scholarly journals Effect of Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) Leaves against Cholesterol Levels in Wistar Rats with Atherogenic Diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizky Dzariyani Laili ◽  
Arie Dwi Alristina ◽  
Rossa Kurnia Ethasari ◽  
Dewinta Hayudanti
Keyword(s):  
Group Treatment ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Atherogenic Diet ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Andrographis Paniculata ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Introduction : The risk of atherosclerosis increases when elevated blood cholesterol levels. Flavonoids may help inhibit the absorption of fat, which indirectly helps in lower cholesterol levels.Flavonoids are widely available on the Andrographis paniculata leaves (APL).This study aims to examine the effect of flavonoids in APL stewto lower the cholesterol levels. Material and Methods: This research was carried out using five different groups of Wistarrats. Each group consists of five Wistar rats. Group (K-) received normal diet, group (K+) received atherogenic diet and three groups of atherogenic diets rats that pre-treated with three different doses (0.6, 1.2, and 2.4g/day) of APL leaf stew. APL stew is orally gavaged for 60 days. The cholesterol blood serum was analyzed using the CHOD-PAP method. Statistical analysis using One-Way ANOVA and Post-Hoc Tukey. Results : The results showed a significant difference in cholesterol levels between the groups of theatherogenic diet with other treatment groups (p = 0.000).When compared with thenormal diet group, treatment with 1.2 g and 2.4 g of APL produce cholesterol levels not significantly different.APLstew has been shown to inhibit the elevated levels of serum cholesterol in male Wistar rats that fed with the atherogenic diet which contributed 54.8%.While fat intake increased the cholesterol level by 16.3%.Both APL stew and fat dose intake together affect the formation of cholesterol with a contribution of 69.2%. Conclusion : The dose that is considered as the most effective in lowering cholesterol is 2.4 g becauseit producescholesterol level closest to normal.

scholarly journals Efek Tepung Kesemek (Diospyros kaki L.var Junggo) terhadap Kadar Trigliserida Serum pada Tikus Wistar Jantan yang Diberi Diet Aterogenik

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Stefania Widya Setyaningtyas ◽  
Nur Permatasari ◽  
Annasari Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Triglyceride Level ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Atherogenic Diet ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Diospyros Kaki ◽  
Soluble Fiber ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Background: Moderate hypertriglyceridemia is almost certainly an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Pectin is a kind of soluble fiber that can be used to decrease triglyceride level and it  can be found in fruits such as persimmon. Objective: This research intens to prove the effect of soluble fiber of persimmon flour to decrease triglyceride level. Methods: The search used Post Only Control Group design. Normal diet, atherogenic diet, and atherogenic diet with various amount of dried persimmons were given to 30 subjects, male wistar rats, for 12 weeks. 1.2 g, 2.4 g, and 3.6 g persimmon flour were used as the given amount for every groups. Results: There were significant differences between atherogenic diet group and the other groups of research (p-value<0.001). Compared to normal diet group, atherogenic diet with 1.2 g and 2.4 g persimmon flour resulted unsignificant differences of triglycerides level. But, atherogenic diet with 3,6 g dried persimmon group was different significantly to normal diet groups (p-value=0.036). Both dose of persimmon flour and fat intake affect elevation of tryglyceride level up to 62.5%. Conclusion: The contribution of persimmon flour (Diospyros Kaki L. var Junggo) in inhibitation of the increase of triglyceride serum level on male wistar rats.  The most effective dose is 1.2 g, because the result of the trigliceride level was closest to normal and energy intake was not affected. ABSTRAK Latar belakang : Hipertrigliseridemia kadar sedang hampir pasti merupakan faktor risiko tersendiri untuk penyakit kardiovaskular. Pektin merupakan jenis serat larut air memiliki efek menurunkan trigliserida dan banyak terdapat dalam buah-buahan, salah satunya buah kesemek.Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efek serat larut air pada tepung kesemek dalam menurunkan kadar trigliserida.Metode : Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode Post Test Only Control Group. Diet normal, diet aterogenik, diet aterogenik + kesemek dengan berbagai jumlah diberikan kepada 30 subyek penelitian, yaitu tikus wistar jantan selama 12 minggu. 1,2 g, 2,4 g, dan 3,6 g tepung kesemek digunakan sebagai intervensi untuk kelompok perlakuan.Hasil : terdapat perbedaan kadar trigliserida yang signifikan antara kelompok diet aterogenik dengan kelompok perlakuan lainnya (p=0,000). Bila dibandingkan dengan kelompok diet normal, perlakuan dengan pemberian tepung kesemek 1,2 g dan 2,4 g menghasilkan kadar trigliserida yang tidak berbeda signifikan, namun jumlah pemberian tepung kesemek 3,6 g berbeda nyata dengan diet normal (p=0,036). Pemberian tepung kesemek dan asupan lemak bersama-sama mempengaruhi pembentukan trigliserida dengan kontribusi sebesar 62,5%.Kesimpulan : Tepung kesemek (Diospyros Kaki L. Var. Junggo) terbukti dapat menghambat peningkatan kadar trigliserida serum pada tikus wistar jantan yang diberi diet aterogenik. Jumlah yang dinilai paling efektif menurunkan trigliserida adalah sebesar 1,2 g, karena pada jumlah tersebut, kadar trigliserida yang dihasilkan paling mendekati normal dan tidak mempengaruhi asupan energi.

scholarly journals Efek Tepung Kesemek (Diospyros kaki L.var Junggo) terhadap Kadar Trigliserida Serum pada Tikus Wistar Jantan yang Diberi Diet Aterogenik

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Stefania Widya Setyaningtyas ◽  
Nur Permatasari ◽  
Annasari Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Triglyceride Level ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Atherogenic Diet ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Diospyros Kaki ◽  
Soluble Fiber ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Background: Moderate hypertriglyceridemia is almost certainly an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Pectin is a kind of soluble fiber that can be used to decrease triglyceride level and it  can be found in fruits such as persimmon. Objective: This research intens to prove the effect of soluble fiber of persimmon flour to decrease triglyceride level. Methods: The search used Post Only Control Group design. Normal diet, atherogenic diet, and atherogenic diet with various amount of dried persimmons were given to 30 subjects, male wistar rats, for 12 weeks. 1.2 g, 2.4 g, and 3.6 g persimmon flour were used as the given amount for every groups. Results: There were significant differences between atherogenic diet group and the other groups of research (p-value<0.001). Compared to normal diet group, atherogenic diet with 1.2 g and 2.4 g persimmon flour resulted unsignificant differences of triglycerides level. But, atherogenic diet with 3,6 g dried persimmon group was different significantly to normal diet groups (p-value=0.036). Both dose of persimmon flour and fat intake affect elevation of tryglyceride level up to 62.5%. Conclusion: The contribution of persimmon flour (Diospyros Kaki L. var Junggo) in inhibitation of the increase of triglyceride serum level on male wistar rats.  The most effective dose is 1.2 g, because the result of the trigliceride level was closest to normal and energy intake was not affected. ABSTRAK Latar belakang : Hipertrigliseridemia kadar sedang hampir pasti merupakan faktor risiko tersendiri untuk penyakit kardiovaskular. Pektin merupakan jenis serat larut air memiliki efek menurunkan trigliserida dan banyak terdapat dalam buah-buahan, salah satunya buah kesemek.Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efek serat larut air pada tepung kesemek dalam menurunkan kadar trigliserida.Metode : Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode Post Test Only Control Group. Diet normal, diet aterogenik, diet aterogenik + kesemek dengan berbagai jumlah diberikan kepada 30 subyek penelitian, yaitu tikus wistar jantan selama 12 minggu. 1,2 g, 2,4 g, dan 3,6 g tepung kesemek digunakan sebagai intervensi untuk kelompok perlakuan.Hasil : terdapat perbedaan kadar trigliserida yang signifikan antara kelompok diet aterogenik dengan kelompok perlakuan lainnya (p=0,000). Bila dibandingkan dengan kelompok diet normal, perlakuan dengan pemberian tepung kesemek 1,2 g dan 2,4 g menghasilkan kadar trigliserida yang tidak berbeda signifikan, namun jumlah pemberian tepung kesemek 3,6 g berbeda nyata dengan diet normal (p=0,036). Pemberian tepung kesemek dan asupan lemak bersama-sama mempengaruhi pembentukan trigliserida dengan kontribusi sebesar 62,5%.Kesimpulan : Tepung kesemek (Diospyros Kaki L. Var. Junggo) terbukti dapat menghambat peningkatan kadar trigliserida serum pada tikus wistar jantan yang diberi diet aterogenik. Jumlah yang dinilai paling efektif menurunkan trigliserida adalah sebesar 1,2 g, karena pada jumlah tersebut, kadar trigliserida yang dihasilkan paling mendekati normal dan tidak mempengaruhi asupan energi.

scholarly journals Effect of Kefir, Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) and the Association Between Yacon and Kefir on Intestinal Physiology in Rats With Colon Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 309-309
Author(s):  
Neuza Costa ◽  
Keila Zanardi ◽  
Caroline Woelffel ◽  
Andre Costa ◽  
Mirelle Viana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Intestinal Permeability ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Smallanthus Sonchifolius ◽  
Intestinal Physiology ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the effect of consumption of yacon flour, kefir and the association between them on colon cancer induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in male Wistar rats, SCFA production, fecal pH and intestinal permeability. Methods The study was conducted with 60 adult Wistar rats divided into 5 groups. For 5 weeks, groups T, Y, K and YK received 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) to induce colon cancer. After 5 weeks of DMH administration, animals in groups C and T received the standard diet, group Y received a diet with yacon flour with 5% FOS, group K received 1mL /day of kefir and the YK group received a diet with yacon and kefir, for 15 weeks. After euthanasia, intestinal lesions, intraluminal pH, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and intestinal permeability were analyzed. Results An increase in macroscopic lesions was observed in groups K (58%) and YK (42%) and a reduction of 5% in group Y, compared to group T. In addition, an increase in neoplastic changes was observed in all groups compared to group T: Y (33%), K (67%) and YK (78%). There was no significant difference in the concentrations of acetate and proprionate, pH, lactulose and mannitol between groups, and butyrate was not found in the samples. Conclusions The consumption of yacon flour, kefir and their association did not influence intestinal physiology and promoted the worsening of the development of colon carcinogenesis in rats. Funding Sources FAPES - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e Inovação do Espírito Santo CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

scholarly journals Hematoprotective and Gastroprotective Effects of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Linn)-Supplemented Diet in Male Wistar Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-118
Author(s):  
Samuel A. Onasanwo ◽  
Olusegun G. Adebayo ◽  
Omeje U. Nicodemus ◽  
Abayomi M. Ajayi ◽  
A. Wadioni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Hematological Indices ◽  
Cnidoscolus Aconitifolius ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Plasma Malondialdehyde

Aims: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (CA) is a plant known to possess very high phenolic compound. The study evaluated hematological indices, anti-oxidative properties and gastroprotective potentials of CA leaf-supplemented diet. Methodology: Male Wistar rats weighing between 80-100 g were divided into 5 groups of n=18. Group 1 animals were fed with normal diet and groups 2-5 were fed with diets supplemented with 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% of C. aconitifolius powdered leaves continuously for 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Hematological indices were examined in the whole blood plasma Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione (GSH), Catalase (CAT) were investigated, and changes in stomach architecture were also examined via histology. Results: There was a progressive increase in weight gain at different weeks of feeding with Cnidoscolus aconitifolius-supplemented diet (CAD). Malondialdehyde level decreased (p<0.05) significantly in 1% CAD at 8 weeks of feeding when compared to normal diet group. Glutathione at the 8th and 12th weeks of feeding with 1% CAD and 10% CAD significantly (p<0.05) decreased when compared to the group fed normal diet. Catalase activity increased (p<0.05) significantly in 1%, 2.5% and 5% CAD groups when compared to the group fed normal diet at 4 weeks of feeding. There was increase in haematological indices across all the groups during the weeks of feeding. The microscopic examination of the stomach epithelial layer reveals improvement with no serious damage across all the groups. Conclusion: Cnidoscolus aconitifolius-supplemented diet moderately improves blood anti-oxidant against oxidative stress and the hematological indices with time. The diet also maintains the structural integrity of the stomach wall without causing any damage.

scholarly journals ANTIHYPERCHOLESTROLEMIC ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF BELIMBING WULUH (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.) ON HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC MODELLING WISTAR MALE RATS

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Bary Azhari ◽  
Sri Luliana ◽  
Robiyanto Robiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Optimal Dosage ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Pap Method

Belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.) has antihypercholesterolemic activity. This study aims to determine antihypercholesterolemic potential, optimal dosage and effect of water extracts of Belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn) on the index of rat organs. Test animals used were male Wistar rats, divided into 4 groups: normal control, negative control, positive conrol (simvastatin 0.18 mg/kg), and the aqueous extracts of fruit Belimbing wuluh dose of 63 mg/kg. The parameter which was measured in this study were total cholesterol levels which obtained using CHOD-PAP method, the weight of rats for 50 days, and organ indexes. Those parameters were further tested with One Way ANOVA. In parameter decrease blood cholesterol levels of rats between groups positive and group aqueous extract of the fruit starfruit  dose of 63 mg/kg did not experience a statistically significant difference. Meanwhile, the group aqueous extract of the fruit starfruit dose 63 mg/kg and a negative control experiencing significant difference (p<0.05). Conclusion, aqueous extract of the fruit starfruit dose of 63 mg/kg had the effect antihypercholesterolemic seen from the decrease in total cholesterol levels from day 30 and day 50, as well as statistically significant different from the negative control, and can affect the index spleen and pancreas but does not affect the index of the kidneys, liver, heart, and lungs.

scholarly journals A Comparative study on Efficacy of Lutein and Atorvastatin on Lipid Profile and Lipoprotein(A) in Hypercholesterolemic male Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 503-511
Author(s):  
Soundarya Priyadharsini K ◽  
Mali Kalpana Ramanna ◽  
Somu L ◽  
Krishna Prasad T
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lipid Profile ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Lipoprotein A ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Background Hypercholesterolemia is the predominantfactor in developing atherosclerosis and myocardial diseases.A major contributor for the progression of atherosclerosis is abnormalities in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism.Hence the objectives of the study was to estimatethe comparative efficacy of Lutein with atorvastatin on lipid profile and lipoprotein(a) and to estimate the histopahthological changes in hypercholesterolemic male wistar rats. Materials and Methods Experimental Wistar rats (male) were grouped into six. Each group contains 6 rats. Group I is control. Group II received cholesterol rich diet. Group III received cholesterol rich diet and the drug Atorvastatin 5mg/kg. Group IV received cholesterol rich diet and the drugLutein 25mg/kg. Group V received cholesterol rich diet and the drugLutein 50mg/kg. Group VI received cholesterol rich diet and the drug Lutein100mg/kg. At the end of 16 weeks, Blood samples from each rats was taken through retro-orbital puncture to evaluate serum lipoproteinsand lipoprotein(a) and thenwistar rats were sacrificed underinjection I.M Ketamine,Aortaand Liverwere dissected out and sent for histopathological studies. Results The plasma LDL, VLDL, Triglycerides, total cholesterol, lipoprotein(a) levels were reduced in all lutein treated groups and atorvastatin treated group compared to high cholesterol diet group. A significant rise in HDL levels was noted in all Lutein treated groups and atorvastatin treated group. No statistically significant difference was seen between Atorvastatin 5mg/kg body weight and Lutein 100mg/kg body weight on reduction of total cholesterol.The efficacy of the drug Lutein in progression of atherosclerosis and its cytoprotective action in liver was proved in this study. Conclusion This study indicates that Lutein has effect onreducing plasma lipoproteins&the study had shown significant antiatherogenic effect.

scholarly journals Hypercholesterolemia Interferes with Induction of miR-125b-1-3p in Preconditioned Hearts

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3744
Author(s):  
Márton R. Szabó ◽  
Renáta Gáspár ◽  
Márton Pipicz ◽  
Nóra Zsindely ◽  
Petra Diószegi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infarct Size ◽  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Sodium Cholate ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
High Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Ischemic preconditioning (IPre) reduces ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the heart. The non-coding microRNA miR-125b-1-3p has been demonstrated to play a role in the mechanism of IPre. Hypercholesterolemia is known to attenuate the cardioprotective effect of preconditioning; nevertheless, the exact underlying mechanisms are not clear. Here we investigated, whether hypercholesterolemia influences the induction of miR-125b-1-3p by IPre. Male Wistar rats were fed with a rodent chow supplemented with 2% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium-cholate hydrate for 8 weeks to induce high blood cholesterol levels. The hearts of normo- and hypercholesterolemic animals were then isolated and perfused according to Langendorff, and were subjected to 35 min global ischemia and 120 min reperfusion with or without IPre (3 × 5 min I/R cycles applied before index ischemia). IPre significantly reduced infarct size in the hearts of normocholesterolemic rats; however, IPre was ineffective in the hearts of hypercholesterolemic animals. Similarly, miR-125b-1-3p was upregulated by IPre in hearts of normocholesterolemic rats, while in the hearts of hypercholesterolemic animals IPre failed to increase miR-125b-1-3p significantly. Phosphorylation of cardiac Akt, ERK, and STAT3 was not significantly different in any of the groups at the end of reperfusion. Based on these results we propose here that hypercholesterolemia attenuates the upregulation of miR-125b-1-3p by IPre, which seems to be associated with the loss of cardioprotection.

scholarly journals Modification of atherogenic diet causes atherosclerosis, increase total cholesterol, and showing hepar damage in mice as alternative animal model in atherosclerosis research

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 001-006
Author(s):  
Dzul Fithria Mumtazah ◽  
Hendri Busman ◽  
Gina Dania Pratami ◽  
Ahad Putra Dewantara ◽  
Faradhila Amanda
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Foam Cells ◽  
Atherogenic Diet ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Egg Yolks

This study aims to determine the composition of the ideal atherogenic diet to increase the risk of atherosclerosis in the animal model. The research was used 15 male mice, acclimatized for 1-2 weeks to get the susceptible amount of diet to be given. The animal objects are divided into 3 groups; normal diet group (control), 4 weeks atherogenic diet groups, and 8 weeks atherogenic diet groups. The modified atherogenic diet consists of common broiler food, wheat flour, pork oil, quail egg yolks, and water, given 2 times a day of 30 g of food. Water for animal objects is given ad libitum. After 4 weeks and 8 weeks total cholesterol, the formation of foam cells, and hepatocyte degeneration. The results show that the total blood cholesterol of animal models in the group of 8 weeks has the highest level (153, 66 ± 6, 51), compared to other groups (normal diet and 4 weeks). Animal models show that aortic cross-section formed foam cells in tunica intima and tunica media of endotel, also show the indication of hepar damage by hepatocyte degeneration.

Pengaruh Profilaksis Ekstrak Ubi Jalar Ungu (Ipomoea batatas L.) terhadap Kadar Malondialdehida Hepar Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) Jantan Galur Wistar yang Diinduksi Karagenan

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
BRILIAN DINANTI ◽  
FITRI HANDAJANI
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intraplantar Injection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Potato Extract ◽  
Purple Sweet Potato

<p>Liver is an organ with complex metabolism. When the liver is inflamed, cellular immunity will defend against inflammatory agents by stimulating immune cells to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive ROS accumulation cause oxydative stress with increased  liver malondialdehyde (MDA) level. Some researches showed that purple sweet potato contain flavonoids (anthocyanins) that functioned as antioxydants. This study aimed to show the prophylactic effect of purple sweet potato extract to the liver MDA level of male Wistar rats induced by carrageenan.</p><p>This study used post-only control group method using 18 male Wistar rats divided into 3 groups: group of rats without treatment, group of rats induced by 0,1 ml of 1% carrageenan by intraplantar injection on day-8, and group of rats given with 872 mg/kgBW of purple sweet potato extract for 7 days and induced by 0,1 ml of 1% carrageenan. In the end of the study, the liver MDA levels were measured by Thio-Barbituric Acid method on each groups.</p><p>The results of One-Way ANOVA test showed there was no significant difference (p = 0,290) between group of rats without treatment (<em>x̅</em>= 207,50) and group of rats induced by carrageenan (<em>x̅</em>=233,17). Then, there is no significant difference (p = 0.978) between group of rats induced by carrageenan and group of rats given with prophylactic purple sweet potato extract and induced by carrageenan (<em>x̅</em>= 232,50).</p><p>The conclusion of this study is giving intraplantar injection of carrageenan can increase liver MDA level insignificantly and giving prophylactic purple sweet potato extract has an effect to decrease the liver MDA level of rats induced by carragenan insignificantly because it contains anthocyanins as antioxidants.</p><p> </p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Liver, <em>Ipomoea batatas</em> L., Malondialdehyde, Anthocyanins

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