Technical note: In vitro digestibility of amylase-treated, ash-corrected neutral detergent fiber, with addition of sodium sulfite, at 240 hours with or without rumen fluid reinoculation

This study investigated the effects of essential oil (EO) from three Korean wormwood (Artemisia Montana) plants on in vitro ruminal digestibility, fermentation, and microbial diversity. Dried (0.5 g) soybean meal (SBM) or bermudagrass hay (BGH) were incubated in buffered rumen fluid (40 mL) for 72 h with or without EO (5 mg/kg) from Ganghwa (GA), Injin (IN), or San (SA) wormwood (Experiment 1). Both SA and IN improved (p < 0.05) dry matter digestibility (DMD) of BGH, while GA reduced (p < 0.05) total short-chain fatty acid of BGH and SBM. Besides, SA increased (p < 0.05) numbers of Ruminococcus albus and Streptococcus bovis in SBM. Experiment 2 examined different doses (0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg) of SA, the most promising EO from Experiment 1. Applying SA at 10 mg/kg gave the highest DMD (L; p < 0.01) and neutral detergent fiber (Q; p < 0.05) digestibility for BGH. Applying SA at 1 mg/kg gave the highest R. albus population (Q; p < 0.05) in SBM. Therefore, SA was better than GA and IN at improving rumen fermentation, and the 0.1 to 1 and 10 mg/kg doses improved ruminal fermentation and in vitro digestibility of SBM and BGH, respectively.

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Pepper (Capsicum ssp.) as a feed additive in sheep rations using two types of inoculum: Effects on in vitro digestibility and fermentation parameters

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6supl3p3653 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (6Supl3) ◽

pp. 3653

Author(s):

Luiz Juliano Valério Geron ◽

Alexande Lima de Souza ◽

Suellem Fernanda Perosa Zanin ◽

Sílvia Cristina de Aguiar ◽

Ilda de Souza Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Feed Additive ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

In Vitro Fermentation ◽

Ruminal Fluid ◽

Fermentation Parameters ◽

Sheep Feces

The influence of pepper (Capsicum ssp.) as a feed additive to balanced sheep rations on the in vitro digestibility coefficient of nutrients and their fermentation parameters was evaluated in two different inocula: rumen liquid and sheep feces. Four inclusion levels of pepper (0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% of DM) and two types of inoculum were arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, in a completely randomized design. Experimental rations were balanced to include 0.0%; 0.2%; 0.4% and 0.6% Capsicum ssp., with 13.5% crude protein and 70.0% total digestible nutrients (TDN). A basal diet of 60% bulk (corn silage) and 40% of the concentrate containing 0.0% Capsicum ssp. was given to the inoculant donor animals. Two sheep with a mean bodyweight of 27.6 + 1.6 kg were used as inoculum donors (ruminal fluid and feces) for the determination of the IVDC of nutrients. The variables studied were submitted for analysis of variance and the inclusion levels of pepper. Regression analysis was performed at 5% of probability and for the different inocula, a Tukey test was performed at 5% significance. The different levels of inclusion of pepper (0.0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%) in the balanced sheep rations were not altered (P > 0.05) the IVDC of DM; OM; CP and NDF for both inocula (ruminal fluid and sheep feces). However, the use of the different inocula resulted in a change (P < 0.05) in the IVDC value of DM, OM, CP, and NDF, in which the ruminal liquid inoculum presented higher (P < 0.05) values of IVDC for the ration nutrients in relation to sheep feces. The levels of 0, 0%; 0.2%; 0.4% and 0.6% of pepper in ruminant feeds did not change the pH value of the fermented content after a 24-hour in vitro incubation (P > 0.05). However, the use of ruminal liquid as inoculum for the in vitro fermentation of the experimental rations provided a lower value (P < 0.05) for the pH of the fermented content in relation to the sheep feces. The inclusion of this phytogenic additive in ruminant feeds and the use of inoculum based on rumen fluid or sheep feces did not cause changes in the concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) in the fermented rations after incubation (P > 0.05) for 24 hours in vitro. Thus, the inclusion of up to 0.6% Capsicum ssp. (pepper) in balanced rations for ruminants does not alter the in vitro digestibility coefficient of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber, or the in vitro fermentation parameters. However, the use of ruminal fluid as inoculum for the in vitro fermentation presented values of a higher degree of confidence in relation to feces to determine the in vitro digestion coefficient of the nutrients.

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49 Effects of in-vitro digestibility in cannulated steers when supplemented different levels of glycerol

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz397.126 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 55-56

Author(s):

Noheli Gutierrez ◽

Jamie A Boyd

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Cold Water ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Latin Square ◽

Optimal Level ◽

Nutrient Digestibility ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Study Results ◽

Different Levels

Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate effects of increasing concentration of food grade glycerol on rumen environment and nutrient digestibility. Three ruminally cannulated Jersey steers were used in this study. The study was conducted from March to May 2019. Experimental design was a 3x3 Latin square with a 2wk adjustment period followed by a 1wk collection period. Diet was coastal bermudagrass hay based. Different forage types were introduced in the incubation process to evaluate digestibility. Glycerol was administered once a day at 0, 15, or 20% of DMI (dry matter intake). dNDF (digestible NDF) and dDM (digestible dry matter) was determined using an ANKOM Daisy II incubator inoculated with 200g fresh rumen fluid and incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h at 39°C. Each vessel contained ground forage samples in filter bags in triplicate. After incubation, filter bags were rinsed with cold water and dried for 24h in a 55°C forced air oven. Data were analyzed using the Proc MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4. There was no difference dNDF in effect of different levels of glycerol between forage types by diet. But a numerical tendency was observed that dNDF was decreased at 20% inclusion rates in comparison to 0 and 15% inclusion of glycerol in the diet. Neither steer nor run was significantly different in the study. However as expected digestibility over time was significantly different (P < 0.001). A significant increase was observed in DMI with the increased levels of glycerol in the diet (P = 0.003), both the 15% and 20% levels of glycerol increased in DMI in comparison to the control (0%). It appears based on these study results that digestibility may be inhibited, as levels of dietary glycerol increase in the diet and more work needs to be done to find the optimal level of glycerol supplementation.

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Nutritional value of tifton 85 bermudagrass at two cutting heights and different times of storage

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n4p2129 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 2129

Author(s):

Samantha Mariana Monteiro Sunahara ◽

Marcela Abbado Neres ◽

Jaqueline Rocha Wobeto Sarto ◽

Caroline Daiane Nath ◽

Kácia Carine Scheidt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Ground Level ◽

Matter Content ◽

Fiber Content ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Cutting Height

The goal of this study was to assess the dehydration curve and nutritional value of Tifton 85 bermudagrass at two cutting heights from ground level (4 and 8 cm) during 120 days of storage in a closed shed. The dehydration curve was determined using samples from the entire plant at eight different times. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with plots subdivided per times and five replicates. The second step consisted of assessing the nutritional value of the stored Tifton 85 bermudagrass in randomized blocks with plots subdivided per times and two treatments per plot: cutting height of four and eight centimeters from the ground, and five different times for the subplots, with five replicates. Dehydration of Tifton 85 bermudagrass at the two heights occurred in 48 hours, considered an ideal time for hay drying. The dry matter content responded quadratically to the time of storage of the two heights, only differing during baling and after 120 days of storage. Crude protein content had a quadratic behavior in the two cutting heights, with the smallest value after 30 days of storage (107.0 g kg-1) and the largest after 90 days (147.8 g kg-1) in the cutting height of eight centimeters. The ether extract exhibited a quadratic behavior in the two cutting heights, only differing after 90 days of storage. The neutral detergent fiber content had linear positive response according to the time of storage, with no difference between the cutting heights. For the neutral detergent fiber content in the two cutting heights, the quadratic regression model was the best fit to the data, differing between the heights after 30 and 60 days of storage. In vitro dry matter digestibility and in vitro cell wall digestibility values of the stored hay were lower than the values obtained at the time of cutting. Cutting performed at four centimeters from the ground was the most suitable for hay production due to higher dry matter production and nutritional value without difference between bailing treatments. Hay storage caused undesirable changes in the nutritional value, especially in fiber content and in vitro digestibility.

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The Relative Performance of a Benchtop Scanning Monochromator and Handheld Fourier Transform Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectrometer in Predicting Forage Nutritive Value

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s22020658 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 658

Author(s):

Matthew F. Digman ◽

Jerry H. Cherney ◽

Debbie J. R. Cherney

Keyword(s):

Nutritive Value ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Prediction Models ◽

Low Cost ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Near Infrared Reflectance ◽

Average Decrease ◽

Manufacturing Techniques

Advanced manufacturing techniques have enabled low-cost, on-chip spectrometers. Little research exists, however, on their performance relative to the state of technology systems. The present study compares the utility of a benchtop FOSS NIRSystems 6500 (FOSS) to a handheld NeoSpectra-Scanner (NEO) to develop models that predict the composition of dried and ground grass, and alfalfa forages. Mixed-species prediction models were developed for several forage constituents, and performance was assessed using an independent dataset. Prediction models developed with spectra from the FOSS instrument had a standard error of prediction (SEP, % DM) of 1.4, 1.8, 3.3, 1.0, 0.42, and 1.3, for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), true in vitro digestibility (IVTD), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and crude protein (CP), respectively. The R2P for these models ranged from 0.90 to 0.97. Models developed with the NEO resulted in an average increase in SEP of 0.14 and an average decrease in R2P of 0.002.

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175 Reduce Reuse ReRumen: Variability in nutritive value of paunch manure

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz053.125 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 55-56

Author(s):

Taylor J Garcia ◽

Jeffrey A Brady ◽

Kimberly A Guay ◽

James P Muir ◽

William B Smith

Keyword(s):

Nutritive Value ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

State University ◽

Constant Weight ◽

Penn State ◽

Forced Air ◽

Pass Through ◽

The Individual

Abstract Ruminant animals develop a diverse and complex microbial ecosystem for digesting fibrous feedstuffs, but this material represents a cost to the industry when bound for rendering at harvest. Our objective was to determine the feed value of paunch manure recovered from an abattoir. Twelve paunch samples were collected from slaughtered cattle at the Tarleton State University Meat Laboratory, Stephenville, TX. Samples were dried under forced air at 55°C to a constant weight and ground to pass through 2-mm screen. A subsample was ground to 1-mm and assayed for DM, CP, and sequential NDF and ADF. Physically effective fiber (peNDF) was calculated with 2 L of unground, dried at 55 ˚C, paunch material using the manually-operated Penn State Particle Separator. Paunch peNDF was determined by multiplying the physical effectiveness factor by the total NDF content of the sample. Samples (2-mm) were subject to batch culture in vitro digestibility assays for determination of digestibility coefficients. Data were analysed as a random effects model using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS. Neutral detergent fiber, ADF, ADL, CP, and peNDF values were 68.1, 39.9, 10.9, 15.0, and 38.7%, respectively. Contribution to variance of the individual animal for NDF, ADF, ADL, CP, and peNDF was 97.2, 97.9, 95.4, 19.1, and 97.5%, respectively. In vitro true digestibility (IVTD) and in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD) was recorded as 46.2% and 21.6%, respectively. Contribution to variance of the animal for IVTD and IVNDFD was 99.05 and 98.49%, respectively. Data collected suggest paunch manure could provide valuable nutrients for livestock production, specifically fiber and protein. For full viability of application in a sustainable system, a centralized receiving and compositing system may be useful for development of a consistent product.

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190 Reduce Reuse ReRumen: Preservation method of rumen fluid collected from slaughtered cattle affects in vitro digestibility

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz053.150 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 66-67

Author(s):

Taylor J Garcia ◽

Jeffrey A Brady ◽

Kimberly A Guay ◽

James P Muir ◽

William B Smith

Keyword(s):

Batch Culture ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Rumen Content ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Constant Weight ◽

Preservation Methods ◽

Preservation Method ◽

Pass Through

Abstract Microbes and chemical constituents in the rumen fluid play an important role when re-establishing the rumen microbial population. Identification of a viable preservation method could have lasting implication of veterinary and research applications. Our objective was to determine the efficacy of preservation methods on rumen liquor. Twelve paunch samples were collected from slaughtered cattle at the Tarleton State University Meat Laboratory, Stephenville, TX. Rumen content was collected from different locations within the rumen, strained through eight layers of cheesecloth, and divided into five 500-mL aliquots. Aliquots were randomly allocated to one of five preservation methods (freezing or lyophilisation) and preservative (glycerol; yes or no). A fresh control was maintained from each sample. Three reference feeds and two roughage sources were used in the batch culture procedure. Reference feeds were dried to a constant weight at 55°C and ground to pass through a 2-mm screen. Ground samples were subjected to batch culture in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) assays using each of the four ruminal fluids (plus the control) for digestibility estimates. Original samples and incubated residues were assayed for DM, CP, NDF, and ADF. Data were analyzed in a 2 × 2 + 1 augmented factorial design using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in IVTD when using protein or energy feeds; however, there were differences in IVTD for all treatments for fiber concentrates and forage reference feeds. Despite lower degradation of feeds when frozen or lyophilized rumen fluid was used, preserved rumen fluid may be a viable option in the absence of fresh inoculum for veterinary and research applications

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Differences between the in vitro digestibility of extrusa collected from oesophageal fistulated steers and the forage consumed

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/ea08285 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 49 (7) ◽

pp. 563 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David B. Coates ◽

Robert J. Mayer

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

In Vitro Techniques ◽

Pasture Legumes ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Significant Difference ◽

C3 Grasses

In a study that included C4 tropical grasses, C3 temperate grasses and C3 pasture legumes, in vitro dry matter digestibility of extrusa, measured as in vitro dry matter loss (IVDML) during incubation, compared with that of the forage consumed, was greater for grass extrusa but not for legume extrusa. The increase in digestibility was not caused by mastication or by the freezing of extrusa samples during storage but by the action of saliva. Comparable increases in IVDML were achieved merely by mixing bovine saliva with ground forage samples. Differences were greater than could be explained by increases due to completely digestible salivary DM. There was no significant difference between animals in relation to the saliva effect on IVDML and, except for some minor differences, similar saliva effects on IVDML were measured using either the pepsin–cellulase or rumen fluid–pepsin in vitro techniques. For both C4 and C3 grasses the magnitude of the differences were inversely related to IVDML of the feed and there was little or no difference between extrusa and feed at high digestibilities (>70%) whereas differences of more than 10 percentage units were measured on low quality grass forages. The data did not suggest that the extrusa or saliva effect on digestibility was different for C3 grasses than for C4 grasses but data on C3 grasses were limited to few species and to high digestibility samples. For legume forages there was no saliva effect when the pepsin–cellulase method was used but there was a small but significant positive effect using the rumen fluid–pepsin method. It was concluded that when samples of extrusa are analysed using in vitro techniques, predicted in vivo digestibility of the feed consumed will often be overestimated, especially for low quality grass diets. The implications of overestimating in vivo digestibility and suggestions for overcoming such errors are discussed.

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Effect of crude glycerol on in-vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics

Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal ◽

10.1590/s1519-99402014000100015 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 172-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Vanessa Peripolli ◽

Ênio Rosa Prates ◽

Júlio Otávio Jardim Barcellos ◽

Cássio André Wilbert ◽

Cláudia Medeiros Camargo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alternative Energy ◽

Crude Glycerol ◽

Energy Content ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Ruminal Fermentation

The interest in using crude glycerol in animal feeding has reemerged due to its increasing availability and favorable price resulting from the expansion of biofuel industry. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of substituting corn for crude glycerol at different levels in the diet on ruminal fermentation using in-vitro true digestibility parameters. The experimental treatments consisted of substituting corn for liquid crude glycerol (0; 4; 8 and 12%) in dry matter basis. Diets consisted of 60% alfalfa hay and 40% corn and glycerol substituted the corn in the diet. In addition to the 48 hours traditionally applied in digestibility assays, different in-vitro digestibility times were used (0; 4; 8; 16; 48, 72 and 96 hours) in order to study digestion kinetics. The dietary corn substitution for increasing crude glycerol levels did not affect ammonia nitrogen content, metabolizable energy content, in-vitro digestibility of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber, nor ruminal degradation parameters. However this by-product of biodiesel production may be tested in-vivo as an alternative energy feedstuff in ruminant diets.

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