scholarly journals Antibacterial activity of ginger extracts on bacteria isolated from digestive tract infection patients attended Muhoza Health Center

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
Callixte Yadufashije ◽  
Adolyne Niyonkuru ◽  
Emanuel Munyeshyaka ◽  
Sibomana Madjidi ◽  
Joseph Mucumbitsi
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Ginger Extract ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Shigella Spp ◽  
Stool Samples

Background: Ginger (Zingiber officinale) has been used for long time due to its potential antimicrobial activity against diversity of microbial pathogens. Aims and Objectives: The study was carried out to investigate the bacteria pathogens found in digestive tract infections and assess antimicrobial activities of ginger extract to identified bacteria. Materials and Methods: Bacteriological studies were carried out on stool samples from 30 patients attending Muhoza health center. Different types of bacteria were isolated from stool samples of digestive tract infection patients by using various methods such culture, biochemical test and antimicrobial activity of ginger extracts was analyzed at INES-Ruhengeri in clinical microbiology laboratory. Results: Study findings showed isolated bacteria and antibacterial activity of Ginger. Isolated bacteria and their percentages including Escherichia coli (46.6%) which is the predominant isolated bacteria, Salmonella species (33.33%), Enterobacter spp (10.0%), Shigella spp (6.6%) and Citrobacter (3.33%) which is the least isolated bacteria. Antibacterial activity of ginger was seen on isolated bacteria, as ethanol and methanol were used for ginger oil extraction, the antibacterial activity of ginger extracts using ethanol was seen on isolated bacteria such us Citrobacter spp with 14 mm of inhibition zone, Shigella spp with 12 mm, Salmonella with 11.1 mm, E. coli with 9.5 mm and Enterobacter spp which was seen to be resistant to ginger extract using ethanol with 0.66mm of inhibition zone. For methanol extracts antibacterial activity was seen as follows: Citrobacter spp at 12 mm, Shigella spp at 11 mm, E. coli at 8 mm, salmonella spp at 6.1 mm, and Enterobacter spp with 5 mm. Enterobacter spp was seen to be the most resistant bacteria in both extracts. Conclusion: Ginger has shown to have an antibacterial activity on bacteria isolated from digestive tract infected patients. It can be used as a medicine to treat these infections. Number of researches should be done to be sure on this reality of antibacterial activity of ginger.

scholarly journals Isolasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Kapang Endofit dari Kayu Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm & Binn.) (Isolation and Antimicrobial Activity of Endophytic Fungi from Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm & Binn.))

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-74
Author(s):  
Nadra Khairiah ◽  
Rinne Nintasari
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Antimicrobial Compound ◽  
Potato Dextrose Broth ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial And Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Eusideroxylon Zwageri

Endophytic fungi are reported to be potential as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, and antivirus. One of the source of endophytic fungus is ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm & Binn.) which produced the same antimicrobial compound with ulin wood itself. The purpose of this research was to isolate endophytic caps from ulin wood branch, and tested the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The isolates were fermented on PDB media (Potato Dextrose Broth), and then tested the antimicrobial activity on Eschericiacoli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus aerogenes). In this research, there were two endofit isolates (white/PT and greenish black/HT). HT endophytic isolate exhibited strong antibacterial activity against the two pathogens (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) shown in 12 mm inhibition zone, while PT endophytic isolate exhibited the E. coli in 11.5 mm inhibition zone. The highest antioxidant activity found in HT endophytic shell was 47.47%. Keywords : antimicrobial, endophytic, Eusideroxylon zwageri, fungi, ulin

scholarly journals ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHIVES AND GINGER EXTRACT ON ESCHERICHIA COLI AND SALMONELLA SPP. ISOLATED FROM BROILER CHICKENS

2019 ◽  
Vol 128 (3B) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phan Vu Hai ◽  
Hoang Thi Hong Van ◽  
Nguyen Van Chao ◽  
Nguyen Dinh Thuy Khuong ◽  
Thuong Thi Thanh Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Ginger Extract ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bactericidal Effects

The chives and ginger’s bulbs were extracted by ethanol 96%, 72%, 48% within 5, 10 and 15 days for each concentration (15, 30 and 45 days in total, respectively). The solidified extract then was used for antibacterial activity against E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from fecal of chickens with diarrhoea. The results showed that both ginger and chive, which socked and leached for greater than 30 days gave better antibacterial ability. Extracts diluted at concentrations of 5 µg/µl, 7.5 µg/µl and 10 µg/µl of ginger and chive bulbs are resistant to both bacteria. Compared with antibiotics, E. coli was resistant to amoxicillin, whereas Salmonella spp. was resistant to gentamicin and amoxicillin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of chives extract (30 days) was 16-63 (31-125) mg/ml and ginger extract (30 days) was 16-80 (2-4) mg/ml; overall, the results indicated that both extract had bacteriostatic/bactericidal effects on E. coli and Salmonella spp.

scholarly journals SYNTHESIS AND UTILITY OF NEW POLYCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AS POTENTIAL ANTIMICROBIALS BASED ON CHROMENE MOIETY

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
MAHMOUD N. ABDELAZIZ ◽  
EMAN S. ZARIE ◽  
ALAADIN E. SARHAN
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Ethyl Cyanoacetate ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Phenyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Polycyclic Compounds ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Multiple Species

Objective: The present research aims to synthesize some new polycyclic compounds including chromene moiety and study their antimicrobial activity. Methods: Several new polycyclic systems including chromene scaffold incorporated with pyridine, pyrimidine, imidazopyrimidine, and imidazodiazocine were achieved via condensation reaction of chromene derivative under the proper condition with various reagents namely; cyanothioacetamide, phenyl isothiocyanate, malononitrile, carbon disulfide, benzaldehyde, triethylorthoformate, and 1,4-dichlorobutane. Moreover, a chlorodiazenyl chromene derivative was reacted with some substances possessing active–CH2-bridge such as ethyl cyanoacetate and malononitrile to end up with hydrazono compounds. Such compounds were eventually cyclized with hydrazine hydrate to form pyrazole and oxopyrazole derivatives. Moreover, compound 1 was treated with benzoyl acetone, and then followed by cyclization with malononitrile to provide the corresponding 2-amino14-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methy-5-phenyl-14H-benzo[5,6] chromeno[2,3H][1,6]naphthyridine-3-carbonitrile (20). Results: The results of the antimicrobial screening in vitro revealed that the inhibition zone (mm) of the synthesized compounds 1-3, 5 and 8 implied their optimum antibacterial activity, while the compounds 4, 6 and 9-13, 15 showed a moderate to weak antibacterial activity against multiple species of B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. In contrast, the compounds 1, 6, 11, 15 showed high antifungal activities against different species of A. flavinand C. albicans, while the other compounds exhibit a moderate to poor antifungal activity. Conclusion: It is remarkable that a series of chromene derivatives synthesized by a simple and available method leads to a molecule of promising antimicrobial activity. Further research is recommended to approve the importance of polycyclic systems for various applications.

scholarly journals Antibacterial activity of Escherichia coli from squid ink (Loligo sp.) n-Hexane extracts

2021 ◽  
Vol 869 (1) ◽  
pp. 012033
Author(s):  
D R Utami ◽  
I Irwan ◽  
S Agustina ◽  
S Karina ◽  
S Afriani
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Bioactive Compound ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Hexane Extract ◽  
Inhibition Zone Diameter ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hexane Extracts ◽  
Intermediate Concentration

Abstract Squid is one of the export commodities in Indonesia. In general, the use of squid meat, while the ink is only as waste. In fact, Squid ink contain bioactive compound that potential as anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anti-diabetic,anti-microbial and anti-malaria agents. The purpose of the study is to determine the types of secondary metabolite compounds contained in n-hexane extract of Loligo sp. ink using maceration method to determine its antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. The results of secondary metabolite compounds obtained from the n-hexane extract of Loligo sp. ink are alkaloid, saponins, glycosides and phenol. The results of antibacterial test against E. coli using the disc method obtained the average of inhibition zone diameter at the concentration of 4% is 6.3 mm (intermediate), concentration of 8% is 7.83 mm (intermediate), concentration of 16% is 14.5 mm (susceptible) and concentration of 32% is 10.83 mm (intermediate). The antibacterial activity in n-hexane extract of Loligo sp. ink is optimal at the concentration of 16% against E. coli bacteria.

scholarly journals UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN ANTI-UV Phyllidiella nigra DAN BAKTERI SIMBIOTIKNYA DARI PERAIRAN TANJUNG MANDOLANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Tessalonica Dajoh ◽  
Robert A Bara ◽  
Esther Angkouw ◽  
Medy Ompi ◽  
Rosita A Lintang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Bacillus Megaterium ◽  
Absorption Maximum ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Defense System ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Self Defense

Phyllidiella nigra is an organism that is suspected to have secondary metabolites because their ability to develop its self defense system by camouflage and using chemical compounds derived from their nature diet as deterrent against their predators. The purpose of this study was to isolate symbiotic bacterial derived from P. nigra, extracted and followed by, the antibacterial assays against Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium as well as the anti-UV assay. The results showed that the five isolates tested had an antibacterial activity with the highest average inhibition zone against E. coli DSM 498 bacteria, isolate 1 (14.67 mm), isolate 5 (14 mm), and against B. Megaterium DSM 32T bacteria, isolate 3 (13.33 mm). The three isolates which had the highest inhibition zone and P. nigra extract were tested for anti-UV assay using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results obtained isolate 3 has absorption of UV-A with the UV absorbtion maximum at λ 340 nm and P. nigra extract has absorption on UV-B radiation with UV absorption maximum at λ 290 nm. Key words: Nudibranchia, Bacteria, Anti-bacteial, Anti-UV Phyllidiella nigra merupakan organisme yang diduga memiliki metabolit sekunder karena mampu mengembangkan sistem pertahanan dirinya dengan cara kamuflase dan menggunakan senyawa kimia sebagai racun yang didapat dari makanannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu mendapatkan isolat bakteri yang bersimbiosis dengan P. nigra, mendapatkan ekstrak dari baktri simbion, dan menguji antibakteri dan anti-UV ekstrak etil aseta bakteri simbion dengan metode difusi agar terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli dan Bacillus megaterium. Hasil penelitian didapatkan kelima isolat yang diuji memiliki aktivitas antibakteri dengan rerata zona hambat tertinggi terhadap bakteri E. coli DSM 498 yaitu isolat 1 (14,67 mm), isolat 5 (14 mm), dan terhadap baktri B. megaterium DSM 32T yaitu isolat 3 (13,33 mm). Ketiga isolat yang memiliki zona hambat tertinggi dan ekstrak P. nigra diujikan anti-UV menggunakan alat UV-Vis Spektrofotometer. Hasil yang didapat isolat 3 memiliki serapan terhadap radiasi sinar UV-A dengan puncak tertinggi pada λ 340 nm dan ekstrak P. nigra memiliki serapan terhadap radiasi sinar UV-B dengan puncak tertinggi berada pada λ 290 nm. Kata kunci: Nudibranchia, Bacteria, Anti-bacteial, Anti-UV

scholarly journals ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CHITOSAN AND HYDROLYZED COCONUT OIL AND THEIR COMBINATION AGAINST BACILLUS CEREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jansen Silalahi ◽  
Petrika Situmorang ◽  
Popi Patilaya ◽  
Yosy Ce Silalahi
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Inhibition Zone Diameter ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Zone Diameter

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of chitosan, hydrolyzed coconut oil and their combination againstBacillus cereus and Escherichia coli.Methods: The materials used in this study were powder of chitosan (obtained from prawn shell produced by Laboratory of Research Centre FMIPAUniversity of Sumatera Utara) and virgin coconut oil (VCO) product of Siti Nurbaya-Indonesia. VCO was partially hydrolyzed by Lipozyme TL IM(active at sn-1,3 position) and the result called hydrolyzed virgin coconut oil (HVCO). The bacteria used in this study were B. cereus and E. coli. Theantibacterial activity of chitosan in 1% acetic acid and HVCO in dimethylsulfoxide was tested by Kirby–Bauer agar diffusion method using paper discwith diameter of 6 mm.Results: The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of chitosan against B. cereus and E. coli is at concentration of 0.05% withinhibition zone diameter of 6.86 mm and 7.56 mm, respectively. MIC of HVCO against B. cereus is at concentration of 0.25% with inhibition zonediameter of 6.40 mm, and against E. coli is at a concentration of 0.50% with inhibition zone diameter of 6.20 mm. The inhibition zone diameter ofchitosan 0.05% and HVCO 0.25% in combination against B. cereus is 8.33 mm which is higher than half the sum of chitosan 0.05% and HVCO 0.25%(6.63 mm). The inhibition zone diameter of chitosan 0.05% and 0.5% HVCO in combination against E. coli is 8.53 mm which is higher than half thesum of chitosan 0.05% and HVCO 0.5% (6.53 mm).Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that chitosan is more antibacterial than HVCO, and the interaction between chitosan and HVCO incombination demonstrated to be synergistic against B. cereus and E. coli.Keywords: Antibacterial, Chitosan, Coconut oil, Combination, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli.®

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of two Mentha Species Essential Oil and its Dependence on Different Origin and Chemical Diversity

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mária Pl'uchtová ◽  
Teresa Gervasi ◽  
Qada Benameur ◽  
Vito Pellizzeri ◽  
Daniela Grul'ová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Growth Inhibition Zone

Genus Mentha presents group of plants which are the most studied in family Lamiaceae. Aboveground parts are used for different purposes in pharmacy, food industry or confectionery. Most important is natural product extracted from leaves - essential oil (EO). The aim of presented experiment was to demonstrate different chemotype and compare antibacterial activity of two Mentha species EO. Plant samples were obtained from various environments – from Slovakia and from Italy. Dominant compounds were determined by GC/MS. The results showed high amount of menthol and menthone in tested Slovak peppermint EO. On the other hand, carvone and 1,8-cineole were determinate as dominant compounds in Italian spearmint EO. The antimicrobial activity of the EO was investigated by disc diffusion and broth micro dilution methods. EO was evaluated for their antibacterial activity against 7 microorganisms: Enterobacter cloacae, Salmonella spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes. The determination results of antibacterial activity by agar disk diffusion method ranged from 7 to 14 mm of the growth inhibition zone. MIC of tested mint EO varied from 0.625 to 2.5 μg/mL. In addition, both EO showed relatively the same antibacterial activity against the selected Gram-negative bacteria. However, there is a variation in the antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria.

scholarly journals 3-Amino-5-(indol-3-yl)methylene-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidine Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents: Synthesis, Computational and Biological Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Horishny ◽  
Victor Kartsev ◽  
Vasyl Matiychuk ◽  
Athina Geronikaki ◽  
Petrou Anthi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Hek 293 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide

Herein we report the design, synthesis, computational, and experimental evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of fourteen new 3-amino-5-(indol-3-yl) methylene-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidine derivatives. The structures were designed, and their antimicrobial activity and toxicity were predicted in silico. All synthesized compounds exhibited antibacterial activity against eight Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Their activity exceeded those of ampicillin and (for the majority of compounds) streptomycin. The most sensitive bacterium was S. aureus (American Type Culture Collection ATCC 6538), while L. monocytogenes (NCTC 7973) was the most resistant. The best antibacterial activity was observed for compound 5d (Z)-N-(5-((1H-indol-3-yl)methylene)-4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-4-hydroxybenzamide (Minimal inhibitory concentration, MIC at 37.9–113.8 μM, and Minimal bactericidal concentration MBC at 57.8–118.3 μM). Three most active compounds 5d, 5g, and 5k being evaluated against three resistant strains, Methicillin resistant Staphilococcus aureus (MRSA), P. aeruginosa, and E. coli, were more potent against MRSA than ampicillin (MIC at 248–372 μM, MBC at 372–1240 μM). At the same time, streptomycin (MIC at 43–172 μM, MBC at 86–344 μM) did not show bactericidal activity at all. The compound 5d was also more active than ampicillin towards resistant P. aeruginosa strain. Antifungal activity of all compounds exceeded those of the reference antifungal agents bifonazole (MIC at 480–640 μM, and MFC at 640–800 μM) and ketoconazole (MIC 285–475 μM and MFC 380–950 μM). The best activity was exhibited by compound 5g. The most sensitive fungal was T. viride (IAM 5061), while A. fumigatus (human isolate) was the most resistant. Low cytotoxicity against HEK-293 human embryonic kidney cell line and reasonable selectivity indices were shown for the most active compounds 5d, 5g, 5k, 7c using thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide MTT assay. The docking studies indicated a probable involvement of E. coli Mur B inhibition in the antibacterial action, while CYP51 inhibition is likely responsible for the antifungal activity of the tested compounds.

Edible film based on Vicia faba shell gum, nano silver and Helichrysum arenarium essence

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farzane Jahantigh
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Edible Film ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Disk Diffusion Test ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Difference

Purpose The inclusion of natural antioxidants and nanoparticles into edible coatings can improve their structure, functionality and applicability in foods. This study aims to determine the antibacterial effect of new nano-composite based on bean pod shell gum (BPSG), silver nanoparticle (SNP) and herbal essential oil (EO). Design/methodology/approach For this purpose, BPSG (4 per cent w/v), SNP (0.5-1 per cent w/v) and Helichrysum arenarium EO (1-2 per cent v/v) were mixed. After preparation the edible film, the antibacterial activity was tested on five food-borne pathogenic bacteria in two categories including two-gram positives and three-gram negatives bacteria. The EO composition was determined by GC–mass spectrometry and the antibacterial activity was tested using disk diffusion test. Findings Results showed that gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible than gram-negative bacteria. Increasing Helichrysum arenarium EO and SNP content increased antimicrobial activity of the edible film based on BPSG, so that the treatment containing 2 per cent v/v Helichrysum arenarium EO and 1 per cent w/v SNP led to the highest inhibition zone (8.1-13.1 mm) compared to treatment containing 1 per cent v/v Helichrysum arenarium EO and 0.5 per cent w/v SNP with inhibition zone range of 5.4-9.9 mm and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.41). Also, the chemical composition analysis of the EO identified a total of 38 compounds in which a-pinene (32 per cent), 1,8-cineole (16 per cent), α-humulene (15 per cent) and ß-caryophyllene (8 per cent) were the main fractions. Other separated components accounted less than 29 per cent of the oil. Originality/value In general, SNP and Helichrysum arenarium EO improved the functional properties including the antimicrobial activity of the edible film based on BPSG, which increases the potential to be used as active packaging for fresh products.

scholarly journals Enhancement of the Antibacterial Activity of Natural Rubber Latex Foam by Blending It with Chitin

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanxi Zhang ◽  
Hui Cao
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Culture Dish ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Chitin Content ◽  
Foaming Process

To enhance the antibacterial activity of natural rubber latex foam (NRLF), chitin was added during the foaming process in amounts of 1–5 phr (per hundred rubber) to prepare an environmentally friendly antibacterial NRLF composite. In this research, NRLF was synthesized by the Dunlop method. The swelling, density, hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, compressive strength and antibacterial activity of the NRLFs were characterized. FTIR and microscopy were used to evaluate the chemical composition and microstructure of the NRLFs. The mechanical properties and antibacterial activity of the NRLF composites were tested and compared with those of pure NRLF. The antibacterial activity was observed by the inhibition zone against E. coli. NRLF composite samples were embedded in a medium before solidification. The experimental results of the inhibition zone indicated that with increasing chitin content, the antibacterial activity of the NRLF composites increased. When the chitin content reached 5 phr, the NRLF composite formed a large and clear inhibition zone in the culture dish. Moreover, the NRLF–5 phr chitin composite improved the antibacterial activity to 281.3% of that of pure NRLF against E. coli.

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