Gaston Bachelard. Konteksty i interpretacje

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Gaston Bachelard ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Scientific Mind ◽  
Epistemological Obstacles ◽  
Selection Of

The purpose of the book is to present a selection of studies on Bachelard’s philosophy published by researchers from various countries as part of the Bachelardian and post-Bachelardian movement, and to include articles by Polish Bachelard researchers. It cannot be said that Bachelard remains unknown in Poland, but still many important works – by Bachelard himself and other researchers commenting on his philosophy or continuing it – are known only to specialists. The book Gaston Bachelard. Contexts and Interpretations wants to fill this gap, while pointing to the presence of Polish research on Bachelardism. The intention of this volume is to compile articles confirming the complexity of Gaston Bachelard’s philosophy and its relevance. The multitude of new readings of Bachelard’s thought, appearing in Poland and abroad, confirms that both the philosophy of science, with the concepts of new scientific mind, new rationality or epistemological obstacles introduced by Bachelard, as well as his philosophy of imagination seeking a method that adequately captures the essence of dream and image, invariably serve as an important reference point for philosophers and representatives of other scientific disciplines.

What Might Philosophy of Science Look Like If Chemists Built It?

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roald Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Logic ◽  
General Education ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Michael Polanyi ◽  
Philosophy Of Chemistry ◽  
Gaston Bachelard ◽  
English Writing ◽  
Émile Meyerson ◽  
Writing Community ◽  
Philosophical Community

Implicit in the title might be two presumptions. The first one, that there is (or should be) a single philosophy of science, is not a claim I intend—I do think one should look for a common core, in a way that allows for differences. The second presumption, that philosophy of science, as it is construed today, would be different if it were based on chemistry, is what I wish to examine. And behind that latter supposition is the notion that philosophers of science, their professionalism and good will not impugned, nevertheless are likely to construct their worldview of science based on the sciences they know best. These are usually the sciences that they studied (a) as a part of their general education, or (b) the science they came from, so to speak, if they made their transition to philosophy at some later point in their career. I have not made a rigorous examination of the education of philosophers of science. But my anecdotal feeling is that, for those who entered the profession directly, an exposure to mathematical logic is more likely than to geology or chemistry. And, for many of the philosophers of science who came to their field after an initial scientific career, their scientific expertise was likely to be in the first instance physics, after that biology, and rarely chemistry. I will argue that this matters, for chemistry is different. There are exceptions. In the English-writing community, the most striking one is Michael Polanyi, a very distinguished physical chemist. In the French philosophical community, Pierre Duhem, Emile Meyerson, Gaston Bachelard, and Hélène Metzger had professional chemical backgrounds. Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent has argued convincingly that this background shaped their philosophical outlook, in contrast with the analytic philosophers of their time. In recent times the situation may have changed. A subfield of “philosophy of chemistry” has emerged, with annual meetings and two journals (Foundations of Chemistry, Hyle). The practitioners of this field are more likely to have had substantive experience in chemistry.

Biological Teleology in Contemporary Science

1998 ◽  
pp. 309-316
Author(s):  
Spas Spassov
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Biological Science ◽  
Second Line ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Contemporary Science ◽  
Scientific Mind

Continuous controversies about how Aristotle's teleological biology relates to modern biological science address some widely debated questions in contemporary philosophy of science. Three main groups of objections made by contemporary science against Aristotle's biology can be identified: 1) Aristotle's biological teleology is too anthropomorphic; 2) the idea is tied too substance based; 3) Aristotle's final ends contradict the mechanistic spirit of modern science, which is looking for physical causes. There are two ways of dealing with these objections. The first consists in showing misinterpretations of Aristotle's thought that underlie these arguments. A second line of defense explores the idea that teleological concepts are not only incorporated and widely used in contemporary science, but that in fact biology does not have to renounce teleology in order to reconcile with the modern scientific mind. I suggests that a complete understanding of complex biological phenomena can only be achieved by combining different approaches to this issue.

scholarly journals Strategic procedure in three stages for the selection of variables to obtain balanced results in public health research

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Lozano ◽  
Lara Manyes ◽  
Juanjo Peiró ◽  
Adina Iftimi ◽  
José María Ramada
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Variable Selection ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Public Health Research ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Selection Of Variables ◽  
Balanced Distribution ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Selection Of

Multidisciplinary research in public health is approached using methods from many scientific disciplines. One of the main characteristics of this type of research is dealing with large data sets. Classic statistical variable selection methods, known as “screen and clean”, and used in a single-step, select the variables with greater explanatory weight in the model. These methods, commonly used in public health research, may induce masking and multicollinearity, excluding relevant variables for the experts in each discipline and skewing the result. Some specific techniques are used to solve this problem, such as penalized regressions and Bayesian statistics, they offer more balanced results among subsets of variables, but with less restrictive selection thresholds. Using a combination of classical methods, a three-step procedure is proposed in this manuscript, capturing the relevant variables of each scientific discipline, minimizing the selection of variables in each of them and obtaining a balanced distribution that explains most of the variability. This procedure was applied on a dataset from a public health research. Comparing the results with the single-step methods, the proposed method shows a greater reduction in the number of variables, as well as a balanced distribution among the scientific disciplines associated with the response variable. We propose an innovative procedure for variable selection and apply it to our dataset. Furthermore, we compare the new method with the classic single-step procedures.

scholarly journals Patterns in the journalistic selection of neuroscientific research results

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Kohler ◽  
Nikolai Promies ◽  
Markus Lehmkuhl
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
Science Journalism ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Power Law Distributions ◽  
Selection Of

This study compares the journalistic selection of scientific results from the field of neuroscience with other scientific disciplines. Based on an input-output analysis using data from the citation database Scopus and the alternative bibliometrics provider Altmetric, we investigated which scientific studies from which scientific journals have been selected by global journalism. Previous research suggests that the selection of sources and results in science journalism follows a certain heavy-tailed distribution, a power law. This structure of journalistic coverage is a result of conditions on the micro-level of actions and decisions of individual journalists. Among these conditions are restrictions that derive from the process and constitution of scientific publishing and research results. We argue that the parameter of such power law distributions can potentially be used to describe selectivity in journalism on a high aggregation level. Differences in the value of the parameter point to differences in the conditions present on the micro-level. To test this assumption, we chose a field of research that has attracted a considerable degree of public attention over the last few years: neuroscience. We expected to find differences in the exponent of power law distributions between neuroscience and other scientific disciplines. Our results show that the frequency distribution of journalistic references to single studies and journals in the coverage of neuroscientific research can be described by a power law. The selection of scientific journals is more homogenous in neuroscience in the sense that there is a less pronounced dominance of just a few journals. It is proposed to interpret this as an effect of the greater popularity of neuroscience.

scholarly journals Tytuł profesora w postępowaniu przed Radą Doskonałości Naukowej

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-63
Author(s):  
Krystyna Wojtczak
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Scientific Excellence ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Selection Of

The Act of 20 July 2018 on Higher Education and Science is the eighth Polish normative act of statutory rank since 1920 to deal with matters concerning the title of professor, not counting separate acts and their amendments. It is also the first act based on the regulations in force before 1965 to regulate in a single act matters of higher education and science. Despite their new formulation, not all of the solutions implemented by this Act imply a full withdrawal from the regulations adopted in previous years. What is absolutely new in it, however, is the simplification of the procedure and conditions of the proceedings for conferring the title of professor through: (1) a new definition of fields of science (arts) and scientific disciplines (artistic disciplines) based, following the OECD classification, on the two-tier qualification of sciences (with some exceptions); (2) the constitution of the Council for Scientific Excellence, as a new institution, as of 1 January 2021 exclusively endowed with the right to initiate proceedings for the conferment of the title of professor (including refusal) and the subsequent process, ending with a positive or negative decision of that Council. Other solutions of this law have been subject to broader or narrower changes or have been retained in their current wording. Those of such a nature constitute answers to the following questions: (1) On whom may the title of professor be conferred, and in relation to whom, despite meeting the requirements for it, is this unacceptable, for other statutory reasons?; (2) What requirements does the legislator expect from a candidate for this academic title, and to what extent do the expectations placed on them – outstanding scientific (artistic) achievements – go beyond the framework of the previously binding standards in this regard?; (3) What determines the selection of candidates for reviewers in this procedure, and what is the procedure for selecting them?; (4) What are the conditions for a candidate’s legal protection against negative decisions by the Council for Scientific Excellence, taking into account (5) the conditions for the President of the Republic of Poland’s participation in this procedure, which have remained unchanged since 1990?

scholarly journals Selection of the set of areal units for economic regional research on the land use: a proposal for Aggregation Problem solution

2021 ◽  
pp. 222-234
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Problem Solution ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Aggregation Problem ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

The knowledge of the spatial development of phenomena is crucial in the case of research in economics, geological survey, mining, earth resources and geography. In the literature one can diagnose an important methodological and implementation gap concerning the selection of the set of areal units within the Aggregation Problem. The issue relates to determining boundaries of areal units (regions), whose properties are described by spatial data. The boundaries of areas should be established in such a way that a given analyzed phenomenon is influenced by the same main causes. Only in this case, the analyzed spatial data will properly reflect the impact of main causes, the properties of phenomena and dependencies between them. This means that determining the proper boundaries of areas is a necessary condition for receiving correct conclusions (e.g. delimiting metropolitan areas, assessing mineral resource potential and deposits, or assessing the dynamics of surface processes). From this perspective, the main objective of the article is presenting the proposal for solving the Aggregation Problem, where as the case study the economic analysis of agrarian resources and structure is used. The solution to the problem will lead to establishing the system of macroregions, where the obtained proposal of a system of four sets of areal units is important from the point of view of spatial research. The main added value of the research and its specific contribution to the literature is based on the fact that the proposed solution to the Aggregation Problem can be considered as universal, which is not limited to selected scientific disciplines. The methodology presented in the article can be effectively applied to other spatial research in the field of geology and mining, where the most appropriate research field is the issue of locating areas with appropriate properties or areas which are affected by given analised phenomena.

scholarly journals EPISTEMOLOGI DAN RUMPUN KEILMUAN KOMUNIKASI PENYIARAN ISLAM

INFORMASI ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Mohammad Zamroni
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Basic Science ◽  
Core Values ◽  
Islamic Perspective ◽  
Scientific Disciplines

AbstractThe existence of Islamic communication and broadcasting as a field of scientific disciplines still seems to be a question that has not got the answer. This question is often addressed on how the epistemology and the clumps of communication and broadcasting science. To that end, in-depth studies need to be done by tracingthe philosophy of science as basic science includes ontology, epistemology, and axiology.This study became urgent as well as to ward off dichotomy between general sciences and the religious sciences (Islam). One approach that can be used as a reference is an integrative interconnective science paradigm to integrate between Science and Islam. So the epistemology of communication science is the study of Communication sciencedisciplinethat studies broadcasting and journalism as well as others. While the Islamic Broadcasting Studies as a field of Dakwahstudy that is becoming core values with the Islamic perspective. It is being in tune with the vision of IslamicCommunication and Broadcasting majors that is leading in the assessment and development of communication science and Islamic broadcasting perspective.AbstrakEksistensi Komunikasi dan Penyiaran Islam sebagai bidang disiplin ilmu nampaknya masih menjadi pertanyaan yang belum mendapat jawaban.Pertanyaan ini sering ditujukan pada bagaimana epistemologi dan rumpun komunikasi dan ilmu penyiaran.Untuk itu, studi mendalam perlu dilakukan dengan menelusuri filsafat ilmu sebagai ilmu dasar meliputi ontologi, epistemologi, dan studi aksiologi.Penelusuran ini menjadi mendesak guna menangkal dikotomi antara ilmu-ilmu umum dan ilmu-ilmu agama (Islam).Salah satu pendekatan yang dapat digunakan sebagai referensi adalah paradigma ilmu integratif-interkonektif untuk mengintegrasikan ilmu dengan Islam.Epistemologi keilmuan jurusan Komunikasi dan Penyiaran Islam adalah pengkajian disiplin Ilmu Komunikasi dengan bidang kajiannya broadcasting dan jurnalistik serta lainnya. Sedangkan Penyiaran Islam sebagai bidang kajian Ilmu Dakwah yang menjadi core values dengan perspektif Islamnya. Hal ini menjadi selaras dengan visi jurusan Komunikasi dan Penyiaran Islam yaitu terdepan dalam pengkajian dan pengembangan ilmu-ilmu komunikasi dan penyiaran Islam yang berparadigma Islam.Keywords: Epistemology, Clumps Scientific, Communications and Broadcasting Islam.

scholarly journals “For there is nothing lost, that may be found, if sought”. Manuscript terminology across languages and scientific disciplines

De Medio Aevo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-102
Author(s):  
Christine Jakobi-Mirwald ◽  
Marilena Maniaci
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Manuscript Studies ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
German Art ◽  
Selection Of

The complex terminology used in the description of medieval books in manuscript catalogues and other scientific contributions offers a wide range of possible ambiguities and losses across languages and disciplines, losses that become evident most notably on their crossing paths in the Internet. . Sadly enough, true long-term collaboration across countries and disciplines is more the exception than the rule, which is also why the question of terminology and its translation is frequently neglected. The authors of the present contribution, an Italian codicologist and a German art historian – both of whom have provided lexicographical work tools which have seen several translations) – propose an overview of the work tools currently available (theoretical reflections, dictionaries, multilingual glossaries), followed by a small but significant selection of examples of gaps, ambiguities and other problems regarding the building of a shared multilingual language in manuscript studies. 

scholarly journals Similarities, Differences, and Missed Connections between Thomas S. Kuhn, Gaston Bachelard and the Continental Historiography of Science

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-111
Author(s):  
Alberto Fragio
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
European History ◽  
Gaston Bachelard ◽  
Historical Turn ◽  
Michael Friedman ◽  
Historiography Of Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Object

AbstractAccording to the American philosopher, Michael Friedman, while triggering the so-called “historical turn,” Kuhn reinstated the history of science as perhaps the most important object for the philosophy of science. In this paper, I show that this reinstatement is rather a rehabilitation of the philosophical and epistemological uses of the history of science, something already present in the continental historiography of science in the first half of the twentieth century, and especially in Gaston Bachelard’s work. In this sense, I undertake a review of the European history and philosophy of science during that period, paying special attention to Gaston Bachelard as one of the leading representatives of the French historical epistemology of the 1930s. I conclude with the late and quite problematic reception of Bachelard’s thought in the early work of Thomas S. Kuhn. My thesis is this strand may help to outline what is continental history and philosophy of science.

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