scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory effects of polymethoxyflavones from citrus peels: a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 76-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqi Wang ◽  
Shiming Li ◽  
Chia-Cheng Wei ◽  
Junqing Huang ◽  
Min-Hsiung Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Stress Reactions ◽  
Citrus Peel ◽  
Immune Stress ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Citrus Peels

Inflammation is a non-specific kind of biological immune response of body tissues to any type of external or internal injuries, such as pathogens, irritants and immune stress reactions. There are two types of inflammation, namely acute and chronic. Acute inflammation starts and develops rapidly, and is aroused by various factors, including injuries, infection, toxins or immune reactions. Chronic inflammation usually lasts for an extended long period of time and results from elimination failure of acute inflammation, autoimmune disorders, various pathogens and pathogenic environments. Except for the damage itself, there exists a direct and intimate connection between chronic inflammation and various clinic common diseases, such as neurodegeneration, as well as metabolic and cardiovascular ailments. Citrus peel is a by-product generated in citrus juice processing. Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) exist abundantly and almost exclusively in citrus peels, and their biological activities have been broadly investigated in recent years. PMFs have proven to possess potential inhibitory bioactivities towards a number of functional and immune diseases including inflammation. The two most abundant PMFs exhibiting prominent bioactivities in citrus peels are nobiletin and tangeretin, ubiquitously detected in various citrus species. In this review, the beneficial health effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of ten main citrus PMFs were illustrated against numerous inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), neuroinflammation and organ inflammation, among others.

scholarly journals Unfulfilled Inflammatory Resolution: A Key Factor in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohreh Jadali
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Inflammation Resolution

Recent literature has highlighted the importance of chronic inflammation in psoriasis pathogenesis. Non-resolving inflammation can trigger progressive tissue damage and inflammatory mediator release which in turn perpetuate the inflammatory cycle. Under normal conditions, inflammatory responses are tightly controlled through several mechanisms that restore normal tissue function and structure. Defects in regulatory mechanisms of the inflammatory response can result in persistent unresolved inflammation and further increases of inflammation. Therefore, this review focuses on defects in regulatory mechanisms of inflammatory responses that lead to uncontrolled chronic inflammation in psoriasis. Databases such as Pubmed Embase, ISI, and Iranian databases including Iranmedex, and SID were researched to identify relevant literature. The results of this review indicate that dysregulation of the inflammatory response may be a likely cause of various immune-mediated inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis. Based on current findings, advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation resolution are not only improving our knowledge of the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases but also supporting the development of new therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Tackling Chronic Inflammation with Withanolide Phytochemicals—A Withaferin A Perspective

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1107
Author(s):  
Emilie Logie ◽  
Wim Vanden Berghe
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Withaferin A ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drugs ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Chronic inflammatory diseases are considered to be one of the biggest threats to human health. Most prescribed pharmaceutical drugs aiming to treat these diseases are characterized by side-effects and negatively affect therapy adherence. Finding alternative treatment strategies to tackle chronic inflammation has therefore been gaining interest over the last few decades. In this context, Withaferin A (WA), a natural bioactive compound isolated from Withania somnifera, has been identified as a promising anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory compound. Although the majority of studies focus on the molecular mechanisms of WA in cancer models, recent evidence demonstrates that WA also holds promise as a new phytotherapeutic agent against chronic inflammatory diseases. By targeting crucial inflammatory pathways, including nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling, WA suppresses the inflammatory disease state in several in vitro and preclinical in vivo models of diabetes, obesity, neurodegenerative disorders, cystic fibrosis and osteoarthritis. This review provides a concise overview of the molecular mechanisms by which WA orchestrates its anti-inflammatory effects to restore immune homeostasis.

Neutrophil activation via β2 integrins (CD11/CD18): Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (08) ◽  
pp. 262-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Schymeinsky ◽  
Attila Mócsai ◽  
Barbara Walzog
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Β2 Integrin ◽  
Pmn Functions ◽  
Integrin Family ◽  
Β2 Integrins

SummaryPolymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are key components of the innate immunity and their efficient recruitment to the sites of lesion is a prerequisite for acute inflammation. Signaling via adhesion molecules of the β2 integrin family (CD11/CD18) plays an essential role for PMN recruitment and activation during inflammation. In this review, we will focus on the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Syk, an important downstream signaling component of β2 integrins that is required for the control of different PMN functions including adhesion,migration and phagocytosis. The exploration of β2 integrin-mediated Syk activation provided not only novel insights into the control of PMN functions but also led to the identification of Syk as a new molecular target for therapeutic intervention during inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Dooming Phagocyte Responses: Inflammatory Effects of Endogenous Oxidized Phospholipids

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Di Gioia ◽  
Ivan Zanoni
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Oxidized Lipids ◽  
Oxidized Phospholipids ◽  
Clinical Tools ◽  
Stress Mediators ◽  
The Impact

Endogenous oxidized phospholipids are produced during tissue stress and are responsible for sustaining inflammatory responses in immune as well as non-immune cells. Their local and systemic production and accumulation is associated with the etiology and progression of several inflammatory diseases, but the molecular mechanisms that underlie the biological activities of these oxidized phospholipids remain elusive. Increasing evidence highlights the ability of these stress mediators to modulate cellular metabolism and pro-inflammatory signaling in phagocytes, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, and to alter the activation and polarization of these cells. Because these immune cells serve a key role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and organ function, understanding how endogenous oxidized lipids reshape phagocyte biology and function is vital for designing clinical tools and interventions for preventing, slowing down, or resolving chronic inflammatory disorders that are driven by phagocyte dysfunction. Here, we discuss the metabolic and signaling processes elicited by endogenous oxidized lipids and outline new hypotheses and models to elucidate the impact of these lipids on phagocytes and inflammation.

scholarly journals Precision Nutrition in Chronic Inflammation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias J. Demetrowitsch ◽  
Kristina Schlicht ◽  
Carina Knappe ◽  
Johannes Zimmermann ◽  
Julia Jensen-Kroll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiota ◽  
Food Ingredients

The molecular foundation of chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs) can differ markedly between individuals. As our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying individual disease manifestations and progressions expands, new strategies to adjust treatments to the patient’s characteristics will continue to profoundly transform clinical practice. Nutrition has long been recognized as an important determinant of inflammatory disease phenotypes and treatment response. Yet empirical work demonstrating the therapeutic effectiveness of patient-tailored nutrition remains scarce. This is mainly due to the challenges presented by long-term effects of nutrition, variations in inter-individual gastrointestinal microbiota, the multiplicity of human metabolic pathways potentially affected by food ingredients, nutrition behavior, and the complexity of food composition. Historically, these challenges have been addressed in both human studies and experimental model laboratory studies primarily by using individual nutrition data collection in tandem with large-scale biomolecular data acquisition (e.g. genomics, metabolomics, etc.). This review highlights recent findings in the field of precision nutrition and their potential implications for the development of personalized treatment strategies for CIDs. It emphasizes the importance of computational approaches to integrate nutritional information into multi-omics data analysis and to predict which molecular mechanisms may explain how nutrients intersect with disease pathways. We conclude that recent findings point towards the unexhausted potential of nutrition as part of personalized medicine in chronic inflammation.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Quercetogetin Isolated from Citrus Unshiu Peel Involves Suppression of NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in LPS-induced RAW264.7 Macrophages

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Suk Son ◽  
Jeong-Wooung Park ◽  
Hye Ran Park ◽  
Woorijarang Han ◽  
Dae Eun Yun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Mapk Pathway ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Raw264.7 Cells ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Citrus Peel ◽  
Raw264.7 Macrophages ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Citrus peel has been used in Asian traditional medicine for the treatment of cough, asthma, and bronchial disorders. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of quercetogetin (QUE), a polymethoxylated flavone isolated from the peel of citrus unshui is poorly understood. We investigated the anti-inflammatory effect and the molecular mechanisms of QUE in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. QUE inhibited the production of NO and prostaglandin E2 by suppressing the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 at both the mRNA and protein levels. QUE suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. QUE also inhibited the translocation of the nuclear factor kappa B subunit, p65, into the nucleus by interrupting the phosphorylation of IκB-α in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Based on the finding that QUE significantly decreased p-ERK protein expression in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, we confirmed that suppression of the inflammatory process by QUE was mediated through the MAPK pathway. This is the first report on the strong anti-inflammatory effects of QUE, which is a compound that can potentially be used as a therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Essential Oils and Their Major Compounds in the Treatment of Chronic Inflammation: A Review of Antioxidant Potential in Preclinical Studies and Molecular Mechanisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Érica Martins de Lavor ◽  
Antônio Wilton Cavalcante Fernandes ◽  
Roxana Braga de Andrade Teles ◽  
Ana Ediléia Barbosa Pereira Leal ◽  
Raimundo Gonçalves de Oliveira Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Potential Activity

Inflammatory diseases result from the body’s response to tissue damage, and if the resolution is not adequate or the stimulus persists, there will be progression from acute inflammation to chronic inflammation, leading to the development of cancer and neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. Due to the complexity of events that occur in inflammation associated with the adverse effects of drugs used in clinical practice, it is necessary to search for new biologically active compounds with anti-inflammatory activity. Among natural products, essential oils (EOs) present promising results in preclinical studies, with action in the main mechanisms involved in the pathology of inflammation. The present systematic review summarizes the pharmacological effects of EOs and their compounds in in vitro and in vivo models for inflammation. The research was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, BIREME, Scielo, Open Grey, and Science Direct. Based on the inclusion criteria, 30 articles were selected and discussed in this review. The studies listed revealed a potential activity of EOs and their compounds for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, especially in chronic inflammatory conditions, with the main mechanism involving reduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species associated with an elevation of antioxidant enzymes as well as the reduction of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, this review suggests that EOs and their major compounds are promising tools for the treatment of chronic inflammation.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Potential of Volatile Terpenes and Terpenoids from Forests for Inflammatory Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taejoon Kim ◽  
Bokyeong Song ◽  
Kyoung Sang Cho ◽  
Im-Soon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Respiratory Inflammation ◽  
Volatile Terpenes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Forest trees are a major source of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Terpenes and terpenoids are known as the main BVOCs of forest aerosols. These compounds have been shown to display a broad range of biological activities in various human disease models, thus implying that forest aerosols containing these compounds may be related to beneficial effects of forest bathing. In this review, we surveyed studies analyzing BVOCs and selected the most abundant 23 terpenes and terpenoids emitted in forested areas of the Northern Hemisphere, which were reported to display anti-inflammatory activities. We categorized anti-inflammatory processes related to the functions of these compounds into six groups and summarized their molecular mechanisms of action. Finally, among the major 23 compounds, we examined the therapeutic potentials of 12 compounds known to be effective against respiratory inflammation, atopic dermatitis, arthritis, and neuroinflammation among various inflammatory diseases. In conclusion, the updated studies support the beneficial effects of forest aerosols and propose their potential use as chemopreventive and therapeutic agents for treating various inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals Targeting MAPK/NF-κB Pathways in Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Rutaecarpine: Impact on Src/FAK-Mediated Macrophage Migration

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Thanasekaran Jayakumar ◽  
Kao-Chang Lin ◽  
Chao-Chien Chang ◽  
Chih-Wei Hsia ◽  
Manjunath Manubolu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Studies have discovered that different extracts of Evodia rutaecarpa and its phytochemicals show a variety of biological activities associated with inflammation. Although rutaecarpine, an alkaloid isolated from the unripe fruit of E. rutaecarpa, has been exposed to have anti-inflammatory properties, the mechanism of action has not been well studied. Thus, this study investigated the molecular mechanisms of rutaecarpine (RUT) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. RUT reserved the production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-1β in the LPS-induced macrophages. RUT showed an inhibitory effect on the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and it also inhibited nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) by hindering IκBα and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation. The phospho-PI3K and Akt was concentration-dependently suppressed by RUT. However, RUT not only suggestively reduced the migratory ability of macrophages and their numbers induced by LPS but also inhibited the phospho-Src, and FAK. Taken together, these results indicate that RUT participates a vital role in the inhibition of LPS-induced inflammatory processes in RAW 264.7 macrophages and that the mechanisms involve PI3K/Akt and MAPK-mediated downregulation of NF-κB signaling pathways. Notably, reducing the migration and number of cells induced by LPS via inhibiting of Src/FAK pathway was also included to the anti-inflammatory mechanism of RUT. Therefore, RUT may have potential benefits as a therapeutic agent against chronic inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals β1 and β2 integrins: central players in regulating vascular permeability and leukocyte recruitment during acute inflammation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziwei Ou ◽  
Elena V Dolmatova ◽  
Bernard Lassegue ◽  
Kathy K. Griendling
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Permeability ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Blood Clot ◽  
Leukocyte Recruitment ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
And Migration

The integrin family, an indispensable part of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, consists of a group of heterodimeric adhesion receptors formed by α and β integrin subunits. Their wide expression and unique bi-directional signaling pathways allow them to play roles in a variety of biological activities including blood clot formation, cell attachment, and migration. Evidence suggests that integrins are essential regulators of the initiation of acute inflammation, especially two key aspects of this process: vascular permeability and leukocyte recruitment. This mini-review discusses the importance of integrins at the onset of the acute inflammatory response and outlines research advances regarding the function of integrins and their modulators at different stages of this process. Insights into the fine-tuning of integrin signaling during acute inflammation may inspire the design of new drugs for inflammatory diseases.

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