An analysis of major environmental threats to human security in Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139
Author(s):  
Naresh Bhakta Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Government Action ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Environmental Threat ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
The Government

The paper mainly analyses the environmental threats focusing on climate change to human security in Nepal. Major aspects of human security are interlinked and interconnected in our context. Among them, human security offers much to the vibrant field of environmental security in Nepal. Environmental threats are linked to the overall impact on human survival, well-being, and productivity. A great deal of human security is tied to peoples’ access to natural resources and vulnerabilities to environmental change. The major environmental threats in our context is the climate change which have widespread implications for Nepal, causing impacts to water availability, agricultural production, forestry, among many other detrimental effects. The critical threat of environmental security needs to be taken into serious consideration to save our succeeding generation. This article primarily interpreted the government action towards emerging environmental threat based on realist approach. For the study of theme of this article, descriptive and analytical research has been used to draw present major environmental threats in Nepal. With consideration to factors, this article attempted to identify the major environmentally vulnerable areas that are likely to hamper the overall status of human security in Nepal. This paper also tried to suggest the measures to enhance the environmental security considering prospects and policy focusing on Nepalese diverse aspects.

Transhumant Pastoral Economy and Human Security in Nigeria: Whither Civil Society Organisations?

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1033-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chikodiri Nwangwu ◽  
Peter O Mbah ◽  
Chinedu C Ike ◽  
Otu Akanu Otu ◽  
Chikwado Ezugworie
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Civil Society Organisations ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Fierce Competition ◽  
Peasant Farmers ◽  
Pastoral Economy ◽  
Scholarly Attention

The limited access to land in most African states has engendered a fierce competition, especially among various agricultural user groups. The two major groups of agricultural land users are transhumant pastoralists and sedentary peasant farmers. The internecine conflict between these agro-user groups has grave implications for human security in Nigeria and beyond. Explanation of the conflict has centred on climate change and environmental security, population growth and urbanisation, and insecurity. However, the transnational character of this conflict, often made possible by relevant regional protocols, has not received adequate scholarly attention. This paper argues that networking of regional bodies and other stakeholders is the panacea for tackling the tension-soaked relationship between these land users.

Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation in Metro Manila

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 75-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Porio
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Metro Manila ◽  
Poor Communities

Climate change and flooding in Asian cities pose great challenges to the environmental and human security of the population and their governance systems. This paper examines the intersections of ecological-environmental and social vulnerability and the adaptive responses of urban poor communities and commercial-industrial establishments in Metro Manila to floods and other climate change-related effects, such as storm surges and sea-level rise (SLR). These weaken the communities’ ecological-environmental systems, threaten the well-being and security of the people and strain the resources of city governments. Disaggregating the ecological-environment vulnerabilities of a city/community according to specific places/spaces (or place-based vulnerabilities) that lead also to variable patterns among different groups (e.g., gender, income group, sector) of adaptive responses to flooding. Drawing a systematic sample of urban poor households and industrial-commercial establishments along the Pasig-Marikina River Basin of Metro Manila, this study utilised household surveys, key informant interviews, focus group discussions (FGD) and secondary data sources, in analysing the sources of their vulnerability and adaptive responses. Existing studies generally focus on the vulnerability and adaptation of urban-rural populations and do not highlight the interaction of place-based vulnerabilities with sector-specific vulnerabilities that reconfigure flood impacts and responses among the urban poor communities and commercial-industrial establishments during and after floods. In particular, poor and female-headed households residing in highly degraded environments or places/spaces within and across urban poor communities suffered higher damages and losses compared to better-off households and establishments. The interaction of these drivers of vulnerability further heightens and compromises the environmental and human security needs of poor people, their communities and those in the private sector that local/national government agencies need to respond.

Environmental Security

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Scott ◽  
Bhuwan Thapa
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Environmental Studies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Development Studies ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Political Security

Environmental security, as a subset of broader concerns over human security, is addressed from the disciplinary perspectives of international relations, political science, geography, development studies, and environmental studies. The concept of environmental security views ecological processes and natural resources as sources or catalysts of conflict, barriers or limits to human well-being, or conversely, as the means to mitigate or resolve insecurity. Security over natural resources—particularly energy and increasingly water—seen in terms of territorial control, treaty arrangements, and trade agreements (including the application of economic instruments) over production and conveyance of resources to demand locations, has tended to frame the analysis in international relations and political science. While spatial and transboundary concerns over resources continue to occupy geographers, attention in the field of geography is drawn increasingly to social equity and environmental justice dimensions of resource use and outcomes. Development studies focused on emerging economies and societies in rapid transition addresses environmental security in terms of differential national or regional access to resources and impacts, e.g., associated with pollution, deprivation, etc. And among other points of concern, environmental studies addresses environmental security in terms of local, intra-household, and gender-differentiated access to water, energy, and food as well as outcomes such as public health, nutrition, and quality of life. While the term environmental security has existed since at least the 1980s, its prominence in academic and political circles rose significantly after the 1994 Human Development Report of the United Nations Development Programme, which formulated the broadly accepted concept of human security. This report identified environmental security together with economic, food, health, personal, community, and political security as core components of human security. Since the 1990s, the definition and scope of environmental security have broadened to include multiple subsets, including food security, energy security, and water security, as well as emerging notions of adaptation and resilience to hazards, e.g., climate security, and all of these are referred to in this article. No attempt is made to treat the broad and ever-widening field of environmental security exhaustively. The principal aims are to trace the evolution of security discourses, consider securitization of the environment and natural resources, and assess new conceptions of environmental security in the context of global change. This work is funded by the Lloyd’s Register Foundation, a charitable foundation helping to protect life and property by supporting engineering-related education, public engagement, and the application of research.

scholarly journals A Policies of Inclusion and Exclusion for the Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) interlinked with The Climate Change Adaptation: Case Study of Bangladesh

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Israt Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Disabled People ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Vulnerable Communities ◽  
The Government

 The paper aims to see so far the policies have been recommended and implemented which is interrelated with the lives and livelihoods of the vulnerable communities and, as a result, the well-being and safety of persons, communities and countries as a whole have been affected being persons with disabilities so far both by the non-government organizations and what could be done by the government policy makers. Ten percent of the total population of Bangladesh is known as differently able, often called Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) or disabled people according to the survey of Bangladesh Protibandhi Kallayan Somity (BPKS, 2014). It is worth saying that they are often treated with disregard, and so far they are the vulnerable of the society. Yet their role in homes, places of work and communities is often underplayed. So the paper prepares the studies of policies in terms of how we can integrate and mainstream the excluded differently abled /disabled/PWDs through accessibility in people with disabilities friendly policy making. Disasters, many of which are exacerbated by climate change and are increasing in frequency and intensity, significantly impede progress towards sustainable development. Till now we have achieved both the Hyogo and Sendai Framework based on disaster management do have impressions having the framework to be vocal and to ensure the access of the persons with disabilities in terms disasters, many of which are related with the climate change  and adaptation. The paper recommends that the “Children with Disabilities” must be included in a separate policy based framework and the two most important terms based on vulnerabilities and hazards should be more inclusive towards the specialization of the accessibility of the persons with disabilities where both the non-government organizations and government can work together.

scholarly journals Nexus between Climate Change and Agricultural Production in Odisha, India: An ARDL Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-144
Author(s):  
Pratap Kumar Jena
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Autoregressive Distributed Lag ◽  
Ardl Approach ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Climate change is an emerging issue particularly in agricultural research as it is observed that the climate change has unfavorably distressed the agricultural production in different regions in India. Therefore, the present study has empirically examined the relationship between climate change and agricultural production in the selected districts of Odisha, India using a Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PARDL) model over the period 1993 to 2019. The study found that the climate variables have adversely affected the crops production in the districts of Odisha. In order to minimize the impact of climate change on crops production in the state, there must have implementation of various policies and adaptive strategies by the government and farmers.

scholarly journals Food (in) Security Among the Community at the Indonesia-Malaysia Border at Pandemic COVID-19 era: A Human Security Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-83
Author(s):  
Sidik Jatmika ◽  
Yogaswara Aji Pratama ◽  
Dama Rifki Adhipramana
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Human Security ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
The Government ◽  
Vulnerable Households

This article aims to examine food security issue among the community at the Indonesia - Malaysia border at Pandemic COVID-19 era by using the theory of interdependence and the human security approach. The study is conducted using a qualitative research method to collect and analyze both primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through official documents and an in-depth interview with key informants among Indonesia households of the communities in Indonesia - Malaysia border and local leaders. Meanwhile, published materials and online documents such as books, journal articles and reports served as a secondary source of data. The findings indicate that pandemics COVID-19 create vulnerability to food insecurity at border community. Realizing this fact, the government should consider adopting the human security concept, which emphasizes community empowerment as a framework in policymaking, with the aims to eradicate food insecurity among vulnerable households and to ensure the well-being of every Indonesian.

scholarly journals Meeting the Challenge of a Low-Emissions Economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Bailey ◽  
Geoff Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Market Failure ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Draft Report ◽  
The World ◽  
Productivity Commission ◽  
The Government ◽  
Institutional Architecture ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

The impacts of climate change threaten the productivity, incomes and well-being of all humanity. Climate change has been described as the ‘greatest market failure the world has ever seen’. In 2017 the government asked the Productivity Commission to ‘identify options for how New Zealand could reduce its domestic greenhouse gas emissions through a transition to a lower emissions future, while at the same time continuing to grow incomes and wellbeing’. New Zealand can achieve a successful low-emissions economy, but there will be challenges. The commission’s recently released draft report provides insights into how and where the country can best achieve emission reductions and the types of policies and institutional architecture required to drive the transition.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Security: The Opportunities and Challenges of Incorporating Environmental Threats in Security Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmi Räisänen ◽  
Emma Hakala ◽  
Jussi T. Eronen ◽  
Janne I. Hukkinen ◽  
Mikko J. Virtanen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Security Model ◽  
Environmental Threats ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Wide Range

In security and foreign policy discourse, environmental issues have been discussed increasingly as security threats that require immediate action. Yet, as the traditional security sector does not provide straightforward means to deal with climate change and other environmental issues, this has prompted concerns over undue securitisation and ill-placed extreme measures. We argue that an effective policy to address foreseeable environmental security threats can only be developed and maintained by ensuring that it remains resolutely within the domain of civil society. In this article, we consider the case of Finland, where the policy concept of comprehensive security has been presented as the official guideline for security and preparedness activities in different sectors. Comprehensive security aims to safeguard the vital functions of society through cooperation between authorities, business operators, organisations, and citizens. We analyse the opportunities and challenges of Finland’s comprehensive security policy in addressing environmental changes through a three-level framework of local, geopolitical and structural security impacts. Our empirical evidence is based on a set of expert interviews (n = 40) that represent a wide range of fields relevant to unconventional security issues. We find that the Finnish comprehensive security model provides an example of a wide and inclusive perspective to security which would allow for taking into account environmental security concerns. However, due to major challenges in the implementation of the model, it does not fully incorporate the long-term, cross-sectoral, and cascading aspects of environmental threats. This weakens Finland’s preparedness against climate change which currently poses some of the most urgent environmental security problems.

scholarly journals Editorial

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. v-vii
Author(s):  
AbdulHamid A. AbuSulayman
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Applied Ethics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Government Action ◽  
Ethics And Economics ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Government ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Role Of The Government

This issue of the American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences is thesecond in a series dedicated to a single theme. Presently our topic focuseson Islamic economics. The reader will find that the five featm articlescover a broad range of economic topics ranging from the role ofgovernment to the spiritual significance of jihad. We find that Islamcompells society to integrate ethics and economics. Indeed, the Muslimfinds that every aspect of life is sacred and that nothing is outside therealm of the Absolute; no aspect of life is profane because everything isattached to God. Consequently, trade-offs between the spiritual and thenonspiritual are out of the question and, therefore, there can be no theoryof choice without the introduction of ethics. The science of neoclassicaleconomics, on the other hand, takes its elements and observations outof their a priori Divine context and reduces the process of choice to aquantitative cornprison of utility, thereby denying the existence of qualitativedifferences requiring ethical choice. We have selected the title“Economics as Applied Ethics” because of the the underlying theme thatargues against this secular reduction of quality to quantity.The first article, “The Role of the Government in the IslamicEconomy” by Muhammad Akram Khan discusses the need for theIslamic government to secure social welfare. Detailing the areas in whichthe government has a duty to act, it goes on to discuss the Islamic justificationof its role in each area. According to Khan the fundamentalShari’ah requirement for government action is maslahah (lit. “benefit” or“interest”). Al-Ghazzali applies this as a legal indicator for securing benefitsor preventing harms that conform to the objective of the Shari’ah,namely, the protection of the five “essential values”-religion, life, intellect,lineage, and property. This Islamic definition of welfare is objectiveand opposes the modem, subjective concept of welfare defined in termsof “utility,” meaning, fulfilling people’s desires. According to this secularexplanation of welfare, something is good because it is desirablerather than being desirable because it is good- the latter constituting theIslamic concept of maslahah. Therefore, the modem conception of utilitycould be defined in terms of a utilitarianism for the nafs al-‘ammarah,not for the well-being of the entire person. Khan argues that it is ...

LABOR IN FOREIGN COMPANIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF NATIONAL TREATMENT IN GATS / WTO FRAMEWORK

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Desty Anggie Mustika ◽  
Amiludin Amiludin
Keyword(s):  
Government Policies ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
National Treatment ◽  
Government Action ◽  
Foreign Companies ◽  
Foreign Law ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
Analytical Research ◽  
The Government ◽  
Principle Of National Treatment

Since The Issuance Of Law No. 1 Of 1967 Concerning Planting Foreign Capital And Is Now Replaced By-Law No. 25 Years 2007 Regarding Investment There Are No More Foreign Companies Nationalized By The Government And There Is A Political Promise Of The President Who Guarantee There Will Be No Nationalization Of Foreign Companies In Indonesian Regional Foreign Investment Forum. Although There Is Protection Nationalization Of Foreign Companies There Are Various Government Policies For The National Interest, One Of Which Is By Requiring Foreign Companies To Use Local Labor Which Can Be Called The Indonesianization Of Labor In The Company Foreign Law Contained In Act Number 13 Of 2003 Concerning Employment Article 43 To 49. Indeed This Is Indonesia's Sovereignty To Protect Its Domestic Interests Especially The Rights Of Its Citizens To Get Jobs, But Within Indonesia's International Trade In Services Must Comply Various Agreed International Regulations Listed In The GATS / WTO, Whether Indonesianization Of Workers In Foreign Companies This Is Following The Principle Of National Treatment In GATS And Whether This Government Action Is Following The Provisions In The GATS / WTO. By Conducting Descriptive Analytical Research With Methods Normative Juridical Approach, The Author Will Examine Various Regulations National Legislation Related To The Use Of Labor In Foreign Companies And Compare Them Whether This Is Following Existing International Agreements, Especially Within The GATS / WTO. The Results Of This Study Indicate That The Indonesianization Of Workers In Foreign Companies Does Not Violate The Principle Of National Treatment GATS Due To Indonesianization Of Labor Also Applies In Companies Domestic. Indonesianization Are Energy Absorption Processes Local Work In A Foreign Company As A Way Of Dealing With It Globalization Of Trade In Services Contained As One Type Services That Have Been Regulated In GATS Are Commercial Presence.Keywords: Indonesianization of Labor, National Treatment, GATS / WTO

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