The Emergence of the Bus Industry

Transfers ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-82
Author(s):  
Ruud Filarski
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Policy Implementation ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Rail Transport ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
The Government ◽  
Bus Transport

During the interwar period, the emergence of the bus industry presented many governments with a dilemma: should they intervene in the market to establish a level playing field for fair competition between the buses and rail transport, should they protect the loss-making railways or should they take a laissez-faire approach to the developments?At first glance, promoting fair competition or, as it was called during those days, a "co-ordination policy" seems relatively simple. The government could impose conditions on the bus industry, which regulated safety, quality, services, and allocation of the infrastructure costs in a similar way as the railways. However, an analysis of the developments in The Netherlands reveals a number of obstacles that complicated policy implementation.Therefore, this article focuses on two questions: how did bus transport develop in The Netherlands? And what obstacles made it so difficult for the Dutch government to implement fair competition?

scholarly journals NASKAH DOKUMEN/SURAT RAJA KESULTANAN KALIMANTAN BARAT: KAJIAN STRUKTUR, PALEOGRAFI, DAN KEBAHASAAN (Royal Letter/Document of West Kalimantan Sultanate: Structure, Paleography, and Language)

Kandai ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jaruki
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
Mailing Address ◽  
The Government ◽  
Style Of Writing

Issues disclosed in the research are  the structure,  the form and style, and language aspect used in Royal Letter/Document of Pontianak Sultan, West Kalimantan Sultanate. The aim of the research is to discribe and explain structure, the style of writing of Jawi script, and the language used in the script or letter of “Sultan Pontianak, Sultan Syarif Hamid Bin Sultan Syarif U'sman Alqodri to the Government of the Netherlands”. Using content analysis method to describe the structure, style, and language contained in those scripts, and diplomatic method for manuscript editing, the edited text  produced is in accordance with the original. The analysis result shows that the script of "Letter of Agreement of the Dutch government with Pontianak Sultan, Sultan Syarif Hamid bin Sultan Syarif U'sman Alqodri" is classified as official letter which has the structure of (1) letter head, (2) opening words, (3) the contents of the letter, and (4) the date of the letter. Other parts or structure of the letter not included in the script are: mailing address, number of letters, attachments, subject, mailing address, signature, the name of the sender, and stamp. This letter is written mostly in Arabic typed riqa, taqwi, and muluqah. The language used in the script is Arabic and Dutch. The sentences structure of the manuscript however, does not comply with the language rules. 

scholarly journals The Dutch Cybersecurity Landscape: From Cyber ‘Air Castles’ to Concrete Building Blocks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Smeets ◽  
Joost Bunk
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government ◽  
Coordination And Collaboration ◽  
Key Terms

Since 2010, the Netherlands has led a wide range of initiatives promoting cybersecurity and stability. The government currently engages with variety of stakeholders – including the private sector, civil society, state actors, and intergovernmental organizations – across multiple fora and organizations. Rather than being a passive participant, the Netherlands has been a catalyst, driving change in the field of cyber security both domestically and internationally. Yet, the challenge which lies ahead for the Dutch government is to make sure their cyber efforts as a whole will become greater than the sum of its parts. It will require increased coordination and collaboration across initiatives to turn the current patchwork into a synergistic endeavor. Our argument is presented in four parts. The first part provides an overview of the national cyber security strategies published since 2011. It also addresses which key terms have been defined by the Dutch government. The second part discusses the Dutch government’s views on sovereignty, international law and international cooperation. Part three analyzes the role of the private sector in the Netherlands. The final part concludes.

Indonesia’s e-commerce growth faces multiple obstacles

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Multiple Constraints ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
The Government ◽  
Multiple Obstacles ◽  
Future Growth

Subject E-commerce outlook. Significance Indonesia’s e-commerce sector is booming. The government is adopting business-friendly regulations, but the sector’s future growth still faces multiple constraints. Impacts Jokowi’s recent re-election as president promises continuity to investors and policy inertia in areas such as personal data legislation. The lack of personal data protections makes Indonesia a laggard in South-east Asia. Bricks-and-mortar businesses, facing unequal tax burdens, will pressure the government for a level playing field.

The Mid-Victorian Reform of Britain’s Company Laws and the Moral Economy of Fair Competition

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
DAVID CHAN SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Moral Economy ◽  
Company Law ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Company Law Reform ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law

This paper reconstructs the history of the reform of Britain’s company laws during the 1850s and makes three major arguments. First, the Law Amendment Society was the driving force for reform and organized the campaign for change. Second, the advancement of working-class interests and ideas of fairness were central to the conceptualization of these reforms and the course of their advocacy. Company law reform was broadly conceived to include the revision of the law of partnership, corporations, and cooperatives to create a level playing field in which smaller entrepreneurs could compete against established capitalists. Finally, central to this campaign was the institutional logic of “fair competition.” Socialists and liberals both used this logic, demonstrating how moral ideas can shape organizational change.

Corporate Tax Cuts and Fiscal Slippage

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-289
Author(s):  
Rajat Deb
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Deficit ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Corporate Tax ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Finance Minister ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Government ◽  
Stimulus Package

The Union Finance Minister on 20 September 2019 announced the highest corporate tax rate cuts in the last 28 years as a level-playing field for both the existing and green-field firms for turning around the sluggish economy. The stimulus package, notwithstanding, has likely to accelerate the demand in the short run, but to increase the fiscal deficit inasmuch, the government would increase its spending through borrowings, which could lead to fiscal slippage. Instead of excessive dependence on the fiscal measures, the government should initiate economic and judicial reforms for accelerating the growth and improving doing business in the country.

Budget may boost Dutch Liberals' election prospects

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
Home Ownership ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Government ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Eu

Subject The Netherlands' 2017 budget. Significance In the final budget of its four-year term presented on September 20, the Dutch government announced it would redistribute a 1.1-billion-euro (1.2-billion-dollar) financial windfall among households. This represents a clear break from four years of austerity and tight spending, a line strictly set out by Prime Minister Mark Rutte's second cabinet in 2012. Impacts An upsurge in the number of incoming migrants could fuel support for the PVV. The government may not address the 'no' vote in the April 2016 referendum on the EU-Ukraine association agreement until next year. The housing market will be boosted by incentives for first-time buyers and measures to encourage home ownership.

Financial Performance of PSEs Post-Disinvestment

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Rakhi Singh ◽  
Vijay Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
Developing Economy ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Political Intervention ◽  
The Government ◽  
Instrumental Role

India being a developing economy has adopted the concept of mixed economy wherein both private and public sector were allowed to industrialize the country except few restricted sector. PSEs controlled by the government played an instrumental role in servicing the country in infrastructure and public services. Since there were lots of political intervention because of which the PSEs derailed from the profit making objective and turned to drainage of wealth which were once referred to be temples of modern India. The PSEs were also suddenly exposed to Global competition which they were not used for operating under protected environment. The level playing field and competition affected the financial performances of PSEs. The paper elucidates the various financial ratios over a period of 10 years and analyzed the performance of the PSEs resurrecting focusing on other factors of their sustainability.

scholarly journals Competition Law and Policy Harmonisation: Its Relation to Fair Competition Realisation in ASEAN Single Aviation Market

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
A. A. B. N. A. Surya Putra
Keyword(s):  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
Competition Laws ◽  
Laws And Policies ◽  
Policy Harmonisation ◽  
The Ideal

A well-functioning ASEAN Single Aviation Market Requires a level-playing field and fair competition. ASEAN does not have a multilateral agreement on competition related issues but opts to harmonise its Member States’ domestic legislation. This article asks whether this approach is appropriate to realise fair competition in ASEAN Single Aviation Market. It finds that mere harmonisation of laws and policies is insufficient without being complemented by effective implementation and enforcement. While regional enforcement is the ideal way of preventing and opposing unfair competition, this article also proposes the adoption of the concept of international comity as an achievable alternative to currently unequal ASEAN competition laws or the absence thereof.

scholarly journals The level playing field of Hungarian social partners before and during the COVID-19 pandemic : Case studies from the automotive industry

Intersections ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-222
Author(s):  
Sára Hungler ◽  
Zsuzsanna Árendás
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Sector ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Strike Activity ◽  
Constitutional Review ◽  
Social Dialogue ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Social Partners ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Government ◽  
Major Strike

For numerous reasons, social dialogue in Hungary generally does not fulfil its role on the national, sectoral, or workplace level. Social dialogue as a democratic process is dysfunctional, since its institutions and mechanisms are not implemented democratically, and no real dialogue or actual debate take place. Instead, these mechanisms work in a top-down manner – the illiberal state and its central governing bodies expect certain solutions and answers, leaving no scope for transparent democratic dialogue with the relevant social partners. Against this background, in 2019 major strike activity was witnessed in the automotive sector. However, in 2020, after the COVID-19 pandemic, the Hungarian government deployed its full power by adopting the ‘Authorization Act,’ which allowed the government to introduce significant restrictions, practically without any time limits, any debate in parliament, or guarantee of swift and effective constitutional review. Our research paper investigates these recent developments in social dialogue using a case study, with the aim of understanding the forces underlying the collective action organized in the automotive sector. Our research demonstrates that, due to the lack of institutional guarantees, social dialogue is very fragile in Hungary, and the landslide victory in 2019 was a mere reflection of labour shortages. Our mixed methodology – which combines legal and sociological approaches – is suitable for examining this complex issue; interviews conducted with representatives of labour and employers provide deep insight into motives and action in a circumvented level playing field.

scholarly journals Institutional change contributing to the creation of a more favorable business environment for the effective development of entrepreneurial activity in the Republic of Belarus

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
V. Kliunya ◽  
V. Kozlovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Business Environment ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Level Playing Field ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Government Services ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Effective Development ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

This article discusses the basic structural elements of the business environment, such as competition, judicial system, business integrity, the extension of the range of e-government services, company registration, business licenses and bankruptcy. On the basis of the study were made recommendations for the improvement of the business environment which will allow the government to form a comprehensive economic policy, contributing to the effective conduct of entrepreneurial activities in our country, what will create a level playing field for human self-realization.

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