scholarly journals Reduction of ventriculostomy-associated CSF infection with antibiotic-impregnated catheters in pediatric patients: a single-institution study

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. E4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih-Shan Lang ◽  
Bingqing Zhang ◽  
Hugues Yver ◽  
Judy Palma ◽  
Matthew P. Kirschen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Pediatric Neurosurgery ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Single Institution ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Lower Infection Rate

OBJECTIVEExternal ventricular drains (EVDs) are commonly used in the neurosurgical population. However, very few pediatric neurosurgery studies are available regarding EVD-associated infection rates with antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters. The authors previously published a large pediatric cohort study analyzing nonantibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters and risk factors associated with infections. In this study, they aimed to analyze the EVD-associated infection rate after implementation of antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters.METHODSA retrospective observational cohort of pediatric patients (younger than 18 years of age) who underwent a burr hole for antibiotic-impregnated EVD placement and who were admitted to a quaternary care ICU between January 2011 and January 2019 were reviewed. The ventriculostomy-associated infection rate in patients with antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters was compared to the authors’ historical control of patients with nonantibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters.RESULTSTwo hundred twenty-nine patients with antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters were identified. Neurological diagnostic categories included externalization of an existing shunt (externalized shunt) in 34 patients (14.9%); brain tumor (tumor) in 77 patients (33.6%); intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in 27 patients (11.8%); traumatic brain injury (TBI) in 6 patients (2.6%); and 85 patients (37.1%) were captured in an “other” category. Two of 229 patients (0.9% of all patients) had CSF infections associated with EVD management, totaling an infection rate of 0.99 per 1000 catheter days. This is a significantly lower infection rate than was reported in the authors’ previously published analysis of the use of nonantibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters (0.9% vs 6%, p = 0.00128).CONCLUSIONSIn their large pediatric cohort, the authors demonstrated a significant decline in ventriculostomy-associated CSF infection rate after implementation of antibiotic-impregnated EVD catheters at their institution.

An Approach to the Statistical Analysis of Peritonitis Data from Patients on CAPD

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Corey
Keyword(s):  
Median Time ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Calendar Time ◽  
Risk Of Failure ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Lower Infection Rate ◽  
Increase In Risk

1. The distribution of peritoneal infections at any time during the CAPD program is random. This does not necessarily mean that the patients with high infection rates do not have identifiable characteristics that could be used in patient selection, but rather that these characteristics themselves could be randomly distributed among the patients. 2. The median time to first infection is about 260 days and is the same for males and females. 3. The median time between first and second infection is approximately 300 days. 4. The time to first infection and the infection rate per patient are negatively related to the calendar time of entry into the CAPD program, i.e., patients who entered the program later, tended to experience a lower infection rate. 5. The increase in risk of failure on the CAPD program for patients who have at least one infection in the first 90 to 150 days in the program is greater than three. 6. The increase in risk of failure on the CAPD program increases by at least 3% per annum, i.e., for each additional year on CAPD, the risk of failure increases over that of the previous year by 3%.

scholarly journals The impact of quarantine on Covid-19 infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Health System ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
District Level ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lower Infection Rate ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives: Coronavirushas had profound effects on people’s lives and the economy of many countries, generating controversy between the need to establish quarantines and other social distancing measures to protect people’s health and the need to reactivate the economy. This study proposes and applies a modification of the SIR infection model to describe the evolution of coronavirus infections and to measure the effect of quarantine on the number of people infected. Methods: Two hypotheses, not necessarily mutually exclusive, are proposed for the impact of quarantines. According to the first hypothesis, quarantine reduces the infection rate, delaying new infections over time without modifying the total number of people infected at the end of the wave. The second hypothesis establishes that quarantine reduces the population infected in the wave. The two hypotheses are tested with data for a sample of 10 districts in Santiago, Chile. Results: The results of applying the methodology show that the proposed model describes well the evolution of infections at the district level. The data shows evidence in favor of the first hypothesis, quarantine reduces the infection rate; and not in favor of the second hypothesis, that quarantine reduces the population infected. Districts of higher socio-economic levels have a lower infection rate, and quarantine is more effective. Conclusions: Quarantine, in most districts, does not reduce the total number of people infected in the wave; it only reduces the rate at which they are infected. The reduction in the infection rate avoids peaks that may collapse the health system.

Rigorous lower bounds for the critical infection rate in the diffusive contact process

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1074-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidan Sudbury
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Lower Bounds ◽  
Particle System ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
Contact Process ◽  
Interacting Particle ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lower Infection Rate

The contact process is an interacting particle system which models a spatially restricted infection. In the basic contact process the infection can only spread to an uninfected neighbour, but the diffusive contact process allows an infected individual to move to an uninfected site. If the infection rate is too low, the process will die out. If the individual can move (or diffuse), the disease can spread with a lower infection rate. An idea of the relationship between these rates is obtained by obtaining rigorous lower bounds for the critical infection rate for various values of the diffusion rate. In this paper we also improve the lower bound for the critical infection rate for the basic contact process from 1.539 to 1.5517.

Influence of shell size ofLymnaea columellaon infectivity and development ofFasciola hepatica

2008 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.H.L. Coelho ◽  
M.P. Guimarães ◽  
W.S. Lima
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Fasciola Hepatica ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Shell Size ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Lower Infection Rate

AbstractExperimental infections ofLymnaea columellawithFasciola hepaticawere carried out to determine the influence of shell size on the infection rate and on the outcome of rediae and cercariae. Snails were divided into seven groups according to shell size: 2–4 mm, 5–6 mm, 7–8 mm, 9–10 mm, 11–12 mm, 13–14 mm and 15 mm or more. One hundred snails in each group were infected by using four miracidia for each snail. Snails with larger shell size showed a lower infection rate, the groups presenting the highest (79%) and lowest (2%) proportions of positives being those of 5–6 mm and 15 mm or more, respectively. Cercariae were present in 21% of them at 31 days post-infection, and cercarial shedding was observed 61 days post-infection. It was concluded that there is a non-linear negative association between shell size and infection rate.

scholarly journals More Active Internet-Search on Google and Twitter Posting for COVID-19 Corresponds with Lower Infection Rate in the 50 U.S. States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiachen Sun ◽  
Peter Gloor
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Internet Search ◽  
Online Social Media ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Lower Infection Rate

Abstract As the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to rage worldwide, the United States has become the most affected country with more than 2.5 million total confirmed cases up to now (June 2, 2020). In this work, we investigate the predictive power of online social media and Internet search for the COVID-19 pandemic among 50 U.S. states. By collecting the state-level daily trends through both Twitter and Google Trends, we observe a high but state-different lag correlation with the number of daily confirmed cases. We further find that the predictive accuracy measured by the correlation coefficient is positively correlated to a state’s demographic, air traffic volume and GDP development. Most importantly, we show that a state’s early infection rate is negatively correlated with the lag to the previous peak in Internet search and tweeting about COVID-19, indicating that the earlier the collective awareness on Twitter/Google in a state, the lower is the infection rate.

scholarly journals Infección periprotésica en pacientes ancianos tratados mediante hemiartroplastia de cadera tras fractura intracapsular ¿Es el uso de cemento impregnado con altas dosis de antibiótico es un factor asociado a su disminución?.

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
CARLOS NOVOA-PARRA ◽  
J HURTADO-CEREZO ◽  
J MORALES-RODRIGUEZ ◽  
JL RODRIGO-PEREZ ◽  
JM PELAYO DE TOMAS
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Superficial Infection ◽  
Hip Hemiarthroplasty ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Lower Infection Rate ◽  
Group 1

Objective: to study whether the use of cement with a high dose of antibiotics is a factor associated with a lower infection rate in hip hemiarthroplasty after femoral neck fracture.Material and methods: a retrospective cohort study of 144 consecutive patients treated surgically for a cervical hip fracture with cemented hip hemiarthroplasty between February 2015 and February 2017. In 88 (61.1%) high dose antibiotic cement was used, defined as a concentration ≥ 5% of the total weight (Group 1) and in 56 (38.9%) cement without antibiotics was used (Group 2). The primary outcome variable was periprosthetic infection.Results: there were 2 (1.38%) infections that were classified as deep, both in group 1. One of patients had a superficial infection in group 2. We did not find differences in the rate of infections between the two groups. Among the intra-surgical complications, we found two failures of the cement-prosthesis interface (non-adherence of the cement to the stem at the end of the setting time), both cases occurred in group 1. There was no allergic or toxic reaction. The mean survival time of all operated patients was 2.7 years (95% CI: 2.4-2.9) at the end of follow-up. We found no differences in survival when stratified by the use or not of antibiotics in cement, p = 0.874.Conclusion:In our experience, in patients undergoing hip hemiarthroplasties the use of cement with a high dose of antibiotic is not associated with lower infection rate when intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis is correct.

Release and survival of Echinococcus eggs in different environments in Turkana, and their possible impact on the incidence of hydatidosis in man and livestock

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Wachira ◽  
C. N. L. Macpherson ◽  
J. M. Gathuma
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Taenia Hydatigena ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Lower Infection Rate ◽  
Semi Arid

ABSTRACTIn Turkana, Kenya, a prevalence of hydatidosis of nearly 10% has been recorded among the pastoralists yet their livestock have a much lower prevalence of the disease. The present study investigated the release from dogs and subsequent survival of Echinococcus eggs in Turkana huts, water-holes and in the semi-arid environment. The results were compared with the survival of eggs of Taenia hydatigena and T. saginata. The study was repeated under the cooler and moister conditons found in Maasailand where livestock have a greater incidence of hydatid disease than in Turkana but where the incidence in man is ten times lower. The average number of Echinococcus eggs per proglottid is 823. Nine percent of these remain in proglottids 15 minutes after release from a dog and the released eggs lose their viability in less than two, 48 and 300 hours in the sun, huts and water in Turkana respectively; the major influencing factor being temperature. The greater survival of eggs in the houses, coupled with the fact that dogs congregate for most of the day in the small houses facilitating a close man:dog contact, provide ideal conditions for the trasmission of the parasite to man. The hostile environmental conditions and lack of contact between dogs and livestock contributes to the lower infection rate in livestock. Conversely in Maasailand, Echinococcus eggs survive in the environment for longer than three weeks and in addition, dogs are used for herding. This partly explains the higher infection rate among Maasai livestock but the low human infection rate remains arcane and requires further study. The rapid mortality of the majority of Echinococcus eggs in Turkana suggests that control measures aimed at dog control and a decreased man:dog contact should have a profound effect on the incidence of the disease in an area intrinsically unsuitable for the parasites' survival.

Rigorous lower bounds for the critical infection rate in the diffusive contact process

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (04) ◽  
pp. 1074-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidan Sudbury
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Lower Bounds ◽  
Particle System ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
Contact Process ◽  
Interacting Particle ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lower Infection Rate

The contact process is an interacting particle system which models a spatially restricted infection. In the basic contact process the infection can only spread to an uninfected neighbour, but the diffusive contact process allows an infected individual to move to an uninfected site. If the infection rate is too low, the process will die out. If the individual can move (or diffuse), the disease can spread with a lower infection rate. An idea of the relationship between these rates is obtained by obtaining rigorous lower bounds for the critical infection rate for various values of the diffusion rate. In this paper we also improve the lower bound for the critical infection rate for the basic contact process from 1.539 to 1.5517.

scholarly journals Assessing the Predictive Power of Online Social Media to Analyze COVID-19 Outbreaks in the 50 U.S. States

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Jiachen Sun ◽  
Peter A. Gloor
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
Online Social Media ◽  
Lower Infection ◽  
Internet Searches ◽  
Affected Country ◽  
Lower Infection Rate

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to rage worldwide, the United States has become the most affected country, with more than 34.1 million total confirmed cases up to 1 June 2021. In this work, we investigate correlations between online social media and Internet search for the COVID-19 pandemic among 50 U.S. states. By collecting the state-level daily trends through both Twitter and Google Trends, we observe a high but state-different lag correlation with the number of daily confirmed cases. We further find that the accuracy measured by the correlation coefficient is positively correlated to a state’s demographic, air traffic volume and GDP development. Most importantly, we show that a state’s early infection rate is negatively correlated with the lag to the previous peak in Internet searches and tweeting about COVID-19, indicating that earlier collective awareness on Twitter/Google correlates with a lower infection rate. Lastly, we demonstrate that correlations between online social media and search trends are sensitive to time, mainly due to the attention shifting of the public.

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