scholarly journals Tillage and Plant Density as Measures of Adaptation to Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Malyarchuk ◽  
◽  
E. Fedorchuk
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
The South ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Wheat Cultivation ◽  
Deep Plowing

Abstract. The article presents the results of research of the South-Ukrainian branch of UkrNDIPVT L. Pogoriloho on the adaptation of winter wheat cultivation technologies in grain and steam crop rotations to increase the aridity of the climate by optimizing the density of standing plants, methods and depth of basic tillage. The purpose of research is to adjust the seeding rate by changing the width of the rows when growing winter wheat, as an agro-technological measure of accumulation and rational use of soil moisture (agro-technological direction of adaptation to climate change). Determining the influence of sowing rate, with different methods of tillage, on the productivity and economic efficiency of growing winter wheat in crop rotations on non-irrigated lands of southern Ukraine. Methods and Materials: field, quantitative-weight, visual and laboratory methods. Mathematical and statistical methods were used to systematize and generalize the obtained results. Research results. It has been experimentally established that the replacement of plowing to a depth of 28-30 cm for winter wheat crops with shallow (10-12 cm) disc tillage and reduction of the sowing rate of winter wheat variety «Kherson-99» to 2.25 million pieces similar seeds per hectare, by increasing the width between rows, provided an increase in grain yield by 16.7 % in 2020 and 7.7% in 2021. The profit per 1 hectare with this technology amounted to UAH 13280,5 in 2020 and UAH 28484,9 in 2021, which is 18.4 % and 9.3 % more than similar indicators in deep plowing and 31.3 % and 8.9 % more than the classic sowing rate (4.5 million units/ha). Conclusions. The efficiency of replacing deep plowing with shallow disc loosening and reducing the sowing rate to 2.25 million units/ha in the cultivation of winter wheat Kherson-99 in grain and steam crop rotation of the South of Ukraine was confirmed. A regularity in the size of the effect of reducing the seeding rate under drier conditions of the growing season was revealed.

scholarly journals Winter Wheat Adaptation to Climate Change in Turkey

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 689
Author(s):  
Yuksel Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Plant Characteristics

Climate change scenarios reveal that Turkey’s wheat production area is under the combined effects of heat and drought stresses. The adverse effects of climate change have just begun to be experienced in Turkey’s spring and the winter wheat zones. However, climate change is likely to affect the winter wheat zone more severely. Fortunately, there is a fast, repeatable, reliable and relatively affordable way to predict climate change effects on winter wheat (e.g., testing winter wheat in the spring wheat zone). For this purpose, 36 wheat genotypes in total, consisting of 14 spring and 22 winter types, were tested under the field conditions of the Southeastern Anatolia Region, a representative of the spring wheat zone of Turkey, during the two cropping seasons (2017–2018 and 2019–2020). Simultaneous heat (>30 °C) and drought (<40 mm) stresses occurring in May and June during both growing seasons caused drastic losses in winter wheat grain yield and its components. Declines in plant characteristics of winter wheat genotypes, compared to those of spring wheat genotypes using as a control treatment, were determined as follows: 46.3% in grain yield, 23.7% in harvest index, 30.5% in grains per spike and 19.4% in thousand kernel weight, whereas an increase of 282.2% in spike sterility occurred. On the other hand, no substantial changes were observed in plant height (10 cm longer than that of spring wheat) and on days to heading (25 days more than that of spring wheat) of winter wheat genotypes. In general, taller winter wheat genotypes tended to lodge. Meanwhile, it became impossible to avoid the combined effects of heat and drought stresses during anthesis and grain filling periods because the time to heading of winter wheat genotypes could not be shortened significantly. In conclusion, our research findings showed that many winter wheat genotypes would not successfully adapt to climate change. It was determined that specific plant characteristics such as vernalization requirement, photoperiod sensitivity, long phenological duration (lack of earliness per se) and vulnerability to diseases prevailing in the spring wheat zone, made winter wheat difficult to adapt to climate change. The most important strategic step that can be taken to overcome these challenges is that Turkey’s wheat breeding program objectives should be harmonized with the climate change scenarios.

scholarly journals Facteurs affectant les stratégies d’adaptation des éleveurs aux changements climatiques: cas des parcours d'El Ouara au Sud Tunisien

New Medit ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Houda Rjili ◽  
Mohamed JAOUAD
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
The South ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Environmental Threat ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Changements Climatiques

Climate change is a global environmental threat to all economic activities, especially the livestock activity. The South of Tunisia, where animal husbandry is a fundamental element of the domestic economy, is more influenced by these negatives effects due to the arid climate. The objective of this study is to identify strategies and levers mitigation and adaptation to climate change developed by breeders on based on available factors. For this purpose, a survey conducted among 73 breeders on the rangelands of El Ouara, in the South of Tunisia. Results emerges that breeders use various adaptation strategies principally, supplementation, integration agriculture-livestock and conduct’s mode through different types such as association. The result of the model reveal that age of breeder, herd size, agricultural area, member of an association, subsidies and well ownerships are the most factors which significantly influence the adaptation choices of breeders to cope to climate change. The results proved too that adaptation to climate change was inhibited by many factors such as luck of workforce labor, lack of water and financial resources as well the degradation of the rangelands.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of winter wheat cultivation in adaptive crop rotation on chernozem typical

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 01007
Author(s):  
Ivan Prushchik ◽  
Svetlana Khlupina
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Typical Chernozem ◽  
Wheat Cultivation

The paper presents the results of research to assess the efficiency of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivation in adaptive crop rotations on typical chernozem. The crop yield have analyzed for three different crop rotations (grain-fallow, grain-grass-row, and grain-grass) in comparison with a monoculture on a stationary multifactorial field experiment on physical modeling of the farming system of the FSBSI “Kursk FARC” (Kursk region, Medvensky district). It was determined that the maximum yield was obtained in grain-and-row crop rotation; on average, over three years of research, the increase in it was 1.71 t/ha. Statistical data processing has carried out and correlations between the weather conditions of the year and the yield of winter wheat has revealed. Thus, a moderate direct relationship (r = 0.65) was established with atmospheric precipitation, and a moderate inverse relationship with the sum of effective temperatures (r = 0.58). Indicators of economic efficiency of winter wheat cultivation have calculated, both for monoculture and for three types of crop rotations. The lowest cost of winter wheat grain – 5926.94 t/ha – was recorded in grain-fallow crop rotation, which provided the highest net income of 12056.26 and the highest profitability among all options – 68.72%.

scholarly journals The improvement of the winter wheat cultivation technology in arid conditions of the Povolzhie

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
О. I. Goryanin ◽  
Е. V. Madyakin ◽  
B. Zh. Dzhangabaev ◽  
N. А. Yakovleva
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Arid Conditions ◽  
Wheat Cultivation ◽  
European Part Of Russia ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Winter wheat is currently the main grain field crop in the European part of Russia. However, to increase the cultivation efficiency, it is necessary to improve cultivation technology. The purpose of the work is to identify new promising varieties and improve the winter bread wheat cultivation technology for the arid conditions of the Povolzhie. In 2015–2019 there was conducted an agroecological testing for 17 winter wheat varieties, which were most widespread and had the prospects for their introduction in the Povolzhie. During 2011–2018 there were studied five cultivation technologies (options) of the winter wheat variety ‘Svetoch’ in the six crop rotation sequences. The study has established that when cultivating winter wheat in the blackearth (chernozem) steppe of the Povolzhie, the varieties ‘Marafon’, ‘Novoershovskaya’, ‘Zhemchuzhina Povolzhiya’, ‘Severodonetskaya yubileynaya’ and ‘Svetoch’ were the most promising varieties. Under favorable moisture conditions, it was most profitable to cultivated the varieties ‘Rostovchanka 7’, ‘Izyuminka’, ‘Marafon’, ‘Bazis’, ‘Severodonetskaya yubileynaya’, ‘Skipetr’. When cultivating winter wheat in ‘black’ fallow, it is more rational to use early fallow, which begins to be cultivated in the spring when the soil is physically matured. The early spring additional fertilizing with ammonium nitrate increases winter wheat productivity on 0.28 t/ha (9.3%). In order to obtain the maximum net income (11324.8 rubles/ha) and profitability (115.0%), it is most expedient to use the biological product ‘Bionex Kemi’ (3 l/ha) on commercial wheat crops.

Adaptation to Climate Change: Who Pays Whom?

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Baer
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
The South ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
The North ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Principles Of Justice

The problem of adaptation to climate change is complex and multifaceted. At its core, however, are two simple questions: what actions should be taken to prevent or reduce harm that will be caused by anthropogenic climate change, and who should pay for those actions that have costs? In this chapter I focus on the latter question, concerning liability for the funding of adaptation. I argue that obligations for funding adaptation are based on ethical principles governing just relationships between individuals in a “life-support commons,” which are essentially the same as the norms of justice governing other forms of harm. Simply, it is wrong to harm others by abusing a commons, and if one does, one owes compensation. In this view, ethics and justice address the rights and responsibilities of individuals; obligations between countries are derivative, based on the aggregate characteristics of their populations, and pragmatic, given the existing state system. Furthermore, liability can be disaggregated in other ways; as I argue, it is equally important that the distribution of liability can be differentiated between classes within nations. A simple quantitative exercise applying these principles of justice to the adaptation problem suggests net liability from the North to the South but also net liability for adaptation from wealthy classes in the South. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) devotes a small but significant amount of attention to adaptation to climate change. Only in the last few years, however, with the creation of the Least Developed Countries (LDC) Fund and the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) under the UNFCCC, the creation of an Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto Protocol, as well as the support for the development of National Adaptation Plans of Action (NAPAs), have delegates and advocates begun to focus seriously on the problems of adaptation and adaptation funding. Given the disproportionate share of current and past emissions from the industrialized countries of the North and the evidence that the developing countries of the South are more vulnerable to climate damages, almost any plausible interpretation of “common but differentiated responsibilities” implies that the North should shoulder the major part of the costs of adaptation.

Productivity of Кazanskaya 560 winter wheat variety, depending on fertilizers and soil nutrient

10.12737/2439 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 134-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Сабирова ◽  
Razina Sabirova ◽  
Шакиров ◽  
Rafil Shakirov
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Soil Nutrient Status ◽  
Winter Wheat Variety ◽  
Available Nutrients

The article discusses the influence of the main fertilizer in combination with additional fertilizing on the feeding regime of soil and productivity of “Kazanskaya 560” winter wheat variety. The provision of soil with available nutrients is achieved through the rational use of fertilizers in crop rotations. In 2010-2012 an additional fertilizing by Humate “Bioplant Flora” at a rate of 2 litre per hectare in autumn increased yield to 4.6-5.5 centner per hectare, depending on the background of the basic fertilizer. Additional spring fertilizing in early plant growth by Bioplant Flora on the background of autumn feeding practically does not increase the yield of winter wheat. Fertilizing with ammonium nitrate at a rate of 1.5 center in share weight per hectare increased the average yield to 2.1-2.4 tons per hectare for the period 2010-2012, depending on the background of the main treatment. In favorable 2011 it increased the yield to 1.5-3.5 centner per hectare. Adding NPK at sowing in rows at 1 centner per hectare in share weight increases yields to 3.5 centner per hectare without feeding, to 7.5 centner per hectare with the autumn fertilizing by Bioplant Flora, to 5.6 centner per hectare with the spring fertilizing with ammonium nitrate, comparing with the background without fertilizers. Thus, the differential application of the basic fertilizer, combined with fertilizing, improves the soil nutrient status and facilitates the formation of a predetermined amount of yield.

Synergies between the mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change in agriculture

2010 ◽  
Vol 148 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. SMITH ◽  
J. E. OLESEN
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Soil Carbon Storage ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Change Context ◽  
Reduce Emissions

SUMMARYThere is a very significant, cost effective greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation potential in agriculture. The annual mitigation potential in agriculture is estimated to be 4200, 2600 and 1600 Mt CO2 equiv/yr at C prices of 100, 50 and 20 US$/t CO2 equiv, respectively. The value of GHG mitigated each year is equivalent to 420 000, 130 000 and 32 000 million US$/yr for C prices of 100, 50 and 20 US$/t CO2 equiv, respectively. From both the mitigation and economic perspectives, we cannot afford to miss out on this mitigation potential.The challenge of agriculture within the climate change context is two-fold, both to reduce emissions and to adapt to a changing and more variable climate. The primary aim of the mitigation options is to reduce emissions of methane or nitrous oxide or to increase soil carbon storage. All the mitigation options, therefore, affect the carbon and/or nitrogen cycle of the agroecosystem in some way. This often not only affects the GHG emissions but also the soil properties and nutrient cycling. Adaptation to increased variability of temperature and rainfall involves increasing the resilience of the production systems. This may be done by improving soil water holding capacities through adding crop residues and manure to arable soils or by adding diversity to the crop rotations.Though some mitigation measures may have negative impacts on the adaptive capacity of farming systems, most categories of adaptation options for climate change have positive impacts on mitigation. These include: (1) measures that reduce soil erosion, (2) measures that reduce leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus, (3) measures for conserving soil moisture, (4) increasing the diversity of crop rotations by choices of species or varieties, (5) modification of microclimate to reduce temperature extremes and provide shelter, (6) land use change involving abandonment or extensification of existing agricultural land, or avoidance of the cultivation of new land. These adaptation measures will in general, if properly applied, reduce GHG emissions, by improving nitrogen use efficiencies and improving soil carbon storage.There appears to be a large potential for synergies between mitigation and adaptation within agriculture. This needs to be incorporated into economic analyses of the mitigation costs. The inter-linkages between mitigation and adaptation are, however, not very well explored and further studies are warranted to better quantify short- and long-term effects on suitability for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. In order to realize the full potential for agriculture in a climate change context, new agricultural production systems need to be developed that integrate bioenergy and food and feed production systems. This may possibly be obtained with perennial crops having low-environmental impacts, and deliver feedstocks for biorefineries for the production of biofuels, biomaterials and feed for livestock.

scholarly journals Best Management Practices for the Transition to a Water-Sensitive City in the South of Portugal

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2983
Author(s):  
Miguel Rodrigues ◽  
Carla Antunes
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Source Control ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
The South ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Best Management

The uncertainty that arises from future environmental and climatic challenges requires new approaches towards urban water management in Mediterranean cities. In this work, an urban water cycle (UWC) strategy based on the best management practices (BMPs) of water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) is proposed for the transition of a coastal city in the south of Portugal into a water-sensitive city (WSC), in line with the Municipal Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation of Loulé (EMAAC of Loulé). The city’s watershed was identified using the ArcMap Hydrology toolset with geospatial data provided by Loulé’s Municipal Council Operational Unit for Adaptation to Climate Change and Circular Economy (UOACEC). A broad characterisation of the study area was conducted, identifying existing resources to further develop a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis. The Hydrology toolset outputs, precipitation events records, and survey results were used to identify flood-prone areas. The opportunities and threats identified were further used to develop the transition strategy, which is focused on critical areas identified and supported by BMPs, including source control, attenuation, treatment and infiltration measures, permeable pavements, rainwater harvesting systems, and bioretention basins. The approach is designed to increase the city’s resilience to climate extremes, as well as community engagement towards UWC management.

scholarly journals Onion yield and its dependence on plant density in vegetable crop rotations on Ergenin Upland chestnut soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 843 (1) ◽  
pp. 012032
Author(s):  
N I Matveeva ◽  
V P Zvolinsky ◽  
N Yu Petrov ◽  
V A Zaitsev
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Agricultural Technology ◽  
Vegetable Crop ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Chestnut Soils ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
Competitive Test ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Abstracts. The years of experiment were from 2016…2020 in a farm on the Ergenin Upland chestnut soils in Volgograd region. The experiments were placed in five fields of vegetable crop rotation with the total area of 165 ha. During the presented period, a competitive test was carried out to identify the most productive samples of onions. The objects of the study were samples -the zoned variety Volgodonets (control variety) of domestic selection, hybrids of foreign selection Pandero F1, Benefit F1, Valero F1, Manas F1. It was found that hybrids give more than twice the yield over the control variety in almost all the variants. But the most optimal and more productive in all cases proved to be option No. 2 hybrid Benefit F1 with the parameters: the seeding rate of 1,000,000 pcs of seeds per hectare with viability of 97.31%, which provided for harvesting 973,100 plants per hectare and achieved a yield of 143.41 t/ha on average for repetitions in 2020. Thus, we can conclude that the seeding rate is 1,000,000 pcs of seeds per hectare in the conditions of chestnut soils of the Ergenin Upland is optimal in the conditions of the existing agricultural technology.

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