The effect of cooling irrigation on the blooming dynamic of plum

The objective of the present study is to explore the effect of cooling irrigation (aspersion) on the beginning of bloom and on the micro-climate of the plantation. The results show that the water sprayed in the orchard by micro-jet influenced decisively the temperature of the plantation. At higher temperatures (around 20 °C), the drop of temperature may attain 5–7 °C. A low relative humidity of the air may increase the relative effect, The frequent repetition (20 minute intervals) may keep the temperature low also in the buds. The beginning of bloom may delayed for more than ten days. The dynamics of blooming was characterised by a logistic curve in the treated as well as in the control plot. In the treated plot, the curve was steeper than in the control in spite of equal temperatures measured in the plots. Under our (Hungarian) climatic conditions, the method is successfully used to delay blooming dates. The main result is the diminution of the frost damage in the spring and the security of yield. The costs and water requirement should be calculated later.

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Effect of over tree cooling irrigation on ‘Bosc’ pear orchards microclimate

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/18/2/1058 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

Author(s):

L. Lakatos ◽

Z. Sun ◽

J. Zhang ◽

M. Soltész ◽

J. Nyéki

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Surface Temperature ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Canopy Temperature ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Frost Damage ◽

Relative Effect ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Water Evaporation ◽

Night Time

Irrigation in some countries is a horticultural practice mainly used only to supply water. At the same time the use of microsprinklers have a powerful infl uence on the changes of temperature in orchards. When the air’s temperature is high (about 20 °C or higher) the evaporative cooling irrigation signifi cantly decreases the plants’ surface temperature and air temperature. The cooling effect is stronger when the air is dryer. By using cooling irrigation regularly, canopy temperature can be decreased so that the beginning of blooming can be delayed. Also if the blooming is early and frost probability is high, serious damages can happen in orchards. The benefi cial effect of cooling irrigation is the temperature reduction and frost protection. In March 2010, one month earlier than the expected blooming an irrigation system was established to produce anti-frost treatment and regulate the micro-climate of a Bosc pear orchard which belongs to the University of Debrecen (Hungary). The objective of sprinklers was to cool the air by increasing water evaporation and relative humidity. The position of the micro-sprinklers was planned in three levels (around the tree trunks, a few cm near to the soil surface, in the crown region and above the crown, a half meter higher). The results showed that the water sprayed in the orchard by micro-jets infl uenced decisively the temperature of the plantation. At higher temperatures (around 20 °C), the drop of temperature may attain 5–7 °C. A low relative humidity of the air may increase the relative effect. When water was applied at intervals of 15 minutes for ten times a day from 8 am to 18 pm, the air, fl owers and bud’s surface temperature could be kept low. At certain days when the temperature was higher than 10 °C, irrigation was used at night time in similar 15 minutes intervals, from 18 pm and 6 am. The beginning of bloom could be delayed for more than ten days. The Bosc pear variety blooming dynamics was characterized by a logistic curve in the treated as well as in the control plot. In the treated plot, the curve was steeper than in the control one in spite of the equal temperatures measured in the plots. Under Hungarian climatic conditions, the method was successfully used to delay blooming dates. The main result was the diminution of the frost damage in the spring that assured pears yields.

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Cooling irrigation as a powerful method for microclimate modification in apple plantation

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/17/1-2./941 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (1-2) ◽

Author(s):

L. Lakatos ◽

M. C. Dussi ◽

S. Zhong-Fu ◽

I. Gonda ◽

M. Soltész ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Surface Temperature ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Frost Damage ◽

Relative Effect ◽

Apple Orchard ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Water Evaporation ◽

Night Time ◽

Apple Variety

Irrigation in some countries is a horticultural practice mainly used only to supply water. At the same time the use of microsprinklers have a powerful influence on the changes of temperature in orchards. When the air’s temperature is high (about 20 °C or higher) the evaporative cooling irrigation significantly decreases the plants’ surface temperature and air temperature. The cooling effect is stronger when the air is dryer. By using cooling irrigation regularly, canopy temperature can be decreased so that the beginning of blooming can be delayed. Also if the blooming is early and frost probability is high, serious damages can happen in orchards. The beneficial effect of cooling irrigation is the temperature reduction and frost protection. InMarch 2010, one month earlier than the expected blooming an irrigation system was established to produce anti-frost treatment and regulate the micro-climate of a Gala apple orchard which belongs to the University of Debrecen (Hungary). The objective of sprinklers was to cool the air by increasing water evaporation and relative humidity. The position of the micro-sprinklers was planned in three levels (around the tree trunks, a few cm near to the soil surface, in the crown region and above the crown, a half meter higher). The results showed that the water sprayed in the orchard by micro-jets influenced decisively the temperature of the plantation. At higher temperatures (around 20 °C), the drop of temperature may attain 5–7 °C. A low relative humidity of the air may increase the relative effect. When water was applied at intervals of 15 minutes for ten times a day from 8 am to 18 pm, the air, flowers and bud’s surface temperature could be kept low.At certain days when the temperature was higher than 10 °C, irrigation was used at night time in similar 15 minutes intervals, from 18 pm and 6 am. The beginning of bloom could be delayed for more than ten days. The Gala apple variety blooming dynamics was characterized by a logistic curve in the treated as well as in the control plot. In the treated plot, the curve was steeper than in the control one in spite of the equal temperatures measured in the plots. Under Hungarian climatic conditions, the method was successfully used to delay blooming dates. The main result was the diminution of the frost damage in the spring that assured apple yields.

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Field survey on frost damage to roof tiles under climatic conditions

Structural Survey ◽

10.1108/ss-07-2015-0033 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 135-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chiemi Iba ◽

Ayumi Ueda ◽

Shuichi Hokoi

Keyword(s):

Field Survey ◽

Winter Season ◽

Frost Damage ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Weather Data ◽

Measured Temperature ◽

Content Type ◽

Roof Tile ◽

Deterioration Process ◽

The Impact

Purpose – Frost damage is well-known as the main cause of roof tile deterioration. The purpose of this paper is to develop an analytical model for predicting the deterioration process under certain climatic conditions. This paper describes the results of a field survey conducted to acquire fundamental information useful to this aim. Design/methodology/approach – A field survey of roof tile damage by freezing was conducted in an old temple precinct in Kyoto, Japan. Using detailed observations and photographic recordings, the damage progress was clarified. To examine the impact of climatic conditions upon the damage characteristics, weather data and roof tile temperatures were measured and logged in the winter season. Findings – The deterioration process was observed under the climatic conditions associated with the measured temperature of the roof tiles. In particular, it was revealed that the orientation has a significant influence on increasing or decreasing the risk of frost damage. For certain distinctive forms of damage, the deterioration mechanisms were estimated from the viewpoint of the moisture flow and temperature distribution in the tile. Originality/value – This study contributes to the elucidation of the mechanism behind frost damage to roof tiles. The findings will guide the construction of a numerical model for frost damage prediction.

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AGRO-CLIMATIC SUITABILITY AND WATER REQUIREMENT FOR TANZANIA GUINEAGRASS CULTIVATION IN THE STATE OF CEARÁ

Revista Caatinga ◽

10.1590/1983-21252017v30n424rc ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 1028-1038 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

NAILSON LIMA SANTOS LEMOS ◽

ANA CLARA RODRIGUES CAVALCANTE ◽

THIERES GEORGE FREIRE DA SILVA ◽

JOSÉ RICARDO MACEDO PEZZOPANE ◽

PATRÍCIA MENEZES SANTOS ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sandy Soils ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Water Requirement ◽

The State ◽

Climatic Suitability ◽

Irrigation Water Requirement ◽

Productive Potential ◽

Shallow Soils ◽

Water Holding

ABSTRACT This study aimed to define areas suitable, and the irrigation water requirement for, cultivation of Tanzania guineagrass in the state of Ceará, Brazil. Tanzania guineagrass yield was estimated by a mathematical model, which considers the crop actual evapotranspiration, resulting from the crop climatological water balance. The water requirement throughout the year was estimated for soils with a water holding capacity of 20 (shallow soils), 40 (sandy soils), 60 (soils with medium texture) and 100 mm (clay soils). The relative frequency of occurrence of monthly productions greater than 2,750 kg DM ha-1 month-1 was obtained for different areas in Ceará, representative of most of the state's economic mesoregions. Tanzania guineagrass annual yields in the state of Ceará were between 20,000-30,000 kg DM ha-1 year-1. During the rainy season, the productive potential varies with the economic mesoregion, which presents different climatic conditions. The state of Ceará is only suitable for the rainfed production of Tanzania guineagrass for 4 months each year, predominantly from February to May, while weather conditions do not favor the development of this grass in the remaining months.

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The effect of some seasonal conditions on oestrus occurrence in cows

Archives Animal Breeding ◽

10.5194/aab-52-459-2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 52 (5) ◽

pp. 459-465

Author(s):

B. Bülbül ◽

M. B. Ataman

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variation ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Environmental Temperature ◽

Suppressive Effect ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Ovarian Activity ◽

Environment Temperature ◽

Humidity Index ◽

Annual Distribution

Abstract. In this study, the effect of climatic conditions on oestrus occurrence was investigated by using 9 972 oestrus records of cows recorded between 1995 and 2003. A distinct seasonal variation in the oestrus occurrence was determined. Oestrus occurrence observed in January, March, November and December was less than that in June and September (P<0.05). Annual distribution of the oestrus occurrence was positively correlated with environment temperature and insulation duration, but it was negatively correlated with rainfall (P<0.01). However, there was no relationship between oestrus occurrence and relative humidity. In addition to these, there was a slight decrease in the oestrus response when the temperature-humidity index (THI) was above 72; nevertheless, this decrease was not significant (P >0.05). The data presented in this study demonstrated that the increase in the environmental temperature up to 23 °C did not cause a suppressive effect on the ovarian activity. In conclusion, annual distribution of the oestrus occurrence is positively correlated with environment temperature and insulation duration whereas it is negatively correlated with rainfall in Holstein cows, in this study.

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The Use of Synthetic Herbivory-Induced Plant Volatiles That Attract Specialist Parasitoid Wasps, Cotesia vestalis, for Controlling the Incidence of Diamondback Moth Larvae in Open Agricultural Fields

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution ◽

10.3389/fevo.2021.702314 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Masayoshi Uefune ◽

Kinuyo Yoneya ◽

Masaki Yamamoto ◽

Junji Takabayashi

Keyword(s):

Poisson Regression ◽

Diamondback Moth ◽

Control Plot ◽

Agricultural Fields ◽

Regression Analyses ◽

Cotesia Vestalis ◽

Rate Of Increase ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Control ◽

Treated Plot

We evaluated the effectiveness of using a blend of volatiles that attract Cotesia vestalis, a specialist parasitoid wasp of diamondback moth (DBM) larvae, to control DBM larvae on cabbage plants under open field conditions. We set three dispensers of the synthetic C. vestalis attractant together with one sugary-food feeder in a cabbage plot (10 m × 1 m; the treated plot) on one side of a pesticide-free open agricultural field (approximately 20 m × 20 m) from June to September in 2010 and July to August in 2011. On the other side of the field, we created a control cabbage plot of the same size in which neither dispensers nor a feeder was set. The incidences of DBM larvae and C. vestalis cocoons in the control and treated plots were compared. In 2010, the incidence of DBM larvae in the treated plot was significantly lower than that in the control plot. Poisson regression analyses in 2010 showed that the rate of increase in the number of C. vestalis cocoons along with an increase in the number of DBM larvae in the treated plot was significantly higher than that in the control plot. In 2011, the incidence in both the treated and control plots remained low (five larvae per plant or less) with no significant difference between the plots. Poisson regression analyses in 2011 showed that the number of C. vestalis cocoons in the treated plot was significantly higher than that in the control plot, irrespective of the number of DBM larvae. This 2-year field study suggested that the dispensers recruited native C. vestalis from the surrounding environment to the treated plot, and the dispensers controlled the number of DBM larvae in 2010 when the density of DBM larvae exceeded the economic injury levels for the cabbage crop. We also compared the incidences of other arthropods in the control and treated plots. The incidences of Pieris rapae larvae and Plusiinae spp. were not affected by the treatments. The number of aphids in the treated and control plots was inconsistent between the 2 years. Based on these 2-year results, the possible use of C. vestalis attractants in open agricultural fields is discussed.

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THE CROSS-VENTILATED TUNNEL SMOKEHOUSE

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr46f-009 ◽

1946 ◽

Vol 24f (1) ◽

pp. 81-90

Author(s):

E. P. Linton ◽

A. L. Wood

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Steam Consumption ◽

The Cross ◽

One Year ◽

Short Time

A tunnel smokehouse with an output of 3000 lb. of smoked fillets per nine hour day has been in operation about one year. The temperature, relative humidity, and smoke velocity are controlled at optimum values independent of climatic conditions. Hence the colour and shrinkage of the product may be standardized and losses from cooking and dropping of the fish avoided. The relatively short time of smoking of two to three hours reduces spoilage of the fish to a minimum with resulting improvement in quality. Power and steam consumption have been kept as low as feasible.

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Thermophysiological Comfort of Surgeons and Patient in an Operating Room Based on PMV-PPD and PHS Indexes

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10051801 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 1801 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Radostina A. Angelova ◽

Rositsa Velichkova

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Operating Room ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Indoor Environment ◽

Thermal Environment ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Clothing Insulation ◽

Indoor Thermal Environment ◽

Predicted Heat Strain

There are different actors in an operating room (OR), who have controversial requirements for the indoor thermal environment. While the patient is at risk of perioperative hypothermia, the surgeons are in a state of thermophysiological discomfort. The study presents an analysis of the thermophysiological comfort of both patient and surgeons in an OR. Surgical clothing ensembles with three values of clothing insulation are simulated. Different indoor environment conditions (air temperature and relative humidity) are tested. The analysis is based on the calculation of predicted mean vote and predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PMV-PPD) indexes and assessment of the climatic conditions categories. Discussion of the predicted heat strain is also presented. The simulated results and their analysis show considerable discrepancies between the thermophysiological comfort of the patient and the surgeons, even when dressed in a light protective ensemble, in the same indoor environment.

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Neoseiulus baraki (Acari: Phytoseiidae) survival and walking in response to environmental stress

Systematic and Applied Acarology ◽

10.11158/saa.24.3.12 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 487 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vaneska Barbosa Monteiro ◽

Girleide Vieira França ◽

Manoel Guedes Correa Gondim Jr ◽

Debora Barbosa Lima ◽

Jose Wagner Silva Melo

Keyword(s):

Relative Humidity ◽

Environmental Stress ◽

Survival Time ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Walking Speed ◽

Tracking System ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Neoseiulus Baraki ◽

Increasing Temperature

Living organism is exposed to the influence of various environmental conditions. These environmental conditions can trigger stress and compromise the fitness of the organism. As living organisms, phytoseiid mites are frequently exposed to a range of environmental stressors. In the present study, we attempted to explore the responses of the Neoseiulus baraki to environmental stress factors (temperature and humidity). Initially, the effect of different temperature (18–33 °C) and relative humidity (10–95%) levels on the survivorship of unfed N. baraki females was evaluated. Next, we estimated the walking parameters (distance traveled and average walking speed) with a computerized tracking system and we tested how N. baraki is constrained in their effective displacement by their ability to walk and survive in absence of food. The proportion of surviving N. baraki as well as mean survival time decreased significantly with increasing temperature. The opposite trend was observed to relative humidity. The distance covered by N. baraki reduced with increasing temperature (when only taking the temperature dependence of the survival time but not of walking speed and neither the tortuosity of the walking path) ranged from 550 m at 18 ºC to 100 m at 33 ºC. Under climatic conditions representative for the Tropics (27 ºC and 75 % RH) N. baraki was able to survive up to 1.5 days (36 h) without feeding and covered 0.9 m in 10 min as displacement estimated by walking.

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Comparison of Different Multivariate Statistical Methods for Screening the Drought Tolerant Genotypes of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum americanum L.) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9100645 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 645

Author(s):

Mohammadreza Negarestani ◽

Enayatollah Tohidi-Nejad ◽

Gholamreze Khajoei-Nejad ◽

Babak Nakhoda ◽

Ghasem Mohammadi-Nejad

Keyword(s):

Drought Tolerance ◽

Pearl Millet ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Water Requirement ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Block Designs ◽

Plant Water ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

Drought Tolerant ◽

Drought Tolerance Indices

Drought is the main limiting factor of crops production in major regions of the world. Forage plants such as pearl millet and sorghum are drought tolerant and suitable for arid regions to grow. In this study, for selecting and introducing the best drought tolerant genotypes, seven pearl millet and five sorghum genotypes in three locations (Kerman, Jiroft, and Bardsir in Kerman Province) were studied with different climatic conditions. The experiments were conducted for three consecutive years of cultivation (2016, 2017, and 2018) under regularly irrigated conditions and the 100% (I100, full irrigation) plant water requirement and under water deficiency, (50%) plant water requirement (I50) in two randomized complete block designs in triplicate separately at each location. Eight drought tolerance/susceptibility indices were used. Multivariate factor analysis (FA) and stress tolerance score (STS) methods were employed to compare the most drought tolerant genotypes in each region. The STS method was more efficient and effective than the FA method for detecting the most drought tolerant genotype with any number of used genotypes. Based on the results of drought tolerance indices and STS, the IP13150 and IP13151 genotypes of pearl millet and speed feed genotype of sorghum in Kerman, Jiroft, and Bardsir respectively, were introduced as the most drought tolerant genotypes for three consecutive years of cultivation.

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