scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 on the elderly

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Smriti Pant ◽  
Madhusudan Subedi
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crises ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Old People ◽  
Movement Restriction ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Impact

While in most developed countries an adult of age 65 years and above is considered an elderly, in Nepal, its 60 years. There will be two billion people in old age category worldwide by 2050. This rise in number of ageing group presents many challenges; one such challenge was faced during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19) pandemic. The aim of this narrative review is to assess the impact of COVID-19 on different aspects of life of the elderly. The impact of COVID-19 on the health of the elderly is greater compared to other age groups. Studies from around the world have showed that the risk of severity for COVID-19 is higher among the elderly. Many elderlies who got infected or died were healthcare personnel working in the frontline. Measures like physical distancing, movement restriction and home quarantine, all contributed to the increase in social isolation, especially for the elderly. This in turn could cause problems with their physical, mental, and cognitive health. Additionally, lack of a steady source of income and insufficiency of savings, many face financial crises. Despite efforts to help the old people, they have been enduring the harsh outcomes of the pandemic. To support and respect elderly their dignified life, a clear policy interventions and proper implementations are a must.  

scholarly journals Quantifying the impact of air pollution on the urban population of Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (suppl 4) ◽  
pp. S529-S536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabel Marcilio ◽  
Nelson Gouveia
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Time Series Studies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Respiratory Causes

This study aimed to quantify air pollution impact on morbidity and mortality in the Brazilian urban population using locally generated impact factors. Concentration-response coefficients were used to estimate the number of hospitalizations and deaths attributable to air pollution in seven Brazilian cities. Poisson regression coefficients (beta) were obtained from time-series studies conducted in Brazil. The study included individuals 65 years old and over and children under five. More than 600 deaths a year from respiratory causes in the elderly and 47 in children were attributable to mean air pollution levels, corresponding to 4.9% and 5.5% of all deaths from respiratory causes in these age groups. More than 4,000 hospital admissions for respiratory conditions were also attributable to air pollution. These results quantitatively demonstrate the currently observed contribution of air pollution to mortality and hospitalizations in Brazilian cities. Such assessment is thought to help support the planning of surveillance and control activities for air pollution in these and similar areas.

scholarly journals The Impact of Cold and Heat on Years of Life Lost in a Northwestern Chinese City with Temperate Continental Climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (19) ◽  
pp. 3529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangtao Liu ◽  
Yueling Ma ◽  
Yuhong Wang ◽  
Sheng Li ◽  
Shuyu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Heat Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Continental Climate

Cold spells and heat waves in a changing climate are well known as great public-health concerns due to their adverse effects on human health. However, very few studies have quantified health impacts of heat and cold in the region of Northwestern China. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of cold and heat on years of life lost (YLL) in Lanzhou, a city with temperate continental climate. We compiled a daily dataset including deaths, weather variables, and air pollutants in Lanzhou, China, from 2014–2017. We used a distributed lag non-linear model to estimate single-day and cumulative effects of heat and cold on daily YLL. Results indicated that both cold and heat were associated with increased YLL for registered residents in Lanzhou. Estimated heat effects appeared immediately in the first two days, while estimated cold effects lasted over a longer period (up to 30 days). Cold significantly increased the YLL of all residents except for males and those with respiratory diseases (≥65 years). Our results showed that both heat and cold had more pronounced effects on cardiovascular diseases compared to respiratory diseases. Males might be more vulnerable to heat, while females might suffer more YLL from cold. The effects of cold or heat on the elderly might appear earlier and last longer than those for other age groups.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis on Residents’ Reservation Willingness for Bus Service Based on Option Price

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xun Zheng ◽  
Tomio Miwa
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Option Price ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
City Size ◽  
Bus Service ◽  
Bus Services

Population decline is a pressing issue facing Japan and other developed countries. Local governments in Japan are seeking solutions to insure they meet the daily travel demands of the elderly. Although subsidy for local bus companies is a highly practical policy, a careful investigation to determine its reasonable level is required. This paper investigates the option price of local bus services, that is, the willingness of residents to pay to maintain the services and attempts to gain insights on a reasonable level of subsidy for local bus companies. A comparative analysis among age groups and different city size groups was made. The result showed that elderly residents show a higher option price value than younger and middle-age residents.

scholarly journals The Impact of Non-optimum Ambient Temperature on Years of Life Lost: A Multi-county Observational Study in Hunan, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2699
Author(s):  
Ling-Shuang Lv ◽  
Dong-Hui Jin ◽  
Wen-Jun Ma ◽  
Tao Liu ◽  
Yi-Qing Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cold Temperature ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Preventative Measures ◽  
The Impact

The ambient temperature–health relationship is of growing interest as the climate changes. Previous studies have examined the association between ambient temperature and mortality or morbidity, however, there is little literature available on the ambient temperature effects on year of life lost (YLL). Thus, we aimed to quantify the YLL attributable to non-optimum ambient temperature. We obtained data from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2017 of 70 counties in Hunan, China. In order to combine the effects of each county, we used YLL rate as a health outcome indicator. The YLL rate was equal to the total YLL divided by the population of each county, and multiplied by 100,000. We estimated the associations between ambient temperature and YLL with a distributed lag non-linear model (DNLM) in a single county, and then pooled them in a multivariate meta-regression. The daily mean YLL rates were 22.62 y/(p·100,000), 10.14 y/(p·100,000) and 2.33 y/(p·100,000) within the study period for non-accidental, cardiovascular, and respiratory disease death. Ambient temperature was responsible for advancing a substantial fraction of YLL, with attributable fractions of 10.73% (4.36–17.09%) and 16.44% (9.09–23.79%) for non-accidental and cardiovascular disease death, respectively. However, the ambient temperature effect was not significantly for respiratory disease death, corresponding to 5.47% (−2.65–13.60%). Most of the YLL burden was caused by a cold temperature than the optimum temperature, with an overall estimate of 10.27% (4.52–16.03%) and 15.94% (8.82–23.05%) for non-accidental and cardiovascular disease death, respectively. Cold and heat temperature-related YLLs were higher in the elderly and females than the young and males. Extreme cold temperature had an effect on all age groups in different kinds of disease-caused death. This study highlights that general preventative measures could be important for moderate temperatures, whereas quick and effective measures should be provided for extreme temperatures.

THE IMPACT OF CO-RESIDENT SPOUSES AND SONS ON ELDERLY MORTALITY IN RURAL BANGLADESH

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. OMAR RAHMAN
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Women ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Elderly Person ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Men ◽  
Old People ◽  
Prospective Data ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Adult Sons ◽  
The Impact

This paper uses prospective data from the Matlab surveillance system in rural Bangladesh to demonstrate that initially co-resident spouses and sons have a major impact on the subsequent mortality of old people, with significant differences by the sex of the elderly person, and the age of the son. Spouses significantly reduce mortality by similar magnitudes for both elderly men and women. On the other hand, co-resident adult sons reduce mortality for elderly women much more than for elderly men, with younger sons being more beneficial than older sons. Furthermore, both married and unmarried females appear to benefit equally from co-resident adult sons. Finally, this analysis suggests that the impact of spouses and sons on mortality in old age is not substantially mediated through changes in elderly economic status.

The Elderly as Family Caregivers

1984 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotte Marcus ◽  
Valerie Jaeger
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Supportive Services ◽  
Old People ◽  
High Burden ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Depth Interviews

ABSTRACTThe experiences of elderly persons caring for elderly family members at home were examined by means of in-depth interviews with fourty-seven subjects in Montreal and seven in England. The analysis of the Montreal sample revealed that denial of fears and unwillingness to think about the future, as well as negative assessments of cared-for-person's health were more prevalent in women than in men. Women also mentioned more frequently that religious beliefs influenced their caregiving and seemed to feel more strongly the impact and burden caregiving placed on them. Experiences with old people in earlier life was associated with low burden scores; few visitors and a belief that cared-for-person was critical of them were associated with high burden scores. Suggestions for further research and recommendations for supportive services to caregivers are made.

La mortalité violente des personnes âgées dans les pays industrialisés durant la période 1985–1989

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-298
Author(s):  
Valérie Courville ◽  
Robert Bourbeau
Keyword(s):  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wide Scope ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Injury Mortality ◽  
Mortality Ratio

ABSTRACTA comparative analysis of injury mortality in 24 developed countries during the period 1985–1989 shows the importance of this cause of death among the elderly. One out of four men and one out of two women who dies from injury is aged 65 and over. There is an over-representation of the elderly among injury-related deaths and the risk of death is still increasing after age 65. Some differences can be noted for the elderly as compared to other age groups: a lower male excess mortality ratio and a much larger proportion of violent deaths related to accidental falls. Among developed countries, a wide scope of variations exists in age groups and cause-specific patterns. Hierarchical clustering is used to obtain different aggregations of countries, based on the level, the structure and the causes of violent mortality. Although the classification of countries varies according to a chosen criteria, we often find aggregations of countries belonging to the geographical area.

Forecasting Paratransit Ridership Using Discrete Choice Models with Explicit Consideration of Availability

1998 ◽  
Vol 1618 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Benjamin ◽  
Shinya Kurauchi ◽  
Takayuki Morikawa ◽  
Amalia Polydoropoulou ◽  
Kuniaki Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Choice Model ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Discrete Choice Models ◽  
Mode Share ◽  
Bus Service ◽  
Reservation System ◽  
The Impact

In most developed countries, the population of the elderly and disabled is growing rapidly. These individuals require transportation service suited to their needs. Such service may be provided by applying emerging technologies to dial-a-ride transit. This research develops a methodology to quantitatively evaluate the impact of paratransit services on a traveler’s mode choice behavior. The mode choice model explicitly considers availability of alternative modes and includes latent factors to account for taste heterogeneity. Stated preferences are also used to elicit preferences for new paratransit services. The methodology is empirically tested with data collected in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The model system developed is applied to evaluate the effect of improving service attributes and the impact of the introduction of new cost-effective modes on modal shares. Results of the policy analysis indicate that ( a) transit policy changes, such as fare reduction, would have little effect on automobile driver and automobile passenger shares; ( b) an improved reservation system for dial-a-ride services would produce shifts in mode share; ( c) the proposed new bus deviation service was favored; ( d) free bus service reduces dial-a-ride share; and ( e) an increase in awareness of a dial-a-ride system would significantly increase its share.

scholarly journals Mathematical modeling of vaccination rollout and NPIs lifting on COVID-19 transmission with VOC: a case study in Toronto, Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Aruffo ◽  
Pei Yuan ◽  
Yi Tan ◽  
Evgenia Gatov ◽  
Iain Moyles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
Initial Strategy ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Waning Immunity ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Background: Since December 2020, public health agencies have implemented a variety of vaccination strategies to curb the spread of SARS-CoV-2, along with pre-existing Nonpharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs). Initial strategy focused on vaccinating the elderly to prevent hospitalizations and deaths. With vaccines becoming available to the broader population, we aimed to determine the optimal strategy to enable the safe lifting of NPIs while avoiding virus resurgence. Methods: We developed a compartmental deterministic SEIR model to simulate the lifting of NPIs under different vaccination rollout scenarios. Using case and vaccination data from Toronto, Canada between December 28, 2020 and May 19, 2021, we estimated transmission throughout past stages of NPI escalation/relaxation to compare the impact of lifting NPIs on different dates on cases, hospitalizations, and deaths, given varying degrees of vaccine coverages by 20-year age groups, accounting for waning immunity. Results: We found that, once coverage among the elderly is high enough (80% with at least one dose), the main age groups to target are 20-39 and 40-59 years, whereby first-dose coverage of at least 70% by mid-June 2021 is needed to minimize the possibility of resurgence if NPIs are to be lifted in the summer. While a resurgence was observed for every scenario of NPI lifting, we also found that under an optimistic vaccination coverage (70% by mid-June, postponing reopening from August 2021 to September 2021can reduce case counts and severe outcomes by roughly 80% by December 31, 2021. Conclusions: Our results suggest that focusing the vaccination strategy on the working-age population can curb the spread of SARS-CoV-2. However, even with high vaccination coverage in adults, lifting NPIs to pre-pandemic levels is not advisable since a resurgence is expected to occur, especially with earlier reopening.

scholarly journals Disability and the risk of subsequent mortality in elderly: a 12-year longitudinal population-based study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Zhaohui Du ◽  
Yafei Liu ◽  
Jiahui Lao ◽  
Xiaoru Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cumulative Mortality ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Young Old

Abstract Background Assessment the impact of disability on mortality among the elderly is vital to healthy ageing. The present study aimed to assess the long-term influence of disability on death in the elderly based on a longitudinal study. Method This study used the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study (CLHLS) data from 2002 to 2014, including 13,666 participants aged 65 years and older in analyses. The Katz ADL index was used to assess disability status and levels. Cumulative mortality rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models were conducted to estimate associations between disability and all-cause mortality for overall participants, two age groups as well as specific chronic disease groups. All reported results were adjusted by survey weights to account for the complex survey design. Results During the 12-year follow-up, the death density was 6.01 per 100 person-years. The 3-years’ cumulative mortality rate of nondisabled elderly was 11.9% (95%CI: 10.9, 12.9%). As the level of disability increased, the cumulative mortality rate was from 28.1% (95%CI: 23.0, 33.1%) to 77.6% (95%CI: 63.8, 91.4%). Compared with non-disabled elderly, the multiple-adjusted hazard ratio of death due to disability was 1.68 (95% CI: 1.48, 1.90). The hazard ratios varied from 1.44 (95%CI: 1.23, 1.67) to 4.45 (95%CI: 2.69, 7.38) after classifying the disability levels. The hazard ratios of death in the young-old group (65–79 years) were higher than the old-old group (80 years and over) in both level B (HR = 1.58, 95%CI: 1.25, 2.00 vs. HR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.06, 1.39, P = 0.029) and level G (HR = 24.09, 95%CI: 10.83, 53.60 vs. HR = 2.56, 95%CI: 1.75, 3.74, P < 0.001). For patients with hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease as well as dementia, disability increases their relative risk of mortality by 1.64 (95%CI: 1.40, 1.93), 2.85 (95%CI: 1.46, 5.58), 1.45 (95%CI: 1.02, 2.05), 2.13 (95%CI: 1.54, 2.93) and 3.56 (95%CI: 1.22, 10.38) times, respectively. Conclusions Disability increases the risk of all-cause death in the elderly, especially those with chronic diseases and the young-old group. Further studies are needed to better understand how to effectively prevent disability in the older population.

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