scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis on Residents’ Reservation Willingness for Bus Service Based on Option Price

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xun Zheng ◽  
Tomio Miwa
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Option Price ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
City Size ◽  
Bus Service ◽  
Bus Services

Population decline is a pressing issue facing Japan and other developed countries. Local governments in Japan are seeking solutions to insure they meet the daily travel demands of the elderly. Although subsidy for local bus companies is a highly practical policy, a careful investigation to determine its reasonable level is required. This paper investigates the option price of local bus services, that is, the willingness of residents to pay to maintain the services and attempts to gain insights on a reasonable level of subsidy for local bus companies. A comparative analysis among age groups and different city size groups was made. The result showed that elderly residents show a higher option price value than younger and middle-age residents.

La mortalité violente des personnes âgées dans les pays industrialisés durant la période 1985–1989

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-298
Author(s):  
Valérie Courville ◽  
Robert Bourbeau
Keyword(s):  
Excess Mortality ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wide Scope ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Injury Mortality ◽  
Mortality Ratio

ABSTRACTA comparative analysis of injury mortality in 24 developed countries during the period 1985–1989 shows the importance of this cause of death among the elderly. One out of four men and one out of two women who dies from injury is aged 65 and over. There is an over-representation of the elderly among injury-related deaths and the risk of death is still increasing after age 65. Some differences can be noted for the elderly as compared to other age groups: a lower male excess mortality ratio and a much larger proportion of violent deaths related to accidental falls. Among developed countries, a wide scope of variations exists in age groups and cause-specific patterns. Hierarchical clustering is used to obtain different aggregations of countries, based on the level, the structure and the causes of violent mortality. Although the classification of countries varies according to a chosen criteria, we often find aggregations of countries belonging to the geographical area.

Forecasting Paratransit Ridership Using Discrete Choice Models with Explicit Consideration of Availability

1998 ◽  
Vol 1618 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Benjamin ◽  
Shinya Kurauchi ◽  
Takayuki Morikawa ◽  
Amalia Polydoropoulou ◽  
Kuniaki Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Choice Model ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Discrete Choice Models ◽  
Mode Share ◽  
Bus Service ◽  
Reservation System ◽  
The Impact

In most developed countries, the population of the elderly and disabled is growing rapidly. These individuals require transportation service suited to their needs. Such service may be provided by applying emerging technologies to dial-a-ride transit. This research develops a methodology to quantitatively evaluate the impact of paratransit services on a traveler’s mode choice behavior. The mode choice model explicitly considers availability of alternative modes and includes latent factors to account for taste heterogeneity. Stated preferences are also used to elicit preferences for new paratransit services. The methodology is empirically tested with data collected in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The model system developed is applied to evaluate the effect of improving service attributes and the impact of the introduction of new cost-effective modes on modal shares. Results of the policy analysis indicate that ( a) transit policy changes, such as fare reduction, would have little effect on automobile driver and automobile passenger shares; ( b) an improved reservation system for dial-a-ride services would produce shifts in mode share; ( c) the proposed new bus deviation service was favored; ( d) free bus service reduces dial-a-ride share; and ( e) an increase in awareness of a dial-a-ride system would significantly increase its share.

scholarly journals International strategies in the face of aging population

2016 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Bartłomiej Drop ◽  
Marian Jędrych ◽  
Agnieszka Barańska ◽  
Ewelina Firlej ◽  
Mariola Janiszewska
Keyword(s):  
Population Aging ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Aging Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Face ◽  
International Strategies

Abstract Introduction. Population aging poses many important economic, social, and health challenges to the modern world. This applies mostly to developed countries. The phenomenon requires joint action of Member States of the European Union, the World Health Organization, the United Nations, the Council of Europe as well as some unified strategies for the actions taken by these entities. Aim. The aim of this study was to demonstrate international strategies implemented in the face of demographic changes. Material and methods. The authors analyzed the documents outlining strategies for both organizations and entities, as well as recommendations for international scientific consultation on strategy of the aging population. Results. Analysis of changes happening to the oldest age groups showed the need for cooperation between countries. An overview of the strategies being taken at the moment and those that had been undertaken previously by international entities can contribute to modify the arrangements of the elderly; in order to improve the living conditions in multidimensional aspect. Conclusions. The key to achieving the desired effect through implementing the policies of individual countries is to monitor them on a regular basis.

Coordination and Trust in Public Relations with Local Governments

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
M. Luk'yanova ◽  
Ya. Makzhanova
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
The Social

The theory of organizational culture by G. Hofstede, the section of individualismcollectivism is defined as interdisciplinary foundations. The autonomy and independence of local self-government, contained in Russian and European legal provisions, is not the norm, it has been proven to increase the level and is an element of the social capital of developed countries. In this model, elements of public administration at the local level, their interaction and influence on the final result of the activities of local authorities are proposed. The category elements included in the model were obtained by the method of comparative analysis with the identification of differences in local government systems in the process of their strategic development.

Psychiatry and the Burden of Mental Illness

1998 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 801-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger C Bland
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Population Projections ◽  
Changing Practice

Objective: To examine the morbidity produced by mental disorders, to project changes in morbidity likely to be produced by demographic and economic change, and to review the possible role of psychiatry in the health care system. Methods: Using prevalence data for psychiatric disorders and population projections, this paper presents the likely changes in morbidity over the next 20 years. A review of social and economic information indicates changes in social attitudes and their effects on mental health. This paper examines the determinants of health and how they are likely to change and explores some possible directions for changes in health care delivery. Results: Psychiatric disorders have been greatly underestimated as a cause of disability but account for 5 of the 10 leading causes of disability and 47.2% of all years lived with a disability (YLD) in developed countries. By 2016, there will be significant changes in the distribution and type of psychiatric disorders seen in the population, with cases of dementia almost doubling. Most of the population growth will be in the older age-groups, who will be well informed and will demand high standards of service. The gap between rich and poor will increase, and the results of childhood poverty and abuse will become more apparent. The disadvantaged, including many mentally ill, will suffer deprivation as disability payments decline, but youth unemployment will improve, possibly reducing crime rates. Forced early retirements will decline. Alternative medicine will make inroads into health care. A crisis in subsidized accommodation for the elderly can be anticipated, which perhaps will lead to reopening institutions that are currently being closed or to developing new forms of care. As the baby boomers pass 50 years of age and begin consuming health care services, governments will revise plans and eligibility for services; users will pay for services more directly. Conclusions: Psychiatry is very vulnerable to minor changes in health care schemes and will increasingly be called on to show economic arguments to justify its services. Pressure to support a primary care model by changing practice styles, developing new skills, and training practitioners will probably occur. The major growth area likely will be geriatric psychiatry.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 on the elderly

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Smriti Pant ◽  
Madhusudan Subedi
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crises ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Old People ◽  
Movement Restriction ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
The Impact

While in most developed countries an adult of age 65 years and above is considered an elderly, in Nepal, its 60 years. There will be two billion people in old age category worldwide by 2050. This rise in number of ageing group presents many challenges; one such challenge was faced during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19) pandemic. The aim of this narrative review is to assess the impact of COVID-19 on different aspects of life of the elderly. The impact of COVID-19 on the health of the elderly is greater compared to other age groups. Studies from around the world have showed that the risk of severity for COVID-19 is higher among the elderly. Many elderlies who got infected or died were healthcare personnel working in the frontline. Measures like physical distancing, movement restriction and home quarantine, all contributed to the increase in social isolation, especially for the elderly. This in turn could cause problems with their physical, mental, and cognitive health. Additionally, lack of a steady source of income and insufficiency of savings, many face financial crises. Despite efforts to help the old people, they have been enduring the harsh outcomes of the pandemic. To support and respect elderly their dignified life, a clear policy interventions and proper implementations are a must.  

scholarly journals SPECIFICS OF THERAPY FOR BACK PAIN IN PATIENTS WITH FACET SYNDROME

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
TATIANA G. SAKOVETS ◽  
◽  
GULNARA R. KHUZINA ◽  
ELENA N. BARYSHEVA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Facet Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Dilemma ◽  
Pain In The Elderly

Back and neck pain are among the most common medical complaints in developed countries, with up to 66% of the population suffering from acute nonspecific back pain. As early as 1911, Goldthwaite J.E. proved that the articular joints of the spine can serve as a source of pain impulsation, with the proportion of facet syndrome increasing in older age groups, which can cause a clinical dilemma in identifying causes of back pain in the elderly. Like other synovial joints, the bicuspid joints, which are richly innervated by nociceptors, are also at risk of developing dystrophic changes with destruction of articular cartilage and, accordingly, the development of pain, which is provoked by stretching of the bicuspid joint capsule against the background of inflammatory modulators activation. Aim. The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of different methods of treatment of facet syndrome. Material and methods. An analytical review of publications in the scientific medical literature was performed. Results and discussion. In facetsyndrome, both local injection therapy with glucocorticosteroids, hyaluronic acid, local anesthetics, mesenchymal stem cells, and platelet-derived autoplasma are effective. Additional application of non-pharmacological treatments such as therapeutic gymnastics, physiotherapy, and therapeutic massage potentiates the effects of conventional conservative therapy. Radiofrequency laser neurotomy has been recognized as an alternative effective treatment for facet syndrome with a long-term positive effect. The choice of drugs and cellular substances for therapeutic blocks is wide enough and provides an adequate therapeutic approach to the treatment of nonspecific back pain caused by articular joint lesions. Conclusion. The diagnosis of facet syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion, which requires a thorough differential diagnosis to choose further adequate treatment strategy.

scholarly journals The Effects of Differences in Individual Characteristics and Regional Living Environments on the Motivation to Immigrate to Hometowns: A Decision Tree Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
pp. 2748
Author(s):  
Sekiguchi ◽  
Hayashi ◽  
Sugino ◽  
Terada
Keyword(s):  
Decision Tree ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
City Size ◽  
Decision Tree Analysis ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Tree Analysis ◽  
Living Environments ◽  
The Relationship

Population decline and rural–urban population disparities are serious problems in Japan. This study aims to investigate the relationship between people’s motivations to migrate to their hometowns (“U-turn migration”) and their evaluations of the living environments of both their hometowns and current places of residence. An online questionnaire survey was conducted for people living in multiple places in Japan. By using the data of respondents’ U-turn motivations and their evaluations of living environments, we conducted a decision tree analysis to quantitatively describe the multilayered relationship between the environments and people’s motivations, and we focused on patterns that can ameliorate the population disparities. These are the major findings: first, living environments in both the hometown and at the current place of residence affected the U-turn motivations. Second, respondents were divided into several groups based on similar U-turn motivation structures, and with different demographic characters among the groups. Additionally, the evaluations of some living environments tend to depend on the city size or geographic locations. Although some groups’ U-turn migrations may improve population disparities, the improvement and maintenance of living environments are necessary. The results can help local governments in identifying the living environments that need development, and in estimating the feasibility of U-turn migrations.

Using Census Data to Study Elderly Migration: Problems and Possibilities

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1370-1394
Author(s):  
Graeme Hugo
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Population ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Elderly Migration ◽  
Existing Data

Although the elderly are the fastest growing of all age groups in Developed Countries, their migration remains little studied. Elderly migration differs in several fundamental ways from that of other age groups but many of the data collection and analysis procedures as well as basic concepts used in censuses have been developed with the working population in mind and are of limited utility in studying elderly migration. This article elucidates some of the problems using census data to identify movers among the elderly population, in analyzing the characteristics of movers and the causes of migration. Some suggestions and recommendations are made regarding how to deal with these problems in existing data sets and how they can be obviated in the future by making relatively small changes in census practices and conventions.

scholarly journals Glomerulonephritis Pattern at a Jordanian Tertiary Care Center

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randa I. Farah
Keyword(s):  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
The University

Aim. To determine the prevalence and frequency of different pathological patterns of glomerulonephritis (GN) in adolescent (age ≥ 11 years) and adult Jordanian patients. Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis of all clinical and pathological reports of Jordanian patients who had native renal biopsies at the University of Jordan hospital between January 2007 and March 2018 to assess the prevalence and pathological pattern of GN. The data were analyzed statistically using descriptive statistics, the chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact tests. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. Results. Two hundred and nine patients (88 males and 121 females) had native kidney biopsies diagnosed as having GN; the mean age at the time of biopsy was 36.0±14.9 years. Primary GN (51.2%) was more common than secondary GN (48.8%). The most common GN was lupus nephritis (LN) (33.5%), followed by membranous nephropathy (MGN) (15.3%), and diabetic nephropathy (DN) (11.0%). Furthermore, IgA nephropathy was noted in 8.1% of cases. LN was the most common among the secondary GN and occurred in 49.6% of females; MGN was the most common primary GN and occurred in 22.7% of males. There was a statistically significant difference between males and females in the prevalence of LN and MGN (P<.001 and P=.011, respectively). LN was also dominant in all age groups expect for the ≥60 years group, which tended to exhibit DN (40%). Conclusion. LN is the most common GN type in Jordan, followed by MGN and DN. MGN is the predominant primary GN with a higher prevalence among males; LN is the predominant secondary GN and tends to occur in Jordanian females. The GN patterns in this study shifted from membranoproliferative GN to MGN in Jordan, which revealed a shift towards similar patterns exhibited in developed countries. Furthermore, DN is the most frequent GN in the elderly.

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