social exclusion significantly and positively predicted impulsive buying; (2) self-esteem played a mediating role between social exclusion and impulsive buying; (3) risk preference moderated the relationship between the second half of the mediating path and the direct path. These results reveal the mechanism underlying impulsive buying in college students, that is, social exclusion will predict the decrease of college students' self-esteem, and low self-esteem will further predict college students' impulsive buying which is a way for them to gain a sense of self-worth. Relatively low risk preference can well alleviate the negative impact of social exclusion and low self-esteem on impulsive buying. What’s more, these results have implications for impulsive buying interventions. Schools should aim to create a good peer atmosphere by making certain rules that help to reduce social exclusion and parents and education departments should cultivate students’ risk awareness to avoid risk behaviors in college students, such as impulsive buying behavior.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Perceived Overqualification and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Moderating Role of Perceived Distributive Justice

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Durdu Mehmet BICKES ◽  
Celal YILMAZ ◽  
Arif SAMUR ◽  
Ozgur DEMIRTAS
Keyword(s):  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Counterproductive Work Behaviors ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Organizational Behaviors ◽  
Counterproductive Work Behaviours ◽  
Perceived Overqualification ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderating Role

Employee behaviors can be classified into two basic groups as positive and negative organizational behaviors. One of the negative organizational behaviors is counterproductive work behaviours. It is aimed to reveal the effects of perceived overqualification on counterproductive work behaviours and moderating role of distributive justice through an empirical study. In this respect, the data obtained from 398 employees in hospitality enterprises was analyzed by means of structural equation modelling (SEM). It is found that there is a positive relationship between perceived overqualification and counterproductive work behaviours, and perceived distributive justice moderates the relationship between perceived overqualification and counterproductive work behaviours towards colleagues. Some theoretical and managerial implications are offered about the variables. Distributive justice is effective in reducing counterproductive work behaviours which emerged from perceived overqualification. Managers need to control the factors that lead to perceived overqualification and implement strategies that can activate catalyst variables, lessening or eliminating its negative consequences. In addition, limitations of the study and suggestions for future studies are provided.

An episodic specificity interview enhances eyewitness identification under perceptual load and reduces susceptibility to misinformation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciara Greene ◽  
Daniel L. Schacter
Keyword(s):  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Perceptual Load ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Eyewitness Memory ◽  
Eyewitness Testimony ◽  
High Load ◽  
Filler Task ◽  
Load Theory ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Different Levels

High perceptual load has previously been shown to impair eyewitness memory and to enhance susceptibility to leading questions. This study investigated the effect of an episodic specificity interview (ESI) on eyewitness memory under different levels of perceptual load. 80 participants were assigned to view either a high perceptual load or low perceptual load version of a video depicting a theft in an office. After a 5 minute filler task, participants engaged in either an ESI, which employed mental imagery to elicit specific details of the video, or a control interview that solicited general impressions of the video. Under high load, participants’ ability to identify a peripheral character in the scene from a photo line-up was impaired and they were more likely to misidentify a decoy as the target character after one week. These impairments were reduced or eliminated for participants who completed the ESI. The ESI enhanced true recall for details of the scene and reduced false memories arising from leading questions. The results have theoretical implications for perceptual load theory, and practical implications for eyewitness testimony.

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