scholarly journals Comparison of Membrane Filtration and Replica Plate Technique to Detect Fecal Coliform

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bikram Gautam ◽  
Rameshwar Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Routine Basis

Introduction: Membrane filtration (MF) is one of the widely used technique on a routine basis. On the other hand, replica plate (RP) technique can be used to transfer existing bacterial colonies in two plates which even allows pinpointing the original colony. The aim of this study is to comparatively detect the cfu/100 mL of fecal coliform using membrane filtration and replica plate techniques.Methods: In the study, a total of 25 bottled water were selected from the local market in Kathmandu valley. The total coliform count was detected using MF, while fecal coliform was detected using both MF and RP technique.Results: It was found that the average cfu/100 mL for total coliform, fecal coliform (MF) and fecal coliform (RP) were 143.38, 49.82 and 51.00 respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient calculated between total coliform and fecal coliform (MF), total coliform and fecal coliform (RP), fecal coliform (MF) and fecal coliform (RP) were found to be 0.695, 0.733 and 0.990 respectively; implying a positive correlation Conclusions: It has been demonstrated that intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence colony forming units. Furthermore, RP is a more sensitive method for screening fecal coliforms although both MF and RP can be efficiently used.

Microbiological performance and salmonella dynamics in a wastewater depuration pond system of southeastern spain

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Emparanza-Knörr ◽  
Francisco Torrella
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Village ◽  
Final Effluent

The Salmonella presence and the microbiological quality indicators, total and fecal coliforms and coliphages of E. coli C, have been studied in a overloaded wastewater lagoon system treating urban wastewatrers of the village of Guardamar del Segura (Alicante, Spain). Classical microbiological technology to detect salmonellae was used, including pre-enrichment, enrichment, selective media plating and biochemical and serological confirmation. Water was physicochemically characterized according to COD, SS, temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen. The selective migration step through Rappaport-Vassiliadis semisolid agar medium was essential for the consistent detection of Salmonella in the different lagoon effluents. Total and fecal coliform levels of up to 105-106 MPN/100 ml were detected in the final effluent. High coliphage concentrations of 103-104 pfu/ml were also found in the effluent waters. Salmonella was always detected in 100 ml samples and eventually reached an order of value of 103 MPN/100 ml. Total coliform reduction was higher in the anaerobic ponds whereas fecal coliforms were more efficiently eliminated in the facultative (mostly “anoxic”) lagoons. Coliphage reduction was higher in the facultative lagoons when compared to the anaerobic ponds. On many occasions, no reduction or eventual increment of the concentration of salmonellae was detected in the effluents from the anaerobic ponds compared to concentrations of the patohogen in the influent raw wasterwaters. The possibility exists for a capacity of Salmonella to multiply in the anoxic phase of the wastewater treatment, but the presence of microorganisms in raw sewage waters which could maskSalmonella detection with the enrichment methodology employed cannot be ruled out.

Occurrence of Enteric Bacteria and Viruses in Oysters

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK D. SOBSEY ◽  
CAMERON R. HACKNEY ◽  
ROBERT J. CARRICK ◽  
BIBEK RAY ◽  
MARVIN L. SPECK
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Closed Area ◽  
Vibrio Parahemolyticus

Enteric bacteria and virus levels were determined in oysters from paired stations that were opened or closed for commercial shellfishing on the basis of total coliform levels in the water. Six pairs of stations were sampled quarterly over a 1-year period. Enteric viruses were found in 3 of 24 50-g oyster samples from closed areas and in none of 23 samples from open areas. Salmonella was found in 2 of 47 samples of 40 g each, one from an open and the other from a closed area. Although enteric pathogens of fecal origin were found only in oysters that exceeded the recommended market limit of 230 fecal coliforms per 100 g of meat, the fecal coliform levels in some virus-positive samples were much lower than those in Salmonella-positive samples. Vibrio parahemolyticus levels were similar in oysters from both open and closed beds, indicating no particular association with fecal pollution. However, there was a marked seasonal variation in V. parahemolyticus levels. Total but not fecal coliform levels in oysters from open beds correlated with the occurrence of rainfall 1 or 2 days before sample collection. Neither total nor fecal coliform levels in oysters from closed beds correlated with rainfall. These findings suggest that fecal coliforms levels in oysters are less influenced by rainfall than are total coliforms, and therefore may be a more specific indicator of recent fecal pollution.

Presumptive identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae on m-FC medium

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1774-1776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Stramer
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Light Blue ◽  
Colony Type ◽  
Presumptive Identification ◽  
Dark Blue

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a human and animal pathogen frequently encountered in the environment. The membrane-filtration method utilizing m-FC medium for the detection of fecal coliforms yields a colony type easily distinguishable as K. pneumoniae. These colonies appear as atypical light blue, nucleated, mucoid colonies differing considerably from the typical dark blue fecal coliform colonies.

Validity of Members of the Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform Groups for Indicating the Presence of Salmonella in the Quahaug, Mercenaria mercenaria

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 322-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. ANDREWS ◽  
C. D. DIGGS ◽  
J. J. MIESCIER ◽  
C. R. WILSON ◽  
W. N. ADAMS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Mercenaria Mercenaria ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Wholesale Market ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Hard Shell ◽  
Relationship Of

To determine the relationship of most probable number (MPN) of the total and fecal coliform groups in shellfish and shellfish-growing waters to the presence of Salmonella in quahaugs (Mercenaria mercenaria), a microbiological survey of 214 samples of the quahaug, or hard-shell clam, was done over 24 months. For purposes of this study, waters were classified as safe for shellfish harvesting by one of two criteria: (a) a total coliform MPN of ≤ 70/100 ml of water or (b) a fecal coliform MPN value of ⩽ 14/100 ml of water. None of the quahaug samples harvested from waters meeting these standards contained Salmonella. Additionally, Salmonella was not detected in any of the quahaug samples meeting the wholesale market quality standard of 230 fecal coliforms per 100 g of shellfish as specified by the National Shellfish Sanitation Program. An increase in the total coliform and fecal coliform MPN of the waters more closely paralleled an increase in the fecal coliform MPN, as compared to the total coliform MPN of the quahaug meats. Five Salmonella serotypes, including Salmonella parathyphi B, were found singly and in combination in five (2.3%) of the quahaug samples in this survey.

scholarly journals Toxicological risks of water and human health, contribution to the biological treatments in the dam of Ain Zada

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-36
Author(s):  
Bariza Gourari ◽  
Djamel Anteur
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Ctenopharyngodon Idella ◽  
Hypophthalmichthys Molitrix ◽  
Fecal Streptococci

Background: Freshwater fish play a role in detoxification of certain germs and pathogens of bacteria. Variation of the content of pathogenic bacteria are, mainly, total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococci in the study sites of the sampling period. The objective of this study is inventoried purifying species of dam of Ain Zada. Methods: The isolation of fecal coliform (CF) and total coliform (CT) was conducted by incorporation in agar of the five shot test (0,4 mL; 1 mL et 3 x 2 mL). The culture medium is the selective agar Mac Conkey (HIMEDIA, M083) coliforms. The enumeration of the colonies is done after 24 of incubation at 37°C for total coliforms and 44°C for fecal coliforms. The isolation of fecal streptococci (SF) is made by the same method but on the culture medium incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. Counting of colonies is done on mailboxes where 100 to 300 colonies are developed. The average of colonies counted is then determined. The boxes do not contain at least 100 colonies, all of the colonies on all boxes are counted, taking into account the total volume inoculated in water. In the second part, there is an inventory of purifying fish at the Ain Zada dam level. Results: The result indicate that all the fish that play a role in the treatment of dam of Ain Zada (Bordj Bou Arreridj) who use these germs and bacteria as a food source. We registered the presence of a single family, with five (05) genera divided into seven (07) species, including the majority of alien species are Cyprinid fish: Sander lucioperca L., Ctenopharyngodon idella, Clarias gariepinus, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Hypophtalmichthys nobilis. Conclusion: The Bousselam and Ouricia valleys feature heavily poor microbiological quality; exploitation of these waters could constitute a health hazard on dam Ain Zada. According to this study, the fish play a role of biological control.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Analysis of Water of Kathmandu Valley

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyanendra Ghimire ◽  
Binita Adhikari ◽  
Manoj Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Head Tank ◽  
The People ◽  
Tube Wells ◽  
Different Sources

Introduction: Water is indispensible for human existence. Water pollution is the most serious environmentalquality issue all over the world, yet the people are less aware and give little emphasis on the vital connectionbetween water and health. Drinking water of most communities and municipalities in Nepal is obtained fromsurface sources, rivers, streams, ponds and lakes. Most of these sources of water are likely to pollute withdomestic and industrial wastes and many types of microorganisms present in water causes various types ofinfectious diseases. Therefore, we intend to Þ nd the bacteriological water quality of Kathmandu valley.Methods: A total of 200 water samples collected from different sources (over head tank, well and tube wells,taps, springs through spouts and household Þ lter) from different parts of Kathmandu Valley were subjected forbacteriological analysis by MPN (3 sets 3 tubes) method. Presence of fecal coliform was detected by Eijkmantest.Result: Out of total 200 water samples, 130 (65.0%) were unsatisfactory, 19 (9.5%) were intermediate(suspicious), 30 (15.0%) were satisfactory and remaining 21(10.5%) were excellent. Of the unsatisfactorywater samples subjected to Eijkman test, 22.0% of overhead tank, 30.0% of ground water, 30.0% of pipedtap water, 40.0% of natural tap (spout) and none of the household Þ lter water showed fecal coliforms. Watercontamination rate was higher during summer than in winter season.Conclusion: It is concluded that most of the water sources of Kathmandu valley are bacteriologicallyunsatisfactory for drinking.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/mjsbh.v12i2.12919 

scholarly journals Elimination of enteric indicators and pathogenic bacteria in secondary effluents and lake water by solar disinfection (SODIS)

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel A. S. AL-Gheethi ◽  
I. Norli ◽  
Mohd Omar Ab. Kadir
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Secondary Effluents

The reduction of enteric indicators (fecal coliforms (FC) and Enterococcus faecalis) and elimination of pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus) in the secondary effluents and lake water by solar disinfection (SODIS) was studied in this article. FC, E. faecalis, Salmonella spp. and S. aureus were isolated and enumerated using membrane filtration techniques after SODIS of samples inside transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h. The results show that SODIS can reduce numbers of FC, Salmonella spp. and S. aureus by more than 4 log10 colony forming units (CFU)/100 mL after 6 h. However, regrowth of these bacteria was observed after the incubation of the treated samples at 37 °C for 24 h, whereas SODIS for 8 h would eliminate pathogenic bacteria and no regrowth would be observed in these samples as determined by an absence and presence technique using enrichment medium. E. faecalis was not eliminated in the secondary effluents and lake water by SODIS, but this bacterium was reduced to less than detection limits (1 CFU/100 mL) when the treated secondary effluent samples were stored for 16 days at room temperature. The elimination of pathogenic bacteria and reduction of enteric indicators resulted in undetectable levels using SODIS for secondary effluents and lake water.

scholarly journals Contamination of groundwater sources in emerging African towns: the case of Babati town, Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 980-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Pantaleo ◽  
H. C. Komakech ◽  
K. M. Mtei ◽  
K. N. Njau
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Groundwater Contamination ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Who Standards ◽  
Shallow Wells ◽  
Nitrite Nitrate

Abstract Assessment of groundwater contamination potential was carried out in Babati, Manyara, Tanzania. Diazotization, cadmium reduction, ascorbic acid, ion selective electrode and membrane filtration analytical methods were used, respectively, for nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, fluoride and microbial investigations. Fecal coliforms (FC) and high NO3 concentrations were present in wells less than 30 m deep. The maximum FC level was 280 CFU/100 ml, and the nitrate (NO3) ranged from 1.1 to 357.7 mg-NO3/l. In boreholes, nitrate concentrations ranged from 2.3 to 32.6 mg-NO3/l, below both national and WHO standards, and were all free of fecal coliform. Other parameters were all within recommended limits for all wells tested. Evaluation of the potential contamination pathways revealed that the shallow well depths ranged from 1.2 to 26.67 m – median 9 m (N = 366): 70% were unlined and 19% were uncovered. About 74% of the wells were within 30 m of sanitation facilities, of which 60% were traditional pit latrines. The findings revealed that most shallow wells (64%) are polluted and could cause health problems for users. Therefore, it is prudent that the community avoids relying on shallow wells. Boiling of domestic water before use is highly recommended.

Yeasts and coliform bacteria of water accumulated in bromeliads of mangrove and sand dune ecosystems of southeast Brazil

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 973-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen N. Hagler ◽  
Carlos A. Rosa ◽  
Paula B. Morais ◽  
Leda C. Mendonça-Hagler ◽  
Georgia M. O. Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Sand Dune ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Yeast Community ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ascomycetous Yeasts

Yeasts and coliform bacteria were isolated from water that accumulated in the central cups and adjacent leaf axilae of two bromeliads, Neoregelia cruenta of a coastal sand dune and Quesnelia quesneliana of a mangrove ecosystem near the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The mean total coliform counts were above 10 000 per 100 mL for waters of both plants, but the mean fecal coliform counts were only 74 per 100 mL for Q. quesneliana and mostly undetected in water from N. cruenta. Of 90 fecal coliform isolates, 51 were typical of Escherichia coli in colony morphology and indol, methyl red, Volges–Proskauer, and citrate (IMViC) tests. Seven representatives of the typical E. coli cultures were identified as this species, but the identifications of nine other coliform bacteria were mostly dubious. The yeast community of N. cruenta was typical of plant surfaces with basidiomycetous yeasts anamorphs, and the black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans was prevalent. Quesnelia quesneliana had a substantial proportion of ascomycetous yeasts and their anamorphs, including a probable new biotype of Saccharomyces unisporus. Our results suggested that the microbial communities in bromeliad waters are typically autochtonous and not contaminants.Key words: yeasts, fecal coliforms, bromeliad waters, mangrove, Restinga.

scholarly journals Microbial assessment of bottled drinking water of Kathmandu valley

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Timilshina ◽  
I Dahal ◽  
B Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Cross Sectional

INTRODUCTION: Due to increased demand and consumption of bottled water in Kathmandu valley, there has been a growing concern about the microbiological quality of this product. The objective of this study was to assess the microbial contamination of heterotrophs and total coliform. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross sectional study was done in randomly selected 30 different commercial brand of bottled water available in commercial market of Kathmandu valley, Nepal. Total coliform and heterotrophic bacteria were enumerated by the membrane filtration and spread plate technique, respectively. RESULTS: Nineteen samples (63.3%) showed the heterotrophic bacterial count above the acceptable range (i.e. <50 cfu/ml) and 56.6% (n=17) samples showed the total coliforms count crossed the WHO guidelines (i.e. 0 cfu/ml). 83.3% (n=25) brands of bottled water were not safe for drinking as they exceed the heterotrophic and/or total coliform count above the WHO guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of heterotrophs and the coliform in the bottled water is a serious concern for public health. Concerned authority should prioritize this issue and continuously monitor the quality of mushrooming bottled water manufacturers in Kathmandu valley to provide safe drinking water to the population. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v1i2.7399 Int J Infect Microbiol 2012;1(1):84-86

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