Feasibility Tests for a Two-Stage Batch Dryer for Curing Farmer Stock Peanuts1

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Butts ◽  
M. S. Omary
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Moisture Removal ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Milling Quality ◽  
System A ◽  
Support Price

Abstract A two-stage batch dryer for farmer stock peanut was developed by a commercial grain dryer manufacturer and tested at a commercial peanut buying point during the 1996 and 1997 harvests. A 7.3-m diameter grain bin provided the superstructure for two peanut curing chambers. Each chamber had an approximate capacity of 18,000 kg of in-shell peanuts. Comparisons between conventional peanut curing wagons and the bin dryer were conducted. Recorded data included temperature and relative humidity in both type dryers, drying time, moisture content throughout curing, farmers stock grades, milling quality, and seed germination. A total of 451,717 kg were cured in the two-stage dryer and 215,460 kg in conventional dryers. The initial moisture content of peanuts averaged 19% wet basis and dried at an average moisture removal rate of 0.45%/hr. The moisture removal rates for the two dryers were not significantly different. The final moisture content averaged 11%. Moisture content at the time of grading averaged 9%. Farmers stock grades and milling quality were not significantly different. The average quota support price, including LSK for peanuts cured in conventional dryers, was $630.47/1000 kg compared to $636.08/1000-kg peanuts cured in the two-stage dryer. Seed germination averaged 75.8 and 76.1% for conventional and bin-dried peanuts, respectively. The twostage batch dryer was comparable to the current wagon-drying system. A single batch in the two-stage dryer was equivalent to three peanut wagons.

scholarly journals Effect of Pads and Thickness of Paddy on Moisture Removal under Sun Drying

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Narmilan ◽  
G. Niroash ◽  
M.I.M. Mowjood ◽  
A.T.A. Akram
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Moisture Removal ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Regular Time ◽  
Paddy Farmers

Background: Sun drying is a popular post-harvest operation to maintain rice quality during the storage period. Farmers use different pads and thicknesses for sun drying of paddy in Ampara district, Sri Lanka. A study was conducted to evaluate the suitability and effectiveness of the drying pad and thickness as practiced by local paddy farmers during the sun drying process.Methods: The grain with an initial moisture content of 28% (dry basis) was sun dried with four types of drying pads and five levels of thickness of grain. This experiment was conducted between 8.30 am and 4.30 pm at the South Eastern University of Sri Lanka in August 2020. The moisture contents of the grain were measured at regular time intervals.Result: It was found that the duration of drying of paddy from 28% to 13% moisture content on a dry basis was 300 to 540 minutes depending upon the drying pad and thickness. The tarpaulin is reasonable at shallow thickness with less time to reach the necessary moisture level than other drying pads. Black polythene and fertilizer bag can be utilized for sun drying of paddy at 4 cm thickness with 130 minutes. It was found that with an increase in the thickness of paddy from 0.5 cm to 4 cm, the drying time increases. A statistically significant interaction was obtained between drying pads and thickness level on moisture removal of paddy. Therefore, the moisture removal rate differs with the drying pad and thickness of the paddy under open sun drying.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Red Chilli in a Hybrid Collector with Solar Dryer

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1794-1802
Author(s):  
E Murali, Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Moisture Removal ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Solar Dryer

This article performed various analysis on Red chilli by hybrid collector with solar dryer (HCSD). This study was carried out forced convection solar dryer which performed better in all aspects such as drying time, moisture removal rate, electrical efficiency, electrical thermal efficiency, thermal efficiency and overall thermal efficiency. In general, solar radiation was provided a sources of generating energy to drive a solar dryer. Hybrid collector has been provided the electrical and thermal energy to run a solar dryer. The solar dryer was tested by drying 12 kg of red chilli in the drying air temperature in the range of 32 0C – 56 0C. The initial moisture content of the red chilli was 71.5 % (weight basis) and was reduced to the final moisture content of 16.2 % (weight basis) in 6 consistent days with clear sunny days. The HCSD was operated between 9 hrs to 16 hrs. Finally, comparative study was also handled for better understanding in HCSD, in which solar dryer drying made better outcome than open sun drying.

Pengeringan Biji Kakao dengan Pengering Surya Tipe Terowong Berpenggerak Sel Fotovoltaik di Manokwari

Agrotek ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Palelingan Aman
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Tunnel Dryer ◽  
Heat Collector ◽  
New Construction

<em>A research about cocoa beans drying used solar tunnel dryer with photovoltaic module driven have conducted in Manokwari. Solar tunnel dryer used in this research adapted from type Hohenheim with photovoltaic module and integrated air heat collector has been installed at the Department of Agricultural Technology, Papua State University Manokwari to dried cocoa beans. The objectives of this research were to design solar tunnel dryer and evaluate it�s performance in dryed cocoa beans. The result obtained was a new construction of solar tunnel dryer for cocoa beans with dimensions 6 m of length and 0,9 m of wide. The dryer completed with photovoltaic module to drive the blowers of hot drying air. �Performance test of the dryer showed that drying of 10 kg of cocoa beans with initial moisture content about 70% wet basis needed 13 hours of drying time to achieved final moisture content about 7,17% wet basis. The drying time achieved was faster compared than traditional solar drying that needed 20 hours of drying time. The maximum temperature achieved in drying chamber was 60 <sup>o</sup>C.</em>

scholarly journals Cherry Tomato Drying: Sun versus Convective Oven

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Alfeo ◽  
Diego Planeta ◽  
Salvatore Velotto ◽  
Rosa Palmeri ◽  
Aldo Todaro
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Oven Drying ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Final Water Content ◽  
Drying Curves ◽  
Drying Conditions

Solar drying and convective oven drying of cherry tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) were compared. The changes in the chemical parameters of tomatoes and principal drying parameters were recorded during the drying process. Drying curves were fitted to several mathematical models, and the effects of air temperature during drying were evaluated by multiple regression analyses, comparing to previously reported models. Models for drying conditions indicated a final water content of 30% (semidry products) and 15% (dry products) was achieved, comparing sun-drying and convective oven drying at three different temperatures. After 26–28 h of sun drying, the tomato tissue had reached a moisture content of 15%. However, less drying time, about 10–11 h, was needed when starting with an initial moisture content of 92%. The tomato tissue had high ORAC and polyphenol content values after convective oven drying at 60 °C. The dried tomato samples had a satisfactory taste, color and antioxidant values.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Pengeringan Biji Jagung (Zea Mays L.) Menggunakan Alat Pengering Surya Adriyarkara Termodifikasi

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-360
Author(s):  
Athul Fadhli ◽  
Diswandi Nurba ◽  
Raida Agustina
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Average Relative Humidity

Abstrak. Jagung merupakan tanaman penghasil karbohidrat terpenting. Pengeringan jagung pipil menggunakan alat pengering merupakan proses untuk menghasilkan jagung pipil yang siap diolah untuk pembuatan tepung jagung dengan batas kadar air tertentu sehingga menghaslkan jagung pipil dengan kualitas yang baik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji karakteristik pengeringan biji jagung menggunakan alat pengering surya Termodifikasi. Metode penelitian  menggunakan 3,15 kilogram jagung pipil dengan kadar air awal 22% untuk proses pengeringan. Parameter yang dianalisis terkait alat pengering kolektor surya yaitu temperatur, kelembaban relatif, kecepatan udara dan iradiasi surya, sedangkan parameter yang dianalisis terkait bahan yaitu kadar air, lama waktu pengeringan, laju pengeringan dan organoleptik. Prosedur penelitian terdiri dari pengujian kosong dan pengujian dengan menggunakan jagung pipil. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa temperatur rata-rata dalam rak pengering sebelum dilakukan modifikasi yaitu 44,4oC, temperatur rata-rata setelah dilakukan modifikasi yaitu 55,5oC dan temperatur rata-rata rak pengering pada pengeringan menggunakan jagung pipil yaitu 46,96oC. Kelembaban relatif rata-rata dalam rak pengering sebelum dilakukan modifikasi yaitu 40,1%, kelembaban relatif rata-rata dalam rak pengering setelah modifikasi yaitu 35,1% dan kelembaban relatif rata-rata pengeringan menggunakan jagung pipil yaitu 44,45%. Dari hasil pengukuran tersebut menunjukkan bahwa nilai temperatur dan kelembaban pada alat setelah modifikasi lebih baik dibandingkan sebelum alat dimodifikasi. Pengukuran temperatur dan kelembaban relatif terdiri dari 4 titik pengukuran yaitu rak 1A,1B dan rak 2A, 2B. Kecepatan udara rata-rata yang diukur konstan yaitu 0,7 m/s pada ruang pengering, sedangkan lingkungan 1,1 m/s. Total iradiasi surya selama pengeringan yaitu 1848,84 W/m2. Kadar air jagung pipil masing-masing rak yaitu rak 1A 14,29%, rak 1B 14,47%, rak 2A 13,91% dan rak 2B 14,1%. Hasil dari pengujian organoleptik, panelis agak menyukai jagung pipil yang dikeringkan menggunakan alat pengering tersebut.Characteristics of Seed Drying (Zea mays L.) Using a Modified Adriyarkara Solar DryerAbstract. Corn is the most important carbohydrate plant. Drying corn using a drying tool is a process to produce corn that are ready to be processed for making corn flour with a certain water content limit so as to produce corn with good quality. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of drying of corn kernels using a modified solar dryer. The research method used 3,15 kilogram of corn milled with the initial moisture content of 22% for drying process. The parameters analyzed in relation to solar collector dryers are temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and solar irradiation, while the parameters analyzed are materials such as moisture content, drying time, drying rate and organoleptic. The research procedure consists of unloaded testing and testing using corn. The results showed that the average temperature in the dryer tray before modification was 44,4°C, the average temperature after modification was 55,5°C and the average temperature of the dryer tray on drying using corn was 46,96oC. The average relative humidity in the dryer tray before modification is 40,1%, the average relative humidity in the dryer tray after modification is 35,1% and the average relative humidity of drying using corn is 44,45%. From the measurement results show that the value of temperature and humidity in the tool after modification is better than before. Measurement of temperature and relative humidity consist of 4 point of measurement that is tray 1A, 1B and tray 2A, 2B. Average mean air velocity measured is 0,7 m/s at the dryer room, while the environment is 1,1 m/s. Total solar irradiation during drying is 1848,84 W/m2. Moisture level of corn each shelves tray 1A is 14,29%, tray 1B is 14.47%, tray 2A is 13,91% and tray 2B is 14,1%. As a result of organoleptic testing, panelists rather like dried corn using the dryer.

scholarly journals Ultrasound Drying of Rose Hips: a Process Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Elena Verboloz ◽  
Marina Ivanova ◽  
Vera Demchenko ◽  
Sergey Fartukov ◽  
Nikita Evona
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
State Standard ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Drying Time

Introduction. Rose hips are rich in macro- and micronutrients. Unfortunately, heat treatment destroys most nutrients. Ultrasonic technologies make it possible to reduce the drying time and lower the temperature regime. The research objective was to adjust ultrasound technology to rose hip production in order to reduce the loss of vitamins and improve the quality indicators of the dried product. Study objects and methods. The research featured rose hips of the Rosa canina species collected in the south of Kazakhstan. This subspecies of wild rose is poor in vitamin C. Nevertheless, this shrub is extremely common in Russia and other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The raw material was dried according to standard methods. One group of samples was treated with ultrasound, while the other served as control. Both groups underwent a sensory evaluation and were tested for moisture and vitamin C. Results and discussion. The rose hips were dried in a combination steam oven with a built-in ultrasonic wave generator. The research revealed the following optimal parameters of the ultrasound drying process: frequency of ultrasonic vibrations – 22 kHz, processing time – 2.5 h, temperature in the combination steam oven – +56°C, initial moisture content – 30%. The resulting product met the requirements of State Standard. The loss of moisture was 57%. According to State Standard 1994-93, the initial moisture content should be 15% or less. Time decreased from 360 min to 160 min, and the initial moisture was 13%. The experiment confirmed the initial hypothesis that ultrasonic treatment improves the drying process by improving quality indicators and preserving vitamin C in raw materials using. Conclusion. Ultrasound treatment during moisture removal from rose hips provides a resource-saving technology that fulfills an economically and socially important function.

scholarly journals Seed Germination of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. (Fabaceae) under Different Temperatures and Drying Method

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Natália Marinho Silva Crisóstomo ◽  
Lorraynne Gabrielly Vieira dos Santos ◽  
Luan Danilo Ferreira de Andrade Melo ◽  
João Luciano de Andrade Melo Junior ◽  
Larice Bruna Ferreira Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Plant Propagation ◽  
Agricultural Engineering ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps ◽  
Different Temperatures

Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong a tree commonly known as anglerfish, monkey ear and timbaúva. Due to its wood quality, this tree species is widely used in naval and civil constructions, toys and furniture frames, and can also be used for urban afforestation and restoration of degraded areas. The objective of this work was to standardize the best temperature conditions for conducting the germination tests of E. contortisiliquum seeds under laboratory conditions, considering the fact that the seeds come from coastal tropical Brazil, and to evaluate the desiccation tolerance. The experiments were carried out at the Plant Propagation Laboratory of the Agricultural Engineering and Sciences Campus (CECA) of the Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), located in the municipality of Rio Largo, Alagoas, Brazil. The design of the experiment was fully randomized, with four repetitions of 25 seeds per treatment. In test I: The newly harvested seeds were subjected to constant temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40ºC and alternating temperatures of 20-30ºC, with an eight-hour photoperiod, simulated by four fluorescent lamps 20W daylight type. In trial II: The seeds were divided into two lots. The first was the control (initial moisture content). The second was subjected to slow drying on silica gel. A constant temperature of 30ºC is recommended for the germination and vigor test of E. contortisiliquum seeds. The critical means water content for seeds of this species is below 5%.

scholarly journals Drying characteristics and prediction of best fitted drying model for coriander leaves

2021 ◽  
pp. 243-251
Author(s):  
Sanjay Kumar Singh ◽  
Samsher ◽  
B.R. Singh ◽  
R.S. Senger ◽  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Moisture Removal ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Sun Drying ◽  
Potassium Metabisulphite ◽  
Solar Greenhouse ◽  
Drying Models ◽  
Drying Model ◽  
Coriander Leaves

Drying experiments were conducted on coriander leaves as affected by drying methods (solar greenhouse drying and open sun drying), pretreatments (dipping in a solution of magnesium chloride + sodium bicarbonate + potassium metabisulphite, boiled water blanching containing sodium metabisulphite, and untreated), and loading densities (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 kg/m2). Validity of three commonly used drying models were examined to predict the most suitable drying model for coriander leaves. The increased drying temperature under solar greenhouse dryer (42°C) increases the amount of moisture removal from the coriander leaves and reduces the drying time by increasing the drying rate as compared to open sun drying (29°C), at all the selected levels of pretreatments and loading densities. Chemically treated coriander leaves dehydrated under a solar greenhouse dryer required less drying time than other treated leaves and dried leaves. Nevertheless, drying methods and loading densities had significant effects, while treatment effects were marginal. It was found that reduction of moisture and moisture removal rate per unit time occurred mostly in the falling rate period except some accelerated removal of moisture at the beginning up to 150 minutes. Page's model was found most appropriate for drying coriander leaves among the selected models.

scholarly journals Modelling of biomass temperature in the drying process

2020 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Ewa Golisz ◽  
Małgorzata Jaros ◽  
Szymon Głowacki
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Direct Calculation ◽  
Logistic Function ◽  
Temperature Model ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Temperature Rate

The goal of the work was to propose and verify the model of temperature changes of the convective dried biomass depending on the drying time. The algebraic temperature model of the convective dried solid, giving the possibility of its direct calculation, was based on the logistic function of growth. Temperature model was verified for convective dried biomass: vegetable and wood (poplar and willow wood chips) significantly differing in initial moisture content. Parameter W in the temperature model, defined as the coefficient of temperature rate changes reaches greater values in higher temperature of drying air and for wood biomass which has lower initial moisture content. Empirically selected parameter W allows to verify the temperature model with the relative error less than 5%.

scholarly journals Germination and vigor of stored Jatropha (Jatropha curcars L.) seeds

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
Solange Carvalho Barrios Roveri Jose ◽  
Antonieta Nassif Salomão ◽  
Luis Alberto Martins Palhares de Melo ◽  
Izulmé Rita Imaculada Santos ◽  
Bruno Galvêas Laviola
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Jatropha Seeds ◽  
Seed Water Content

Abstract: Jatropha seeds are classified as orthodox. However, since it is an oil seed species, adequate storage conditions are required to ensure their longevity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality of jatropha seeds stored in different environments and packaging, for periods of 3, 9 and 15 months. Three types of seed packaging bags (high density plastic bag, aluminized envelope and multiwall paper bag) were used, and the storage environments were cold and dry chamber (20 °C and 15% RH, constant), refrigerator (7 ± 3 °C, 48 ± 8% RH) and laboratory conditions (25 ± 3 °C, 51 ± 7% RH). The initial moisture content and seed germination were 7.1% and 89%, respectively. During storage, the physiological quality (germination and vigor) and moisture content of the seeds were evaluated. Seed water content ranged from 3.3 to 7.7%, depending on the permeability of the packaging and the storage environment. The highest longevity (15 months) without loss of viability was observed for jatropha seeds with initial moisture of 7.1%, packed in semipermeable plastic. Seed vigor was maintained, regardless of the environment and the type of packaging used, for up to nine months of storage.

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