Effect of Water Stress on Composition of Peanut Leaves

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ali-Ahmad ◽  
S. M. Basha
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Abstract Water stress was induced in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Marc 1) plants by withholding water for 5 to 20 d. Leaves from the water-stressed plants were analyzed to determine the effect of water stress on amino acids, sugars, protein content, and polypeptide composition of peanut plants. The results showed that the total protein content of the leaves significantly increased when peanut plants were subjected to water stress for 5 to 20 d as compared to irrigated controls. Analysis of the leaf protein by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed higher levels of polypeptides in stressed leaves compared to the control leaves. Peanut leaves from water-stressed plants also showed higher amounts of free amino acids and soluble sugars as compared to the irrigated plants. Thus, water stress enhanced accumulation of proteins, free amino acids, and soluble sugars in the peanut plants.

scholarly journals Short Communication: Differences in Levels of Free Amino Acids and Total Protein in Human Foremilk and Hindmilk

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris van Sadelhoff ◽  
Dimitra Mastorakou ◽  
Hugo Weenen ◽  
Bernd Stahl ◽  
Johan Garssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Total Protein Content

Free amino acids (FAAs) in human milk are indicated to have specific functional roles in infant development. Studies have shown differences between human milk that is expressed at the beginning of a feed (i.e., foremilk) and the remainder of the milk expressed (i.e., hindmilk). For example, it is well established that human hindmilk is richer in fat and energy than foremilk. Hence, exclusively feeding hindmilk is used to enhance weight gain of preterm, low birthweight infants. Whether FAAs occur differently between foremilk and hindmilk has never been reported, but given their bioactive capacities, this is relevant to consider especially in situations where hindmilk is fed exclusively. Therefore, this study analyzed and compared the FAA and total protein content in human foremilk and hindmilk samples donated by 30 healthy lactating women. The total protein content was found to be significantly higher in hindmilk (p < 0.001), whereas foremilk contained a significantly higher total content of FAAs (p = 0.015). With regards to individual FAAs, foremilk contained significantly higher levels of phenylalanine (p = 0.009), threonine (p = 0.003), valine (p = 0.018), alanine (p = 0.004), glutamine (p < 0.001), and serine (p = 0.012) than hindmilk. Although statistical significance was reached, effect size analysis of the milk fraction on FAA levels in milk revealed that the observed differences were only small. To what extent these differences are of physiological importance for infant development remains to be examined in future research.

scholarly journals Effect of Two Strains of Peanut Mottle Virus on Fatty Acids, Amino Acids, and Protein of Six Peanut Lines1,2

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan R. Hovis ◽  
Clyde T. Young ◽  
Cedric W. Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Peanut Seed ◽  
Mild Strain ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars (Starr and Florunner) and four peanut introductions (PI 261945, 261946, 261973, and 261980) were each separately inoculated with a mild strain (M2) and with the necrosis strain (N) of peanut mottle virus. The effects of these viral strains on the chemical composition of peanut seed were evaluated. The chemical characteristics varied with the type of viral infection. The greatest effect was on fatty acids and the least on the total amino acids. In general, peanuts infected with the necrosis strain showed: (1) a decrease in the percentages of stearic and oleic acids, while linoleic, arachidic, behenic, and lignoceric acids increased, (2) increases in the levels of the free amino acids glycine, alanine, isoleucine, histidine, lysine, and arginine, and (3) the total amino acids exhibited a slight decrease in aspartic acid and a slight increase in methionine. Peanuts infected with the mild strain generallly showed: (1) a slight increase in linoleic acid, (2) little effect on the free amino acids, and (3) a small increase in tyrosine and a slight decrease in serine and aspartic acid for the total amino acids. No treatment effect was noted on protein content.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Composition of Milk from Cow, Sheep and Goat Raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola, Two Localities of ‘Alto Casertano’ (Campania Region)

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Nicola Landi ◽  
Sara Ragucci ◽  
Antimo Di Maro
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Campania Region

Cow, sheep and goat raw milk raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola territories (‘Alto Casertano’, Italy) were characterized (raw proteins, free and total amino acids content) to assess milk quality. Raw milk with the highest total protein content is sheep milk followed by goat and cow milk from both localities. Total amino acid content in cow, goat and sheep raw milk is 4.58, 4.81 and 6.62 g per 100 g, respectively, in which the most abundant amino acid is glutamic acid (~20.36 g per 100 g of proteins). Vice versa, the free amino acids content characteristic profiles are different for each species. In particular, the most abundant free amino acid in cow, sheep and goat raw milk is glutamic acid (9.07 mg per 100 g), tyrosine (4.72 mg per 100 g) and glycine (4.54 mg per 100 g), respectively. In addition, goat raw milk is a source of taurine (14.92 mg per 100 g), retrieved in low amount in cow (1.38 mg per 100 g) and sheep (2.10 mg per 100 g) raw milk. Overall, raw milk from ‘Alto Casertano’ show a high total protein content and are a good source of essential amino acids.

Effects of ozone on 14CO2 fixation patterns in pine

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1573-1578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Wilkinson ◽  
Robert L. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Relative Activity ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
White Pine ◽  
14Co2 Fixation ◽  
Sugar Phosphates

Seedlings of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and detached shoots of white and loblolly (P. taeda L.) pines were exposed to various concentrations of ozone either before or during photosynthetic fixation of 14CO2. The major changes in distribution of 14C as a result of ozone treatment were (1) a reduction of relative activity in soluble sugars; (2) an increase in activity in sugar phosphates; and (3) an increase in activity in free amino acids, especially alanine. Significant differences in 14C fixation patterns were observed at ozone concentrations as low as 10 pphm (parts per hundred million), and during 14CO2 fixation times as short as 10 min. However, other combinations of treatment levels and times did not always result in statistically significant effects.

Dietary amino acid balance and requirements for pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zhang ◽  
I. G. Partridge ◽  
H. D. Keal ◽  
K. G. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

ABSTRACTNitrogen balance was measured in a series of experiments to determine the optimum balance between lysine, threonine and methionine plus cystine by successive additions of the free amino acids to a basal diet of barley, soya bean meal and tallow. The basal diet had a calculated digestible energy (DE) value of 14·5 MJ/kg and a crude protein content of 146 g/kg. The ranges of total lysine; threonine and methionine plus cystine tested were (g/kg) 6·6 to 11·8, 4·9 to 6·9 and 4·3 to 71, respectively. Latin-square designs were used involving a total of 33 pigs. Nitrogen utilization was optimized in pigs of 3 to 9 weeks of age when each kg of diet contained 10·5 g lysine, 6·4 g threonine and 5·0 g methionine plus cystine, corresponding to a ratio of 100: 61: 48. Thereafter, five diets were formulated in which the same ratio was maintained, but at different protein levels (129 to 192 g/kg). Again the diets were based on barley, soya bean meal and tallow supplemented with free amino acids. These diets were compared, in both nitrogen balance and performance experiments, with a conventional early-weaning diet with a protein content of 240 g/kg. All six diets had the same calculated DE value (14·5 MJ/kg). The N balance experiment was of Latin-square design and involved 18 pigs, and the performance experiment used 36 pigs fed individually from 3 to 9 weeks of age. A diet containing 0·99 g lysine per MJ DE (14·4 g lysine and 192 g balanced protein per kg) was considered to be adequate on the basis of the growth rate and food conversion efficiency results obtained.

scholarly journals Investigation of Growth, Free Amino Acids, and Carbohydrate Concentration in the Roots of Perennial Ryegrass in Response to Soil Salinity at Subsurface Soil Depths

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuangjun Zhao ◽  
Margaret Mukami Gitau ◽  
Tao Hu ◽  
Yan Xie ◽  
Longxing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Deep Layer ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Subsurface Soil

Plants growing in salt-affected soils may have retarded growth and inhibited or altered metabolic processes. This study aims at investigating the impact of subsurface soil salinity on root growth and metabolic processes in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The seeds of perennial ryegrass (cv. Quick Start II) were planted in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes (10 cm diameter × 42 cm long) for 2 months. The experiment consisted of three treatments: 1) control, 40 cm filled with sand–peat mixture (7 sand : 3 peat wt/wt); 2) T20, a 20-cm-deep layer of saline soil covered with a 20-cm-deep layer of sand–peat mixture; and 3) T30, a 30-cm-deep layer of saline soil covered with a 10-cm-deep layer of sand–peat mixture. Our study showed that soil salinity at the subsurface inhibited the growth of perennial ryegrass roots. Compared with the control, the root activity in saline soil layer decreased, whereas it remained high in the mixture-soil zone. The content of amino acids in the roots obtained from the surface soil (0–10 cm) in T30 was greater than that in both the T20 and the control regimes. The content of soluble sugars in the roots went up with the decrease of the depth of sand–peat mixture. The increased root activity and free amino acids content in the roots sampled from the upper soil layers coupled with the increased soluble sugars in the roots subjected to soil salinity stress in the bottom soil layer represents some adaptive responses and regulative mechanisms in perennial ryegrass.

scholarly journals Seed reserve composition and mobilization during germination and initial seedling development of Euphorbia heterophylla

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
CECILIA N.K. SUDA ◽  
JARBAS F. GIORGINI
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Seed Composition ◽  
Rapid Transfer ◽  
Albumin Depletion

Seed composition and reserve mobilization were investigated in wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.). Lipids, around 60% of seed dry mass, are the major reserve. Proteins, including albumins (49%), salt insoluble globulins (30%), salt-soluble globulins (21%) and prolamins (0.3%), comprise about a quarter of seed dry mass. Soluble sugars comprise about 3.6% of seed dry mass, sucrose being the predominant sugar. Starch was not detected in the endosperm of E. heterophylla. Lipid depletion starts after initial imbibition, and is completed between 72 and 96 hours. Protein fractions exhibit different degradation patterns, salt-soluble globulins being continuously degraded after the start of imbibition whereas salt insoluble fractions are degraded between 36 and 72 hours, and albumins between 60 and 84 hours. Globulin depletion is accompanied by an increase in free amino acids in the endosperm whereas intense albumin depletion is not. This result suggests that during albumin depletion there is a rapid transfer of amino acids to the growing embryo. Histochemical studies indicated that light accelerates protein degradation in the micropylar area of the seed. Soluble sugars increase in the embryo with no concomitant decrease in the endosperm, suggesting that sugars are mostly originated from the catabolism of lipids.

Protein and free amino acids in field-grown cowpea seeds as affected by water stress at various growth stages

1981 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Labanauskas ◽  
Peter Shouse ◽  
L. H. Stolzy ◽  
M. F. Handy
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cowpea Seeds
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