Risk Factors for Pneumonia in Children under 5 Years in a Teaching Hospital in Nepal

Background Pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality among children under-five years of age globally. The WHO (2014) has reported that indoor air pollution caused by cooking and heating with biomass fuel, living in crowed homes and parenting smoking are risk factors of pneumonia.Objectives The objective of the study was to identify the risk factors for pneumonia among children under-5 years of age.Methods A case control study was carried out among the mothers having under-5 years children who were admitted in the paediatric ward of Dhulikhel Hospital in 2012/13. A convenience sampling technique was used to select 50 children with pneumonia and 150 children with non-pneumonia diseases matched on age, sex and setting. A semi-structured interview consisting of questions related to risk factors for pneumonia was used to collect data from mothers of both cases and controls.Results Sex of the child did not differ by case/control group whereas the children with pneumonia were slightly older with 26% cases and 15% controls older than 3 years of age. Mother’s education was similar in both groups as was family income. Living in a household with a chulo with smoke increased the odds of having pneumonia significantly, with the risk almost 4 times greater if the chulo was located within the same building (OR: 3.76, 95% CI: 1.20-11.82, p=0.02). Children who had diarrhea in the past 3 months were protected from pneumonia (OR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.18- 0.82, p=0.01). An increasing trend of pneumonia was observed among children of tobacco smoking parents with greater risk if both parents smoked; it was, however, not statically significant (OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 0.56-8.82, p=0.26).Conclusion The present study suggests that two factors related to smoke, presence of a smoky chulo in a household and both parents smoking, are modifiable risk factors related to pneumonia in young children. Reliable longitudinal studies, interventions, and programs to educate parents in prevention are important for reducing mortality and morbidities related to acute respiratory illnesses in Nepal.Kathmandu University Medical Journal Vol.12(4) 2014; 247-252

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FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PERNIKAHAN USIA DINI PADA REMAJA PUTRI

Jurnal Kebidanan Malahayati ◽

10.33024/jkm.v7i1.3110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 17-24

Author(s):

Nurhikmah Nurhikmah ◽

Bunga Tiara Carolin ◽

Rosmawaty Lubis

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Girls ◽

Peer Influence ◽

Family Income ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Case Control ◽

Early Marriage ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Premarital Pregnancy ◽

The Impact

ABSTRAK: FACTORS RELATED TO EARLY MARRIAGE AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS Background: One of the problems that often occur in adolescents is early marriage. This can have various impacts including on the emotional and health of the reproductive system in adolescents. In 2019 in Kotabaru district, there were a total of 1,552 marriages, and 39.63% had early marriages.Objective: To determine some factors related to early marriage among adolescent girls in Pulau Laut Kepulauan District, Kotabaru Regency.Methodology: This study used correlation research with Case Control. The sample in this study was 78 adolescents which consisted of 39 adolescents in the case group and 39 adolescents in the control group. The sampling technique used was a total sampling. The research instrument consisted of a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the chi square test.Results: The results showed that there were not premarital pregnancy (75.6%), high family income (57.7%), pornography media (62.8%), lack of knowledge (65.4%), negative culture of early marriage (65,4%), negative peer influence (51.3%). The bivariate results found that there were premarital pregnancy (p=0,000), family income (p=0,000), pornography media (p=0.101), knowledge (p=0,000), early marriage culture (p=0,000), peer influence (p= 0,000).Conclusions: Factors related to early marriage among adolescent girls is premarital pregnancy, family income, knowledge, early marriage culture, and peer influence with early marriage. Suggestions: Youth are expected to dig more information about the impact of early marriage so that a quality generation can be created. Keywords: adolescents, early, marriage. Latar Belakang: salah satu permasalahan yang sering terjadi pada remaja adalah pernikahan usia dini. Hal ini dapat menimbulkan berbagai dampak diantaranya terhadap emosional dan kesehatan sistem reproduksi pada remaja. Pada tahun 2019 di kabupaten Kotabaru dari 1.552 total pernikahan, 39,63% melakukan pernikahan usia dini.Tujuan: Mengetahui beberapa faktor yang yang berhubungan dengan pernikahan dini pada remaja putri di Kecamatan Pulau Laut Kepulauan Kabupaten KotabaruMetodologi: Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian korelasi dengan Case Control. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 78 remaja yang tediri dari 39 remaja kelompok kasus dan 39 remaja kelompok kontrol. Tekhnik pengambilan sampel menggunakan total sampling. Instrumen penelitian terdiri dari kusioner. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi square.Hasil Penelitian: hasil penelitian didapatkan tidak hamil pranikah (75,6%), pendapatan keluarga tinggi (57,7%), media fornografi (62,8%), pengetahuan kurang (65,4%), negatif budaya pernikahan dini (65,4%), pengaruh teman sebaya negatif (51,3%). Hasil bivariate didapatkan hamil pranikah (p=0,000), pendapatan keluarga (p=0,000), media fornografi (p=0,101), pengetahuan (p=0,000), budaya pernikahan dini (p= 0,000), pengaruh teman sebaya (p=0,000).Kesimpulan: Factor yang berhubungan dengan pernikahan usia dini pada remaja putri adalah hamil pranikah, pendapatan keluarga, pengetahuan, budaya pernikahan dini, dan pengaruh teman sebaya pernikahan usia dini.Saran: Remaja diharapkan lebih menggali informasi mengenai dampak dari pernikahan usia dini sehingga tercipta generasi yang berkualitas. Kata kunci : Remaja, Pernikahan, Usia Dini

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Comparative case control study on risk factors of Coronary Artery Disease among Sedentary and Heavy Workers

Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research ◽

10.52711/2349-2996.2021.00130 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 555-560

Author(s):

Arathy Sen A S ◽

Raji Raju

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Coronary Artery Disease ◽

Coronary Artery ◽

Family Income ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Case Control ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Life Style Changes ◽

Mode Of Transportation ◽

Artery Disease

Introduction: Coronary artery disease is most common heart disease among people in this world. It is a preventable lifestyle disease. Certain life style changes will influence the risk factors of developing coronary artery disease in sedentary workers and heavy workers. Objectives: the primary objective of the study was to compare the risk factors of coronary artery disease among sedentary and heavy workers. Methodology: A quantitative approach and non-experimental comparative case control was adopted for the study. Total 120 samples (60 sedentary workers and 60 heavy workers) selected by convenient sampling technique. Data were collected by interview method using structured questionnaire method. The collected data were analyzed by frequency and percentage distribution. Results: The results showed that there was a significant association between the risk factors of CAD among sedentary workers such as BMI (χ2=8.58, p=0.014), types of work (χ2=45.50, p=0.001), age (χ2=18.99, p=0.001) and exercise (χ2=0.00, p=0.001). And there was a significant association between the risk factors of CAD in case among sedentary and heavy workers such as monthly family income (χ2=6.74, p=0.034), alcohol (χ2=12.43, p=0.006), coffee (χ2=19.47, p=0.001) and mode of transportation (χ2=34.35, p=0.001) and there was a significant association between the risk factors of CAD in control among sedentary and heavy workers such as BMI (χ2=19.36, p=0.001), alcohol (χ2=20.26, p=0.001), smoking (χ2=8.11, p=0.044), coffee (χ2=30.97, p=0.001), and mode of transportation (χ2=30.00, p=0.001). Conclusion: The study concluded that the risk factors of coronary artery disease is more common in sedentary workers than heavy workers. Being aware of the risk factors will help the peoples become aware of their chances of developing coronary artery disease and therefore will encourage them to adopt healthy lifestyle.

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Risk factors associated with early childhood caries – a case control study

Revista Odonto Ciência ◽

10.15448/198-6523.2016.2.21496 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 83

Author(s):

Marina De Deus Moura Lima ◽

Zacarias Soares Brito-Neto ◽

Heylane Oliveira Amaral ◽

Cacilda Castelo Branco Lima ◽

Marcoeli Silva de Moura ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Early Childhood ◽

Early Childhood Caries ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Factors Associated ◽

History Of ◽

Control Study ◽

Childhood Caries

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors associated with early childhood caries (ECC).Methods: It was an observational retrospective case-control study. The case group consisted of all patients diagnosed with ECC in the records of an active program of maternal and child care. The control group was composed of an equal number of children, matched for gender and age, who attended the program and did not have ECC. The process of data collection consisted of completing a pre-established schedule to analyse variables related to the mother/caregiver and child.Statisticalanalysis was performed using the chi-squared and odds ratio (OR), with alpha (α) = 0.05.Results: History of caries in the mother (OR=2.61; CI 95%=1.45-4.67) and father (OR=1.72; CI 95%=1.02-2.89) were key determinants in the child being diagnosed with ECC.Conclusions: The risk factors associated with ECC were the following: no oral hygiene acceptance, nocturnal feeding duration of more than 16 months, a daily intake of sugar greater than 4 times a day, a Baume type II maxillary arch, fewer than 3 consultations with the program, and a history of decay in the parents.

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Familial, Social and Environmental Risk Factors in Autism: A Case-Control Study

Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin ◽

10.3329/bmrcb.v40i3.25233 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 113-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A Jahan ◽

SZR Rezina Parvin ◽

D Bugum

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Environmental Risk ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Case Control ◽

Delay Group ◽

Environmental Risk Factors ◽

Control Group ◽

Autism Group ◽

Control Study

This case-control study was done to identify the correlation between the familial, social and environmental risk factors and autism. This hospital and specialized centre based study done from January 2002 to November, 2004. Thirty two children from the autism group and 14 children from the control group were enrolled. Mean age were 3.75 yrs. and 2.83 yrs. respectively. Significant proportion of children were in the highest birth orders, 68.8% in autism and 78.6% in the control group. Full term children were 96.9% and 92.9% respectively. 53.1% children in the autism and 57.1% in the normal speech delay group were born by cesarean sections. Higher education of parents in autism group was statistically significant (p<0.05). Too much watching TV, inadequate opportunity to mix with peers and inadequate interactive relationship with the family members in the early childhood were significantly (p= 0.001) related to the development of autism.Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40 (3): 113-117

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Risk factors for methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusbacteraemia differ depending on the control group chosen

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268813000174 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 141 (11) ◽

pp. 2376-2383 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. POGORZELSKA-MAZIARZ ◽

E. Y. FURUYA ◽

E. L. LARSON

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Organ Transplant ◽

Severity Of Illness ◽

Venous Catheter ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Major Organ ◽

Independent Risk Factors ◽

Nested Case Control

SUMMARYMethicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) bacteraemia cause significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients. Using a nested case-control design, 204 MRSA bacteraemia cases were compared to 301 unmatched methicillin-susceptibleStaphylococcus aureus(MSSA) bacteraemia controls and were matched 1:2 with non-infected controls. The independent risk factors for MRSA bacteraemia compared to MSSA bacteraemia were older age (P = 0·048), major organ transplant during current hospital stay (P = 0·016) and quinolone use (P = 0·016). Cases were more likely than non-infected controls to have renal failure (P = 0·003), cirrhosis (P = 0·013), and a central venous catheter (P = 0·003) after controlling for other risk factors. This large case-control study made it possible to assess risk factors for MRSA bacteraemia using two sets of controls and showed that risk factors differed greatly depending on the control group chosen. These results confirm the need for careful selection of appropriate control groups and the need to carefully adjust for underlying severity of illness.

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Analisis Faktor Fetus dan Tali Pusat terhadap Risiko Asphyxia Perinatal di Surakarta

Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Anak ◽

10.32584/jika.v3i1.521 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Siti Lestari ◽

Dyah Dwi Astuti ◽

Fachriza Malika Ramadhani

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Perinatal Asphyxia ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Retrospective Case ◽

Chi Square ◽

Fetal Position ◽

Control Study

Asfiksia perinatal merujuk pada kekurangan oksigen selama persalinan, sehingga berpotensi menyebabkan kematian dan kecacatan. WHO memperkirakan 4 juta anak terlahir dengan asfiksia setiap tahun, dimana 1 juta di antaranya meninggal dan 1 juta anak bertahan hidup dengan gejala sisa neurologis yang parah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor risiko fetal dan tali pusat pada asfiksia neonatal.Penelitian dilakukan di lakukan di RS Dr Moewardi Surakarta dengan pendekatan quantitative retrospective case control study. Data diambil dari rekam medis antara tahun 2013-2018. Penelitan ini melibatkan 264 neonatal yang terdiri dari 88 kelompok kasus dan 176 kelompok control. Kelompok kasus adalah bayi dengan diagnosa asfiksia yang dilakukan analisis terhadap faktor risiko fetal, sedangkan bayi yang tidak mengalami asfiksia dijadikan kelompok kontrol. Hasil analisis statistik uji Chi-Square dan Fisher Exact ditemukan bahwa kelahiran prematur (OR 2,07 CI 95% P 0,02), persalinan dengan tindakan (OR 3,61 CI 95% P 0,00), berat bayi (OR 2,85 CI 95% P 0,00), posisi janin (OR 2,37 CI 95% P 0,05), tali pusat ( QR 3,071 CI 95% P 0,01) berisiko terhadap insiden asfiksia perinatal. Air ketuban yang bercampur meconium (OR 1,51 CI 95% P 0,16) tidak memiliki risiko dengan Asfiksia perinatal. Kesimpulan: Risiko terhadap insiden asfiksia perinatal meliputi kelahiran prematur, persalinan dengan tindakan, berat bayi, posisi janin, dan tali pusat.Perinatal asphyxia refers to a lack of oxygen during labor, which has the potential to cause death and disability. WHO estimates 4 million children born with asphyxia each year, in which 1 million dies and 1 million survive with severe neurological sequelae. This study aims to analyze fetal and umbilical risk factors in neonatal asphyxia.This research is a quantitative retrospective case-control study, which was conducted at The Dr. Moewardi hospital, Surakarta. Data was taken from medical records from 2013-2018. The case group was patients diagnosed asphyxia, while those who did not experience asphyxia were treated as a control group. A total of 264 samples, consisting of 88 case group respondents and 176 control group respondents. Statistical analysis Chi- Square and Fisher Exact found that preterm birth (OR 2.07 CI 95% P 0.02), labor with instrument or complication (OR 3.61 CI 95% P 0.00), infant weight (OR 2.85 CI 95% P 0, 00), fetal position (OR 2.37 CI 95% P 0.05), umbilical cord (QR 3.071 CI 95% P 0.01) are at risk for the incidence of perinatal Asphyxia. The amniotic fluid mixed with meconium (OR 1.51 CI 95% P 0.16) has no risk with perinatal asphyxia.The risk factors of incidences of perinatal asphyxia were preterm birth, labor with instrument or complication, baby weight, fetal position and umbilical cord.

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EFFECTIVENESS OF VAGINAL CONE THERAPY ON URINARY INCONTINENCE AMONG WOMEN IN SAVEETHA MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL, THANDALAM, CHENNAI

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i2.28432 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 133-136

Author(s):

JAGADEESWARI J ◽

KALABARATHI S ◽

MANGALAGOWRI P

Keyword(s):

Urinary Incontinence ◽

Muscle Tone ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Structured Interview ◽

Moderate Level ◽

Control Group ◽

College Hospital ◽

Study Results ◽

And Control ◽

Experimental Group

Objectives: The present aims to assess the level of urinary incontinence in experimental and control group, to assess the effectiveness of vaginal cone therapy on urinary incontinence in experimental group and control group and to associate the post-test level of urinary incontinence with the selected demographic variables among women in the experimental group. Methods: A quantitative quasi-experimental research design was conducted among 60 women with urinary incontinence. Convenience sampling technique was used. Semi-structured interview method was used to collect the demographical data and level of urinary incontinence among women was assessed by urinary incontinence diagnosis questionnaire. Results: Among 60 samples in experimental group 26 women had a moderate level of urinary incontinence, and 4 women had slight urinary incontinence whereas in control group 24 women had moderate level of urinary incontinence and 6 women had slight urinary incontinence. The study results show significant improvement in level of urinary incontinence among experimental group than the control group after the intervention at the level of p<0.05. This reveals that vaginal cone therapy is highly significant in the experimental group because pelvic muscle strength had improved and allows the patient to increase the physiological consciousness and promotes the muscle tone after the use of a vaginal cone. Conclusion: This study proves that vaginal cone therapy is the effective non-pharmacological method, cost-effective method and had no side effects which can be used to treat female urinary incontinence.

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Risk factors for post-bronchoscopy pneumonia: a case–control study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-76998-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yu Sato ◽

Kengo Murata ◽

Miake Yamamoto ◽

Tsukasa Ishiwata ◽

Miyako Kitazono-Saitoh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Tracheobronchial Stenosis ◽

Control Study ◽

Age And Sex

AbstractThe bronchoscopy, though usually safe, is occasionally associated with complications, such as pneumonia. However, the use of prophylactic antibiotics is not recommended by the guidelines of the British Thoracic Society. Thus far there are few reports of the risk factors for post-bronchoscopy pneumonia; the purpose of this study was to evaluate these risk factors. We retrospectively collected data on patients in whom post-bronchoscopy pneumonia developed from the medical records of 2,265 patients who received 2666 diagnostic bronchoscopies at our institution between April 2006 and November 2011. Twice as many patients were enrolled in the control group as in the pneumonia group. The patients were matched for age and sex. In total, 37 patients (1.4%) had post-bronchoscopy pneumonia. Univariate analysis showed that a significantly larger proportion of patients in the pneumonia group had tracheobronchial stenosis (75.7% vs 18.9%, p < 0.01) and a final diagnosis of primary lung cancer (75.7% vs 43.2%, p < 0.01) than in the control group. The pneumonia group tended to have more patients with a history of smoking (83.8% vs 67.1%, p = 0.06) or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (4.3% vs 14.9%, p = 0.14) than the control group. In multivariate analysis, we found that tracheobronchial stenosis remained an independent risk factor for post-bronchoscopy pneumonia (odds ratio: 7.8, 95%CI: 2.5–24.2). In conclusion, tracheobronchial stenosis was identified as an independent risk factor for post-bronchoscopy pneumonia by multivariate analysis in this age- and sex- matched case control study.

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Risk Factors of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children under Five Years Attending the Fishtail Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal

Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal ◽

10.3126/jgmcn.v12i2.27214 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 74-79

Author(s):

R. Koirala

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Indoor Air Pollution ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Morbidity And Mortality ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Peak Period ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five

Introduction: Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in under five-year children. Risk factors include age, sex, socio‐economic status, indoor air pollution, passive smoking, lack of basic health services, and lack of awareness. In this study, we aimed to determine the associated risk factors of ARI in children under five-years of age. Methods: We carried out a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study in the peak period of of November 2017 to February 2018. The study was conducted in Fishtail Hospital and Research Center (FHRC), Pokhara, Nepal. Non probability, purposive sampling technique was used and a structural interview was taken for data collection. The tool comprised of two main parts. Part I- questions related to socio-demographic variables of mother and baby. Part II- questions related to risk factors of ARI. The collected data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software, version 16. The Chi Square statistic is used for testing relationships between categorical variables. Results: In total of 302 children visited to FHRC with the symptoms of ARI, only 188 (63%) were diagnosed as ARI. The most common symptoms were fever (42.2%), cough (35.7%), running nose (34.1%), difficulty in breathing (28.5%) and chest in drawing (11.6%). The age of children with ARI ranged from one to sixty month with the mean age of 21.46 ±13.52. Among 188 children, 51% were males whereas 49%were females. There were no statistically differences of children weight at birth among ARI. Our results revealed environmental and social factors associated with ARI. Conclusions: The risk factors significantly associated with ARI were malnutrition, exposure to wood smoke and mosquito coil and contact with person having ARI. Reducing these conditions may reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with ARI in children.

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