scholarly journals Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 154-177
Author(s):  
Darya Yu. Bazarkina ◽  
Evgeny N. Pashentsev
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Member States ◽  
Negative Image ◽  
National Regulation ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Public Consciousness

The article identifies the main risks and threats related to national and international psychological security (PS) in BRICS countries (particularly China, India, and Russia) and posed by the malicious use of artificial intelligence (AI). The main methods of research are systemic, scenario, and case analyses. The authors maintain that PS threats, both national and international, created by the malicious use of AI should be considered at three levels. At the first level, a false negative image of AI is spread. The second level of PS threats is directly related to the malicious use of AI (MUAI), but an attack on public consciousness is not its main goal. The MUAI designed primarily to cause psychological damage belongs to the third, and highest, level of PS threats. Synthetic AI products (combining a number of technologies, which can increase the damage from their hacking or malicious use) create a whole range of new risks and threats to BRICS countries. The reorientation of commercial AI systems, the malicious use of deepfakes and chatbots, the use of bots to set agendas, deranking, and AI phishing technologies also pose a threat. The main methods of destructive impact through MUAI are illustrated by the examples China, India, and Russia. BRICS policy documents state readiness for joint action against the MUAI. At this point bilateral agreements play the leading role in the development of AI cooperation of BRICS member states, but their declarations clearly state the intention to join forces against the misuse of information and communications technology (ICT). National regulation pertaining to AI and efforts to counter its malicious use are still at the fledgling stage in most countries. This makes it all the more important for each of the BRICS member states to develop international cooperation and share experience. BRICS’s potential in this sphere is still very far from being fully tapped.

scholarly journals Can artificial intelligence reduce the interval cancer rate in mammography screening?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Lång ◽  
Solveig Hofvind ◽  
Alejandro Rodríguez-Ruiz ◽  
Ingvar Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Mammography Screening ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Interval Cancer ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
True Negative ◽  
Stage Iv Disease ◽  
Interval Cancer Rate ◽  
Screening Mammograms

Abstract Objectives To investigate whether artificial intelligence (AI) can reduce interval cancer in mammography screening. Materials and methods Preceding screening mammograms of 429 consecutive women diagnosed with interval cancer in Southern Sweden between 2013 and 2017 were analysed with a deep learning–based AI system. The system assigns a risk score from 1 to 10. Two experienced breast radiologists reviewed and classified the cases in consensus as true negative, minimal signs or false negative and assessed whether the AI system correctly localised the cancer. The potential reduction of interval cancer was calculated at different risk score thresholds corresponding to approximately 10%, 4% and 1% recall rates. Results A statistically significant correlation between interval cancer classification groups and AI risk score was observed (p < .0001). AI scored one in three (143/429) interval cancer with risk score 10, of which 67% (96/143) were either classified as minimal signs or false negative. Of these, 58% (83/143) were correctly located by AI, and could therefore potentially be detected at screening with the aid of AI, resulting in a 19.3% (95% CI 15.9–23.4) reduction of interval cancer. At 4% and 1% recall thresholds, the reduction of interval cancer was 11.2% (95% CI 8.5–14.5) and 4.7% (95% CI 3.0–7.1). The corresponding reduction of interval cancer with grave outcome (women who died or with stage IV disease) at risk score 10 was 23% (8/35; 95% CI 12–39). Conclusion The use of AI in screen reading has the potential to reduce the rate of interval cancer without supplementary screening modalities. Key Points • Retrospective study showed that AI detected 19% of interval cancer at the preceding screening exam that in addition showed at least minimal signs of malignancy. Importantly, these were correctly localised by AI, thus obviating supplementary screening modalities. • AI could potentially reduce a proportion of particularly aggressive interval cancers. • There was a correlation between AI risk score and interval cancer classified as true negative, minimal signs or false negative.

scholarly journals Member States’ social security agreements with India

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-187
Author(s):  
Pauline Melin
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
Country Case Study ◽  
The Eu

In a 2012 Communication, the European Commission described the current approach to social security coordination with third countries as ‘patchy’. The European Commission proposed to address that patchiness by developing a common EU approach to social security coordination with third countries whereby the Member States would cooperate more with each other when concluding bilateral agreements with third countries. This article aims to explore the policy agenda of the European Commission in that field by conducting a comparative legal analysis of the Member States’ bilateral agreements with India. The idea behind the comparative legal analysis is to determine whether (1) there are common grounds between the Member States’ approaches, and (2) based on these common grounds, it is possible to suggest a common EU approach. India is taken as a third-country case study due to its labour migration and investment potential for the European Union. In addition, there are currently 12 Member State bilateral agreements with India and no instrument at the EU level on social security coordination with India. Therefore, there is a potential need for a common EU approach to social security coordination with India. Based on the comparative legal analysis of the Member States’ bilateral agreements with India, this article ends by outlining the content of a potential future common EU approach.

ON METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO TRAINING FUTURE TEACHERS OF KAZAKHSTAN FOR UPBRINGING WORK

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
Zh. KolumbayevaSh. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Educational Organizations ◽  
Spiritual Renewal ◽  
Future Teachers ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
The University ◽  
High Degree

Globalization, informatization, digitalization, led to large-scale changes that have problematized the modern process of upbringing. The modern practice of upbringing in Kazakhstan is aimed at solving the problem of forming an intellectual nation. The key figure in the upbringing process is the teacher. The modernization of public consciousness taking place in Kazakhstan, the renewal of both the content of education and the system of upbringing require understanding not only the content, but also the methodology of the professional training of teachers for the upbringing of children, for the organization of the upbringing system in educational organizations. We believe that the analysis of traditional and clarification of modern methodological foundations of professional training of future teachers of Kazakhstan for upbringing work will give us the opportunity to develop a strategy for training future teachers in the conditions of spiritual renewal of Kazakhstan's society. The article reveals the experience of Abai KazNPU. As a result of the conducted research, we came to the conclusion that the process of training a teacher in Kazakhstan, who has a high degree of ethnic, cultural, and religious diversity, requires strengthening the upbringing and socializing components of the educational process of the university. The strategy of professional training of a modern teacher should be a polyparadigmatic concept with the leading role of ideas of personality-oriented, competence paradigm.

scholarly journals CULTURE FACTOR IN THE POLICY OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-71
Author(s):  
Marina Kameneva ◽  
Elena Paymakova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
The West ◽  
The Public ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽  
Cultural Expansion

The article notes that the theme of culture and cultural policy for modern Iran is not a marginal issue. Culture is seen by the country’s leadership as an important component of its state political and ideological doctrine. There is analyzed the role of the Islamic factor and cultural heritage in the cultural policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran over four decades of its existence. Particular attention is paid to the role of the theory of the dialogue of civilizations proposed by M. Khatami as well as to the changing attitude towards it in the public consciousness of Iranian society. It is emphasized that the theme of “Iran and the West” is becoming particularly acute in the country today, contributing to its politicization. An attempt is being made to show that Iranian culture is increasingly becoming an important factor in the foreign policy activities of the leadership of the Islamic Republic of Iran, contributing to the strengthening of the country’s position in the world arena as a whole and the country’s leading role in the region, the realization of the idea of exporting the Islamic Revolution and implementing Iranian cultural expansion outside the country.

scholarly journals Public Consciousness of Kazakhstan in Ethical and Aesthetic Measurement

Adam alemi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (86) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
G. Solovieva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Social Consciousness ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
The Status ◽  
Aesthetic Consciousness ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Ethical Component ◽  
The One

Ethical and aesthetic consciousness is considered in the article as a single phenomenon with a priority of the ethical component. The analysis is carried out in comparative studies of two methods: consideration of the topic in the mirror of modern literature of Kazakhstan as a form of public consciousness and study of the same problem in the mirror of sociological material. These approaches complement each other and make it possible to identify two levels of social consciousness in the ethical and aesthetic dimension: the existing and the due. Sociology enables analysis at the first level. Literature combines both the one and the other, emphasizing the level of due, transformation of reality and resolution of the indicated contradictions. As a result, it was found that the key construct of the ethical and aesthetic consciousness of Kazakhstanis is the idea of cohesion and unity of all ethnic groups with the leading role of the Kazakh people. This idea has the deepest moral meaning and at the same time has the status of beauty, i.e. character aesthetic. Discord is always ugly. Whereas, unity in its essence is beautiful, showing a combination of good and beauty.

scholarly journals BRICS Countries Energy Cooperation. Significance of the Issue

2014 ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
M. O. Ryazanova
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Member States ◽  
Energy Cooperation ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Economic Ties ◽  
Economic Growth Rates ◽  
Framework Energy ◽  
Financial Regulatory

The article studies one of the key spheres of BRICS framework - energy security. Given the recent decline of economic growth rates in BRICS countries, highlighting of such areas as infrastructural funding and establishing of effective international financial regulatory institutions, beneficial cooperation in energy sector despite its importance for the national interests of member states, nowadays perspectives of BRICS cooperation in energy security seem to be unclear for the leading researchers and analysts. The article contemplates the evolution of energy cooperation issue in the context of BRICS summits. Besides,proceeding from the classification of energy resources into two groups - traditional ones and eco-fuels - the analysis helps to determine potential ways of interaction within the member states taking into account bothmotivating and constraining factors. However, notwithstanding the possibility of the intergroup multilateralrelations in this sphere and overall strengthening of economic ties among the members, the BRICS energy cooperation iscurrently of bilateral and unequally developed nature, which is determined by a number of historically formed circumstances and national interests.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence Approach for Analyzing Anaemia Prevalence in Children and Adolescents in BRICS Countries: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-10
Author(s):  
Natisha Dukhi ◽  
Ronel Sewpaul ◽  
Machoene Derrick Sekgala ◽  
Olushina Olawale Awe
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Brics Countries ◽  
Intelligence Approach ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Approach

Anemia prevalence, especially among children and adolescents, is a serious public health burden in the BRICS countries. This article gives an overview of the current anaemia status in children and adolescents in three BRICS countries, as part of a study that utilizes an artificial intelligence approach for analyzing anaemia prevalence in children and adolescents in South Africa, India and Russia. It posits that the use of machine learning in this area of health research is still novel. The weightage assessment of the crosslink between anaemia risk indicators using a machine learning approach will assist policy makers in identifying the areas of priority to intervene in the BRICS participating countries. Health interventions utilizing artificial intelligence and more specifically, machine learning techniques, remains nascent in LMICs but could lead to improved health outcomes.

scholarly journals Questioning the Scope of AI Standardization in Learning, Education, and Training

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-122
Author(s):  
Jon Mason ◽  
Bruce E. Peoples ◽  
Jaeho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Mixed Reality ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Offline Learning ◽  
Human Ethics ◽  
And Training

Well-defined terminology and scope are essential in formal standardization work. In the broad domain of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) the necessity is even more so due to proliferation and appropriation of terms from other fields and public discourse – the term ‘smart’ is a classic example; as is ‘deep learning’. In reviewing the emerging impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the field of Information Technology for Learning, Education, and Training (ITLET), this paper highlights several questions that might assist in developing scope statements of new work items.While learners and teachers are very much foregrounded in past and present standardization efforts in ITLET, little attention has been placed until recently on whether these learners and teachers are necessarily human. Now that AI is a hot spot of innovation it is receiving considerable attention from standardization bodies such as ISO/IEC, IEEE and pan-European initiatives such as the Next Generation Internet. Thus, terminology such as ‘blended learning’ necessarily now spans not just humans in a mix of online and offline learning, but also mixed reality and AI paradigms, developed to assist human learners in environments such as Adaptive Instructional Systems (AIS) that extend the scope and design of a learning experience where a symbiosis is formed between humans and AI. Although the fields of LET and AI may utilize similar terms, the language of AI is mathematics and terms can mean different things in each field. Nonetheless, in ‘symbiotic learning’ contexts where an AIS at times replaces a human teacher, a symbiosis between the human learner and the AIS occurs in such a way where both can exist as teacher and learner. While human ethics and values are preeminent in this new symbiosis, a shift towards a new ‘intelligence nexus’ is signalled where ethics and values can also apply to AI in learning, education, and training (LET) contexts. In making sense of the scope of standardization efforts in the context of LET based AI, issues for the human-computer interface become more complex than simply appropriating terminology such as ‘smart’ in the next era of standardization. Framed by ITLET perspectives, this paper focuses on detailing the implications for standardization and key questions arising from developments in Artificial Intelligence. At a high level, we need to ask: do the scopes of current LET related Standards Committees still apply and if not, what scope changes are needed?

Research on Application of Artificial Intelligence in Computer Network Technology

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (05) ◽  
pp. 1959015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingjun Wang ◽  
Peng Lu
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
Computer Network ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Network Technology ◽  
Training Time

With the continuous expansion of the application scope of computer network technology, various malicious attacks that exist in the Internet range have caused serious harm to computer users and network resources. This paper attempts to apply artificial intelligence (AI) to computer network technology and research on the application of AI in computing network technology. Designing an intrusion detection model based on improved back propagation (BP) neural network. By studying the attack principle, analyzing the characteristics of the attack method, extracting feature data, establishing feature sets, and using the agent technology as the supporting technology, the simulation experiment is used to prove the improvement effect of the system in terms of false alarm rate, convergence speed, and false negative rate, the rate reached 86.7%. The results show that this fast algorithm reduces the training time of the network, reduces the network size, improves the classification performance, and improves the intrusion detection rate.

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