Electro-Optical Probing for Capturing Fast-to-Rise Scan Chain Failures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Villareal ◽  
Rommel Estores ◽  
Peter Baert
Keyword(s):  
Fault Isolation ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Diagnosis System ◽  
Chain Analysis ◽  
System 2 ◽  
Optical Probing ◽  
Scan Chain ◽  
Imaging Sensor ◽  
Chain Links ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract The paper discusses an imaging sensor exhibiting a fast-to-rise sanity check failure from a scan chain test. The DUT was prepared for backside analysis in a portable daughter-card [1] that enabled the analyst to easily shift between testing platforms such as a standard imaging tester bench and compact scan diagnosis system [2], while being inspected under the Electro-Optical Probing (EOP) machine. To find a failing flip-flop in several-thousands long chain, broken scan chain analysis was performed to narrow down the search to a few chain links was implemented. EOP methods of fault isolation were employed to verify the location of the broken scan cell in those selected flip-flops. Finally, parallel lapping was done to confirm the location of the failing flip-flop under a SEM.

Biophysics (and sociology) of ceramides.

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix M. Goñi ◽  
F-Xabier Contreras ◽  
L-Ruth Montes ◽  
Jesús Sot ◽  
Alicia Alonso
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Positive Curvature ◽  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Cell Signalling ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
Lipid Monolayer ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Bilayer Permeability

In the past decade, the long-neglected ceramides (N-acylsphingosines) have become one of the most attractive lipid molecules in molecular cell biology, because of their involvement in essential structures (stratum corneum) and processes (cell signalling). Most natural ceramides have a long (16-24 C atoms) N-acyl chain, but short N-acyl chain ceramides (two to six C atoms) also exist in Nature, apart from being extensively used in experimentation, because they can be dispersed easily in water. Long-chain ceramides are among the most hydrophobic molecules in Nature, they are totally insoluble in water and they hardly mix with phospholipids in membranes, giving rise to ceramide-enriched domains. In situ enzymic generation, or external addition, of long-chain ceramides in membranes has at least three important effects: (i) the lipid monolayer tendency to adopt a negative curvature, e.g. through a transition to an inverted hexagonal structure, is increased, (ii) bilayer permeability to aqueous solutes is notoriously enhanced, and (iii) transbilayer (flip-flop) lipid motion is promoted. Short-chain ceramides mix much better with phospholipids, promote a positive curvature in lipid monolayers, and their capacities to increase bilayer permeability or transbilayer motion are very low or non-existent.

Timing Sensitivity Analysis of Logical Nodes in Scan Design Integrated Circuits by Pulsed Diode Laser Stimulation

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kiyan ◽  
C. Boit ◽  
C. Brillert
Keyword(s):  
Laser Pulse ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Fault Injection ◽  
Scan Design ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Laser Stimulation ◽  
Scan Chain ◽  
P Type ◽  
Scan Pattern

Abstract In this paper, a methodology based upon laser stimulation and a comparison of continuous wave and pulsed laser operation will be presented that localizes the fault relevant sites in a fully functional scan chain cell. The technique uses a laser incident from the backside to inject soft faults into internal nodes of a master-slave scan flip-flop in consequence of localized photocurrent. Depending on the illuminated type of the transistors (n- or p-type), injection of a logic ‘0’ or ‘1’ into the master or the slave stage of a flip-flop takes place. The laser pulse is externally triggered and can easily be shifted to various time slots in reference to clock and scan pattern. This feature of the laser diode allows triggering the laser pulse on the rising or the falling edge of the clock. Therefore, it is possible to choose the stage of the flip-flop in which the fault injection should occur. It is also demonstrated that the technique is able to identify the most sensitive signal condition for fault injection with a better time resolution than the pulse width of the laser, a significant improvement for failure analysis of integrated circuits.

Changes of Intrinsic Membrane Potentials Induced by Flip-Flop of Long-Chain Fatty Acids†

Biochemistry ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1834-1839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena E. Pohl ◽  
Uwe Peterson ◽  
Jan Sun ◽  
Peter Pohl
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Membrane Potentials ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Flip Flop ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Asymmetric Data-Frequency Mapping and Multi Trigger-Probing for Improved Scan Debug

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swaminathan ◽  
Anuradha ◽  
Abuayob ◽  
Eli ◽  
Konstantine Gitelmkher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Continuous Wave ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Fault Isolation ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Mapping Technique ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Scan Chain ◽  
Continuous Wave Signal

Abstract Integrated-circuit device dimensions continue to shrink, enabling higher density of devices and smaller node size. A number of strategies to improve the resolution of failure analysis and fault isolation tools exist, but some of these techniques are reaching fundamental limits so that engineers are also challenged to innovative methods to increase the useful life of existing toolsets. Laser Scanning Microscopy including Laser Voltage Probing and frequency mapping struggle to maintain resolution commensurate with shrinking feature size. Here we present two methods to improve efficiency and capability of this toolset using existing optical hardware and configuration. The first method applies a frequency mapping technique using scan chain data patterns that allow for data manipulation. This enables an effective resolution increase through deconvolution of data collected in a sequence of scans completed on varied device states. A second method using multiple triggers per loop to evaluate a deterministic continuous wave signal is shown to reduce probe acquisition time, improve job throughput time, and enable, better signal-to-noise ratio for common scan chain debug workflow.

Debugging Signal Corruption in Scan Chain Using Phase Laser Voltage Imaging

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ranganathan ◽  
V.K. Ravikumar ◽  
S.L. Phoa ◽  
C. Nemirow ◽  
N. Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Harmonic Mapping ◽  
Fault Isolation ◽  
Voltage Imaging ◽  
Scan Chain ◽  
Lock In

Abstract Laser Voltage imaging (LVI) is an established and widely used technique for isolating scan chain failures, especially those that are stuck-at a particular state. Enhancements such as second harmonic mapping have been beneficial in detecting a fault that is not stuck, but caused a shift in duty-cycle of the injected signal. In this paper, we describe Phase LVI which is constructed by integrating a lock-in amplifier as an enhancement to LVI for studying the relative phases between scan flops. Additionally we showcase case studies of successful fault isolation using phase LVI, where traditional LVI techniques were not successful.

Application of ANN in Hydraulic Pressure Control Fault Diagnosis System

2013 ◽  
Vol 347-350 ◽  
pp. 864-868
Author(s):  
Xiao Yu Zhang ◽  
Li Li Ding
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Control System ◽  
Fault Diagnosis ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Fault Isolation ◽  
Hydraulic Pressure ◽  
Diagnosis System ◽  
Pressure Control System ◽  
Fault Diagnosis System ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann

The existing hydraulic pressure control fault diagnosis system is effective on fault detection, but the fault isolation capability is bad. In order to improve the capability of the fault isolation, the artificial neural network (ANN) is used in the fault diagnosis system. Aimed at the representative diagnosis of the hydraulic pressure control system, the three layers feedback network is adopted, the basic theory of conjugate gradient BP neural network is explained in detail, and the key techniques are introduced. Five types of typical faults of hydraulic pressure control system can be distinguished easily by it, the faults diagnosis efficiency is higher 30% than ever and the fault diagnosis capability is better 80% than before.

Design of Fault Diagnosis System for the Parameter-Depended Control System

2011 ◽  
Vol 320 ◽  
pp. 636-641
Author(s):  
Jing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Fault Diagnosis ◽  
Fault Detection ◽  
Fault Isolation ◽  
Linear Matrix ◽  
Diagnosis System ◽  
Loop Control ◽  
Closed Loop Control System ◽  
Loop Control System ◽  
Fault Diagnosis System

A robust parameter-depended reduced order(RPRO) fault detection filter(FDF) is designed. Contrary to the parameter-depended uncertainty system, the order of the linear matrix inequalities is reduced, then the RPRO fault detection and fault isolated filters are constructed. Then a RPRO fault isolation filter is designed for occurrence of both actuator fault and sensor fault in the aerocraft’s closed-loop control system, and fault diagnosis system is structured based on the fault isolation filters. Through the output of the fault diagnosis system, we can alarm the fault timely and the advantages of this approach are highlighted.

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